جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « bam earthquake » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Iran is one of the countries with a relatively high vulnerability to earthquakes and experiences several seismic events every year. Since recorded history, earthquakes have frequently struck the Iran plateau, taking a heavy toll.
The city of Baravat, a small town near Bam city, is located in the southeast of Kerman province in Iran. The major economic drivers of Baravat are farming and gardening as the city has large orchards of palm groves. According to the Statistical Centre of Iran, Bam had a population of 70,000 in 1996 and its population in the rural and urban areas reached 142,376 in January 2003. In the very early hours of 26th December 2003, a devastating and strong earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 struck Bam, one of the historical cities of Kerman province in the south of Iran. According to the official reports, more than 30,000 were killed and about 25,000 injured. More than 80% of the town’s buildings were also destroyed. The 2003 bam earthquake is important in terms of notable physical damage, financial losses, high death toll, the characteristic features of the earthquake, the extent of damaged area, unique features of the region, the process of providing temporary housing and its reconstruction process.
The post-disaster reconstruction managers faced fundamental questions and challenges, due to a high number of human losses and related social issues, extensive damage to the historical town, and also a lack of experience in urban reconstruction. In the absence of any post-disaster urban reconstruction experience in Iran, except post-war reconstruction experience in cities, there were many questions about reconstruction management process of the damaged area. The performance of reconstruction management in housing provision was considerably different from previous reconstruction projects in Iran, because of factors, such as the performance of the governmental and international agencies, adoption of new managerial approaches and the application of appropriate reconstruction methods. As a result, it is important to evaluate the reconstruction management of Bam and Baravat areas through analyzing people’s satisfaction and to learn their perceptions about the strengths and weaknesses of this program.
This study investigates factors influential in people’s satisfaction level about the performance of reconstruction managers in Baravat. The level and performance of managers according to people’s satisfaction level is analyzed and the weaknesses and strengths of reconstruction management are explained. Finally, regarding the weaknesses and strengths of reconstruction in this case study, the paper provides a number of strategies for improving the reconstruction management processes in future disasters.

Experiences indicate that after earthquakes a little attention is paid to the role of collective memory (CM) in the reconstruction process. This is due to time constraints, because all organizations try to speed up the physical reconstruction process, after the disasters. Thus, quality is sacrificed for quantity. Herein one of the most challenging issues is the reconstruction of Bazaar neighborhood, because it has unique physical and historical features. People have many memories from this neighborhood. But, unfortunately, it changed during the reconstruction after the 2003 Bam earthquake. This study attempts to use Grounded Theory, a methodology in qualitative research, to review the reconstruction of Bazaar neighborhood in Bam City, from the collective memory (CM) perspective. With this aim, the required data were collected through depth interviews during three travels to Bam City in November 13-14, 2013, March 23-24, 2014 and April 15-18, 2014. The experimental data were achieved through interview with 21 native people and tradesmen from Bazaar neighborhood, each in 20 to 40 minutes. These data were obtained from research environment. To determine the number of interviewees, the concept of “Theoretical Saturation” was used. The interview process ended when the replies of people seemed repetitive. Then, for analyzing data, a regular set of procedures in three stages was applied. These stages are open, axial and selective coding. Also in order to analysis and interpretation of data, 182 concepts, 12 categories, 3 coring categories (in three fields of form, activity and imagination) and a central category was deduced. This research introduces two conceptual models in order to identify the main components of collective memory (CM). “Form”, “activity” and “imagination” are the main factors of collective memory (CM) in the first conceptual model and “time” and “place” are the main components in the second conceptual model. Central category in this research is “collective memory (CM) as a missing link in the process of planning of Bam reconstruction”. The outcome of this study is that current approaches of reconstruction give little importance to the identity and intangible needs of residents. Therefore, it causes the loss of collective memories. Thus, this study emphasizes attention to revival of collective memories in policy and planning of reconstruction process. From the view of this approach, the purpose is not merely physical reconstruction. But the main aim is access to a lively city that people feel they belong to it. The approach of reconstruction from the collective memory (CM) perspective is suggested for future planning of reconstruction in similar places. The purpose of this approach is not to remove past, nor repetition and imitation. This process is a social and participatory plan while appreciating the identity, with interests and changing needs of society is harmonious. It follows permanence and change. For this purpose, identifying all aspects of form, activity and imagination and also tangible and intangible layers of city is necessary. In other words, using self-centered decisions and changes with only economic approach leads to reducing the quality of life and gradual removing of collective memory (CM).

