جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « environmental security » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Today, cities are suffering from serious problems and damages in various fields, especially environmental challenges. The concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between the growth of services and urban infrastructure, especially in developing countries, urban areas in terms of environmental sustainability criteria and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, Hearing, visual, sewage and garbage disposal problems, sanitary water supply, etc. have faced. The continuation of such damage, especially with the form and function it has in developing countries including Iran, is a crisis and a warning about environmental instability, especially in big cities. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the components of environmental security in Tabriz city. Because the environment is one of the most important parts in the planning process of urban development, therefore it is inevitable to pay attention to it in policies and planning. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done by field and questionnaire, and one-sample t-test, step-by-step regression, Swara and one-way variance tests were used for data analysis. The research results show; the average value of environmental security with a sample T-Tech test: for soil quality index 2.69, water quality 2.32, air quality 1.91, urban management 2.67, infrastructure 2.42 and culture and awareness of citizens 2. The average level of environmental security of the entire city of Tabriz is 2.43 (lower than the base limit of 2.5), which shows that the city of Tabriz is in a state of ecological tension in terms of environmental security. Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures show a significant difference in the security of livability among the components. There is a significant difference between six indicators from the set of scores, which means that in the current situation, about 917.9% of the total variance or difference in environmental security components is related to the group difference or the difference between the six components, so that the soil quality component has the most and the air quality component has the least effect on the environmental security of Tabriz city.

Educational spaces, as one of the most important spaces, play an essential role in educating and shaping the people of a society. The upbringing and education environment of the people of a society should be such that it can be used to the maximum extent possible. Security in educational spaces and schools as an essential element in maintaining the mental health of students is invaluable. CPTED's approach to crime prevention through environmental design is an efficient theory for enhancing environmental security. Humans interact with the environment at all times. Territory is part of the environment we are in contact. Secondary domains, which are generally group-owned and communally owned, are clearly present in schools. In line with the purpose of this research, these questions have been raised as to what factors in the design of secondary domains of educational spaces affect the increase of environmental security and what is the relationship between environmental security indicators and indicators of the concept of secondary domain to increase environmental security? The purpose of this study is to achieve the relationship between indicators and components of environmental security and secondary domain in educational environments and to investigate the correlation between these two variables. The results show that the index of interaction in secondary domains has the greatest impact on creating a sense of security in students. According to Friedman test in environmental security, the natural monitoring index has the first priority and then the support of activities, access control, readability and permeability, environmental quality and territoriality in the next priorities and also in the secondary realm of the interaction index has the first priority and priorities. Next are the indexes of arena, privacy monitoring, physical security and group ownership, respectively.

It's obvious that crime is a general society concern. There are two main logic in crime investigations. The first set of research is based on physical characteristics such as different kinds of land use. This approach is derived from Jin Jacobs and then improved by using CPTED(Crime Prevention Through environmental design) and its strategies which previously had been discussed by Oskar Neman via protect's spaces. Second set of studies are related to quarters inhabitants' social characteristics, such as neighborhood, taking responsibilities, have a feeling of belongings to a place, social capital, cultural patterns and other variables that have been among a wide range of focused social factors in this research. Many fields of studies by considering some concepts, compare summary of netted problems. Historically, safety is perceived as an important factor in social life of every society. We can state that, city expansion and safety are two linked compartments that are followed by city sustainability, in a manner that the absence of one would cause some problems for the others and might bring obstacles for it. During recent decades, Civil researchers became vigilant about the role of architecture and city construction via making decisions and policies to create a desirable place and found some defensible theories of preventing crime by crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and environmental crime identification. Evidences shows that researches about the linkage between environment and behavior are very rampant. Nevertheless, hypothesis and processes of CPTED have been poorly tested. Sari city, reaches Mazandaran Sea from north and it reaches Alborz range of mountain from south, according to 2016 census, it's population was 347,402 people and the rate of population growth till 2026 is equal to 1.9 %. In this study, by various inhabitants' behavioral variables such as place ownership and realm protection, the sense of crowd and lack of control on environment, and anatomical variables with subsets such as place ownership, defensive privacy according to CPTED subsystems, by explicating safe habitable places in Sari city we try to figure out how can we adjust them to CPTED characteristics? Cities are sustainable and Complicated economic and social systems that deteriorate if their imbalances, such as security, are not controlled. It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents (isolation, affinity, tolerance and anonymity) on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security. One of the newest approaches to urban security is Crime prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED). It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security.Given the success of the CPTED model in different parts of the world, it is hoped that according to the hypotheses, by explaining the patterns of safe residential environments in the city, it can be adapted to CPTED characteristics and the relationship between physical environment characteristics and behavioral characteristics of residents in residential spaces. The present study, which is a descriptive and exploratory research methodology with a quantitative research approach, evaluates the components of CPTED under the hypothesis that in the course of the research, documentary and library methodology was first used to systematically review the relevant resources to identify the main CPTED criteria. Physical and social cognition of Tabarestan neighborhood through the distribution of a questionnaire extracted from the components of residents' behavioral patterns and characteristics of the physical environment, purposefully and the analysis of qualitative data, the degree of importance of each criterion was evaluated to aim to examine the relationship between physical environment and residents' behavior Determinants in designing a safe urban environment and using descriptive statistics in GOF certification, using factor analysis model, using inferential statistics through the criterion of research hypotheses and using Kolmogorov-Smrinov test using analysis of 384 questionnaires in the present model of G-years for 98 and 99 It was calculated that it shows a strong overall fit of the model, all research hypotheses are confirmed and conclude the presentation of the CPTED conceptual model with challenges in generations of this concept.

