جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ecological urbanism" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Ecological-Landscape development is proposed as a mature form of Ecological-Landscape Urbanism which  is a recent discourse in Western architecture and urbanism whose roots can be traced back to environmental movements in the past century. In this regard, ecological-landscape development opens new horizons for contemporary cities by relying on conceptual frameworks such as landscape as a building block of the city, landscape ecology, and ecosystem services, where the difference between natural and built environment pales and the city is conceptualized as an ecosystem including humans. It can be stated that it departs from conventional urbanism approaches that are mostly based on modern views in many ways, and introduces a novel method of shaping the built environment. On the other hand, by dissecting the tenets and major approaches of this school, a high degree of commonality with Eastern architecture and urbanism, especially Iranian architecture, can be identified. This can be acknowledged as the point where Western architecture and urbanism meet Iranian architecture, as well as a solution to its continuity and development in today’s world. Using an analytical- descriptive approach, this paper seeks to analyze the concepts, roots, and patterns hidden within this branch as the outcome of the synergy between the two schools of landscape urbanism and ecological urbanism, and propose a manifesto, albeit incomplete. Then, it introduces its common features with Iranian architecture and urbanism under concepts such as gradual development and integrity, fusion with nature, multidisciplinary knowledge, connectivity with politics, and ecology.

Nowadays, continuous urban development has disturbed the ecological conditions of cities by damaging the natural ecosystems within them. Inner city rivers which are natural ecosystems with ecological nature have an impact on the restoration of the ecological conditions of cities. The framework of ecological urbanism emphasizes the continuity of the ecological structures of natural ecosystems in cities and plans and formulates strategies for their restoration. This research, which is framed by ecological urbanism, focuses on restoring the ecosystem of urban rivers. This paper first examines the theoretical foundations of ecological urbanism, the ecological nature of rivers, the ecological damage caused by urban development, and the restoration of urban rivers. Then, it draws upon the analogical-inferential method to analyze reliable scientific sources, and the opinions of researchers, and then extracts components for the process-based ecological restoration of urban rivers. Based on the ecological components, it develops planning strategies on a macro and micro scale to rehabilitate and protect the ecosystem of rivers and their banks and adjacent lands, increase the flexibility of the river ecosystem in the face of future climate disturbances, and prevent human interference in natural processes. Recognizing the main causes of ecosystem destruction, protecting the health of the river, restoring the geomorphology of the river in the city, creating and connecting biological ecological networks, preventing the entry of sewage and polluted urban runoff, and controlling floods by maintaining the conditions of the river ecosystem, developing restoration plans and measures in accordance with urban development, changing people’s attitudes toward protecting the river, and restricting the presence of citizens in the river’s territory are strategies on a macro scale of planning and implementation. Such strategies are made possible by strategies on a micro-scale and can be used in urban development planning under similar conditions and result in ecological urban planning which is the future of contemporary cities.

It would not be far-fetched to say that people''s lives depend on their environment and its quality. With growth of urbanization¡ this dependence is growing increasingly. Urbanization also makes economic and social development imbalance not only in the cities but also in the regional ecological organisms and the natural areas it is in touch with. In addition to these problems¡ there is disruption of water¡ air¡ soil and environment built on imbalances between urban areas and the lack of social vitality and frustration. All cities¡ especially metropolitans with developing economies face uncertainty in terms of health¡ environment¡ and quality of life. This article utilizes the ecological and environmental issues and integrates them with urban metabolism approaches to the study''s revival of urban ecology¡ something that results in enhanced quality of life for citizens. This research is the theoretical and analytical method. In the research process of this study¡ related domestic and foreign literature subsequently of traditional and electronic library resources¡ books and articles published in journals have been used. According to the type of research in this study¡ descriptive analysis was performed. Based on findings of this study¡ urban ecology is a tool to control and guide urban growth and activities in a way to improve quality of urban environment. Applying urban ecology in designing cities has provided opportunities to create practical ecological systems which by using them¡ natural process¡ human activities and urban environment could be combined. Moreover¡ urban metabolism as an indicator of urban sustainability and part of urban ecology is included two main related and non-contradictory approaches of odum and MFA. Due to difficulties which modern cities are faced with¡ benefiting and applying these approaches seems vital.