Disasters are identified as main causes of change in place, which seriously disrupt the person-place emotional relationship. The disruption, as the most important consequence of the disasters, happens through corporeal alterations in the place, and physical and psychological damages in people, leading to anxiety and feeling of loss in residents. Recent settlement reconstruction processes tend to not only rebuild the survivors’ neighborhood physically, but also to reduce the psychological damages to the residents- as the main achievement of a rehabilitation process. Due to the lack of theoretical frameworks of environmental sciences, especially environmental psychology and place attachment discussions, in disasters and the disasters’ effects on person-place relationship in one hand, and post-disaster reconstruction role in recreating place attachment and reducing the disruptions on the other hand, the research seeks to develop a theory based on understanding and assessment of the factors causing disruption in place attachment after disasters. The sample community for performing the research was chosen among the residents of Bam who experienced the massive damages of the 2003 earthquake and the resulting changes in place. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, it is based on the ethnographic research methods. The qualitative data collection is conducted through field observations and in-depth, face-to face interviews applying a field study approach. Data analysis and the composition of the theory and the relevant explanations are done within the framework of "grounded theory", comprised of the process of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding (Strauss-Corbin, 1998). In this study, in-depth interviews are conducted among 40 old residents of Emamzade Zeid and Emamzade Qasr-e-Hamid, with the age range of 25 to 65 years, living in the neighborhood prior to the earthquake, who could remember pre-while-post earthquake events. These people have reconstructed their homes during 10 years.Research findings reveal that the most important factors causing post-earthquake disruption in placeattachment, from the residents’ viewpoint, were the loss of elements related to the city-identity, such as the Arg(citadel) and the Nakhlestans(palm groves). The residents also pointed out the loss of the sense of home, leading to reduction of social kinship and neighborhood relationships, as well as neighborhood identity degradation due to the physical destruction of the place. Finally, Bam residents interpret the interferences in place attachment as “Neighborhood Past Nostalgia”; causing a loss of interest in the neighborhood. Contrary to the common belief in the importance of physical reconstruction to the survivors, other factors such as the reconstruction of identity-related elements of the city were emphasized along with necessary infrastructures for promotion of living conditions, neighborhood social relationships and neighborhood identity revival. These factors seem to have a positive impact in recreating the residents’ emotional bond with the reconstructed neighborhoods, which is a matter to be considered in post-disaster reconstruction planning, especially at neighborhood level.

Earthquakes have been affected the human life since the dawn of time; however، the complexities of human societies and communications in the cities، intensify the deleterious effects of the earthquakes، that affect urban areas. Hence، in emergency phase and reconstruction، attention to the basic needs and shelter provision are the most important activities but urban design also play an important role in restoration and improving the condition of damaged city، and also prepare for the future probable earthquakes by mitigating the vulnerabilities. Iran is an earthquake-prone country and has experienced a number of devastating earthquakes; however، reconstruction in urban areas were less experienced. After the Bam catastrophic earthquake (2003)، the reconstruction program of the city was developed based on “Bam Sustainable Manifesto”. Three major criteria where considered in the program as “identity، participation and sustainability”. However little attention was given to these criteria in implementation of the reconstruction activities in Bam، after the catastrophe. In this paper، the correlation between the concepts of resilience، resilience urban design and resilience urban disaster reconstruction، are drawn. Field study particularly focuses on Bam city and selected areas، considering urban identity and legibility also eliminate city scape and image disturbances، examining development of green multi-functional open spaces in residential neighborhoods; Likewise physical retrofitting and vulnerability of streetscape against probable seismic disorders. The methodology is based on a qualitative approach associated with analytic methods and in-depth interviews with Bam citizens and authorities. Based on the “Bam reconstruction program”، the paper examines the effectiveness of urban identity and sustainability through resiliency in the post earthquake reconstruction. In this regards، to obtain information for qualitative analysis and examinations، considering the situation of Bam، the following methods are used: 1- A review of bibliographical sources and documents، consonant with Bam condition as an ancient city and extensive destruction happened after 2003 earthquake. 2- The undertaking of in-depth interviews with authorities whom involved in the reconstruction process and also Bam citizens. 3- Conduct of a field survey، and 4- Direct personal observations. It should be born in mind that in the case of resiliency، reconstruction and urban design have shared qualities that result in a framework for resilient reconstruction after disaster in urban areas. The findings show that، those qualities have differentiated due to the condition of the survey locations. In the case of Bam، the main and important criteria that must consider are: 1) preparedness and steps toward means of increasing resilient in reconstruction; also 2) to consider some qualities in the reconstruction phase from the urban design point of view، in order to reach resiliency، such as developing green multi-functional open spaces in residential neighborhoods، considering diversity and variability of urban spaces and also accessibility in the city; 3) trying to achieve objectives of resilient reconstruction approach by applying methods for rapid recovery، coping capacity، mitigating physical vulnerability by retrofitting، remarking urban identity and above all، turning the threats of earthquake into opportunities in order to increase urban resilience against future disasters and improving the living conditions of residents.

After each disaster such as earthquake, the most attractive events for media to show are the demolished buildings and other physical destructions.So, it seams that reconstruction program should be limited to rebuilding destroyed houses and shops. Other aspects of the people life that may be more affected and destroyed by the earthquake have to be left behind, and less attention has to be gained. But, most research results on the very complicated disaster aftermaths indicate that many other important and complicated circumstances may occur sooner just after disaster, or later on, that may put more complicated and disastrous affects that may influence the whole life of the affected community for a longer time. In this paper, it was attempted to study some social and individual behaviors, such as rising of crime and drug problems in community affected by disaster, in order to discover the real causes and acting factors. “Identity” was taken as the axial factor, in this study in order to examine the complexity of destructions caused by disasters to the affected societies. Death of family members usually affects turn up the family life and affects the whole community, causing social disorders such as crime and drug problems. A field study was held in Bam, Iran affected society two years after the December 2004 earthquake, on social and behavioral problems occurs mainly at camps were temporary constructed to shelter the affected people in Bam. The study main important results show that there are many hidden affecting process that put the real and the most important effects on the whole life of the disaster affected community. The most important disaster circumstances usually rune individual and social identity of the people. Death of parents, usually leave orphans and splash families. Losing property turns rich families to poor, and demolishes their social identity. Theses effects increase when affected people were moved to live in camps fare away from their houses and local communities. In this case, people those till yesterday were land lords, from the disaster on ward became treated as refugees. This put great influence on their whole life and reduces their self confidence. Furthermore, living in refugees camps reduce social control and increase social and individual misbehaviours.