One of the most important components of environmental quality, environmental security plays an important role in the use of urban spaces. In fact, the feeling of fear and lack of security in urban environments, including parks, has turned into a problem in today’s societies. Parks are areas in cities where any citizen can spend their leisure time and enjoy park-based recreational activities. Many factors affecting the security of urban parks can be attributed to their design and physical conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to identify these factors and provide appropriate solutions to improve their conditions. Since an urban park needs a conscious design that provides the users’ satisfaction, it is necessary to consider their characteristics, which can be achieved through their participation.

Theoretical Framework

To explain the theoretical concept of security, two distinct dimensions are mentioned. The first is the objective dimension, which is evaluated using objective environmental and behavioral parameters, and the second is the mental dimension, which is understood based on the security of the community. Both dimensions can have a positive or negative effect on the other. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the two dimensions together in order to improve public security.

Since a comprehensive questionnaire was not found to measure the security of urban parks based on users’ preferences, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared, and its validity and reliability were verified. The research method was qualitative and qualitative-quantitative. In the first step, the qualitative research method was used based on content analysis, and the questions of the open-ended questionnaire were implemented in textual form based on the contents of the experts’ statements. The components were obtained from content analyses of users’ responses to the semi-structured open-ended questionnaire, and the closed-ended questionnaire was developed on that basis. The final questionnaire was designed as a closed-ended one to quantify the variables faster and be capable of running on a larger scale. The questions had the structure of a four-point Likert scale, with the answers ranging from strong disagreement to strong agreement. The questionnaire was distributed among 250 visitors of Mellat Park, Tehran. Since the differences in the environmental, socio-economic, and physical characteristics of different places can give different senses of security or fear to citizens, a major park in Tehran (Mellat Park) was chosen for a case study. It extends over an area of about 34 hectares in Municipal District 3. The purpose of this study was to construct, normalize, and validate a security scale for urban parks from the users’ perspective.  

Content validity was verified through preliminary implementation, open interviews with users, and expert approval. In the preliminary step, reliability was measured using the internal coordination of the questions with Cronbach’s alpha. The final questionnaire was distributed among 250 park visitors. The results indicated that the questionnaire was valid and standard, and eight explanatory factors were obtained from the users’ preferences as the data obtained in SPSS 22 were analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis technique. These included artificial element design, control and surveillance, plant design, readability, physical accessibility, aesthetics, activity patterns, and space size and extent. From the users’ point of view, artificial element design was the most significant factor, followed by control and surveillance, plant design, readability, and physical accessibility, and aesthetics, activity patterns, and space size and extent were ranked next.