Growing urban environments, as a context of complex social, economical, political and cultural relations, require a wide and complex range of approaches, perspectives and solutions to meet today's conditions and consequences of the continuing development process. New ideas on planning and design of cities are required. Confronting these challenges, landscape ecology provides many solutions regarding its definition. On the other hand, urban ecology as a successor of ecology, offers valuable principals for urban development and environmental awareness. According to increasing urbanization, landscape ecology should be more urbanized in future. Therefore, today a new concept of "urban landscape ecology" emerges with yet no single definition. This article first defines the concepts of ecological paradigm and their impact on its alteration in relation to urban landscape. Thereinafter, modified concepts of "urban landscape ecology" and "landscape-oriented ecologic urbanism" are offered.
The friction between the definitions of landscape, city and ecology is what empowers urban landscape ecology as a base for planning and design. Such a definition makes landscape architects draw their professional concentration from the suburbs to the city where human systems are to be considered as a part of ecology. Landscape-oriented urbanism suggests three research paths: the evolution of aesthetic perception; a deeper understanding of the role of human in ecology; and learning in action.
“Landscape-oriented urbanism” considers the application of processes that facilitate design in naturally and culturally complex and dynamic systems. Therefore, landscape-oriented urbanism is necessarily beyond a new urbanism; since it is faced with problems beyond the urban form and focuses on more complex issues.

Ecology، as the platform of a city، has gotten special attention amongst varied disciplines associated with urbanization since the issue of global climate change has been arisen. The approach of Ecocity is derived from ignoring the ecosystem and natural context of cities during the modern era urban planning and the environmental and human crisis caused by it. Current environmental concerns are derived from rapid growth of the cities and urban life style. Therefore the solution should be found within the cities. Ecocity is rebuilding cities in harmony with nature and natural life-cycle of ecosystem. Correspondingly، the simultaneous survival of human being and biosphere could be achieved through reintegration of built and natural environment. Comparable to other divisions of sustainability، theoretical framework of Ecocity is an interdisciplinary issue. According to the comprehensive scope of the matter، there are plenty of ambiguities for policy makers، planners and urban designers in the field of implementation. This fact would decrease practicability of Ecocity or else the approach would not be applied according to its main principles. Considering the fact that saving the biosphere could not be achieved entirely by having a couple of Ecocities، Ecocity principles should be applicable in various ecological and natural basis of each and every city. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: Do specific criteria exist to define Ecocity morphology? How would unique characteristics of ecological context influence on those macro-criteria? The research method is descriptive-analytical based on literature review of existing documents and comparative analyses amongst various theories in the field. The findings represent convergence within Ecocity’s morphological criteria in different approaches. The results indicates that the adaption of built environment with the climatic، natural and ecological basis of the city، considerable capitation of green areas within the city، disavowal of urban sprawl، mixed use zoning، pedestrian، bicycle and public transport priority، vast usage of renewable energy، evidences of biodiversity within the city and employing specific ecological، historical and cultural symbols to have an improved sense of belonging are the main morphological indicators of Ecocity. However، these indicators are used as an upstream urban plan and each of them could be redefined in detail according to ecological characteristics of a particular city. Accordingly، Major criteria are redefined as follows: compliance with natural environment and climate will coordinate a city with bioregion and as a result emphasize on its specifications. Improving urban green space per capita will lead to widespread use of native plants and spreads of habitat for divert species. Preventing urban sprawl would conserve natural heritage and would highlight ecological landscape of the city. Mixed use reduces inner-city travel and strengthens the presence of pedestrians with their particular culture and behavior. Not being car-oriented، it helps the city to preserve its geographical and natural platform. The type of renewable energy will differ based on its climatic features. Promoting the sense of belonging of citizens’ point of view in Ecocity is achieved through indigenous traditions and customs and the city''s culture، history and symbols as well as its architecture and urban design. Therefore، it varies from one city to another. Consequently، this paper defined criteria for Ecocity morphology which are applicable to ecological context of cities. Thus، the research hypothesis is proved. According to the existing economic oriented approach through urban issues، Ecocity implementation needs changing attitude through common economic foundation، and promoting collective consciousness amongst climatic hazards and responsibility for the next generation.