Understanding users’ perceptions of landscape design methods and considering their preferences and desires helps landscape designers with their jobs. It can be considered as a topic for future research how each of the obtained components can induce a feeling of fear or security in urban park users. Examples include specification of the relationship between vegetation or readability and the feeling of fear or the standard for each of the service elements, pieces of furniture, etc. Through presentation of a model, the hidden relationships between factors can be achieved, and a theoretical pattern composed of many different components can be examined both entirely and partially. Of course, it should be noted that none of these factors alone induces fear or security; rather, there are a number of factors that contribute to a complex interaction, such as personal characteristics (age, gender, etc.) and social characteristics (familiarity with the environment, solitary presence, frequency of presence, etc.), which can be investigated in future research.

Acknowledgment

This article was extracted from Soudabeh Gholipouri’s doctoral thesis, entitled Modeling the environmental security in urban parks based on users’ preferences, developed under the supervision of Dr. Jamal-e-Din MahdiNejad and advisory of Dr. Bahram Saleh Sedghpour at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University.

Psychological studies emphasize the deep connection between beauty and the feeling of peace and security. In today's society, human beings are facing unalike environmental changes. The creation of residential complexes is one of aforementioned fluctuations in the environmental structure of the society. One issue that can be raised is the impact of residential complexes, as new structural alterations, on the security of individuals. Hence, aesthetics is a science that can be applied to generate a sense of safety. Today, the existence of security, as one of the foremost requirements of human beings, is one of the most vital structural factors in the quality of life. This research has been accomplished with a descriptive and analytical method and with the application of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The present study population includes more than 2000 as the research sample. After distributing the questionnaire, data was analyzed using SPSS software at both descriptive and inferential levels. Findings show that the five main factors have a significant impact on environmental security and crime reduction in the context of residential complexes. These 5 factors are physical security, surveillance, fear of crime, territory, management and maintenance. After comparing their means in the sample group, the results showed that the component of surveillance has a high average and the component of fear of crime beheld a lower average. Other variables (physical security, territory, and management and maintenance) also had a moderate value. Therefore, physical security, supervision, fear of crime, territory, management and maintenance have a significant role in environmental security in the context of residential complexes. Paying attention to these components along with creating natural environments has an imperative role in stabilizing the space with the dominance of beautiful and relaxing structures in residential complexes.

1. Investigating the role of aesthetic structures in creating a sense of security in residential complexes. 2. Identifying the most effective factors on the security of the residential context.

Research questions:

 1. What factors play a role in creating environmental aesthetic structures in residential complexes? 2. Which factors have the greatest impact on creating a sense of security in the residential context?

One of the concern of urban societies in this era is the reading of family’s security and composure in their occupancy. It is easily intelligible that security influence on estate value and environmental quality in various neighborhood of city. Within various neighborhoods of city, the informal settlements often account one of the criminal or insecurity centers because of special economic, social and physical features. In previous research of urban security, the environmental interventions and actions have a special place in preventive approaches. In despite of successful experiences of environmental security, but there is conflict and ambiguity on solutions of pundits (especially in viewpoints of Oscar Newman and Bill Hillier), that this research look at these ambiguities. This research has done with Analytical-Interpretation method and based on documentary studies and hypothesis test on the case study. At first, theoretical basics obtained through library studies. In the next step, in order to analyze the spatial configuration of neighborhoods, the Linier map of Hamedan is extracted based on mass and empty spaces (including Streets and Squares) by Depth Map Software. After preparation of Linier Map, the various parameters of spatial configuration such as Local Integration, Global Integration, Connectivity, and Mean Depth have been extracted for Hamedan and its five informal settlements include Hesar, Khezr, Dizaj, Mazdaghineh and Manouchehri. On the other hand, in order to test the relationship of spatial configuration parameters and security, 30 sub-neighborhoods (areas with a radius of 200 meters) have been selected in informal settlements; and then two main dilemmas include “Drug Addiction” and “Dispute & Aggression” are specified through presence in neighborhoods and interview with residents and some familiar jobs about the sub-neighborhoods situation (like Real Estate Consultants, Taxi Services, and Local Polices). So we asked the people to assign a score of 0 to 100 for each sub-neighborhood based on their recognition of Drug Addiction and Dispute & Aggression. After collecting all comments, the values that differed greatly from the rest, are eliminated and then average of comments are calculated. After that, the relationship of spatial configuration and two security dilemmas have been investigated and analyzed by SPSS software. In this study, the spatial configuration parameters are considered as an independent variable and Security dilemmas as a dependent variable. At the end, according to relationships have an adequate significant and correlation, we made suggestions. According to this research, the parameters of Mean Depth with Drug Addiction, and the parameter of Connectivity with Dispute & Aggression have the most connection. While the results of this study confirm the previous comments about the relationship between spatial configuration and security, it proves two fundamental points. First, the different security dilemmas (and types of crimes) should study separately for analyzing the relationship of environment and security, because each one is influenced by the environment differently. Second, it can be same harm influence for neighborhoods when we limit the entering strangers to the neighborhoods and when we don’t control the entering strangers to them.

Nowadays, informal settlements and generally urban poor textures has become an important issue in both developed and developing countries. The major problem of poor settlements and slums is lack of security. Making safer urban spaces is one of the critical necessities in any city. For this reason, many efforts have been considered in order to reduce crime through environmental design. Due to the inherent problem which informal settlements face in urban areas, identifying principles and standards of urban design and environmental design in design of secure residential spaces, in order to improve security, is the main purpose of this study. Data of this study has been collected by using a questionnaire and library studies, and descriptive - analytic method to analyze these data. And in order to analyze collected data an analytical method (ANP) has been used. Results show that access control, natural surveillance, mass culture has a considerable impact on security of informal settlements. According to the principles of urban design for creating a secure environment based on quality standards and guidelines could lead to an improvement in quality and security of informal settlements which lead to an improvement in environmental conditions of these settlements. Finally, this study has tried to establish and improve the security of informal settlements by studying previous experiences and theories.

Security is one of the main pillars of urban structures and maintaining it is the most important factor in urban life. Sustainable developments both for the present and for posterity are able to create a healthy and endurable society. Moreover, urban parks are important elements in creating sustainable cities. They provide some opportunities in various ways such as the promotion of environmental quality, active and passive recreational facilities, as well as providing a beautiful environment. The CPTED approach has been applied to survey the research of promoting environmental security in sustainability of urban parks. Nowadays, less attention is given to promoting security, sustainability and potential capacities of urban cities in reducing or preventing crimes. This article, through analysis, field study, and literary review of theoretical literature, by collection of information through logical reasoning methods, indicate that the CPTED approach is a way to improve the quality of the urban environment. Urban spaces can be optimized to provide a secure feeling for people, especially in parks and recreational spaces at different hours of the day. Also, among the five principles of the approach, supporting of social activities and natural surveillance take precedent.

Urban public space as a place where different groups of people that attend are required to consciously design that they can satisfy the audience. One of the criteria to provide the citizens comfort in this urban spaces is prompting environmental protection. Certainly security is not only influenced the incidence of crime and behavioral abnormalities that impair, but sometimes due to depict an unfamiliar environment and strained in mind, creating a sense of insecurity. That's why security in urban space can be investigated in two categories: physical security (objective) and psychological security (subjective) fit. In addition to the apparent benefits of increased security in cities such as strengthening the identity, vitality, efficiency and beauty of the space, the security has the advantage that in such an environment are more people attending. Also Live, work, invest and businesses prosper. As a result of the financial and economic growth will be higher and conversely, in unsafe places people and investors will be repulsive.In fact, in a public space should be designed in such a way that the maximum audience needs to be answered. Urban public spaces such as markets, squares, parks, streets and ... are as public spaces that a wide range of audiences face. From a variety of public spaces in the city, some of which are specific to the nature and location of the more important and are therefore expected to be of better quality as well.It is important to note that many factors in the security of the physical condition are the result of a civic square.Lack of proper lighting, pollution and visual disturbance, traffic and … are as physical factors that affect the security space.Hence, it is necessary to identify these factors and provide appropriate solutions to improve their situation. It should be noted that due to the proximity of public and private spaces, at any time of the crime extend to the private places such as shops, cars and houses there. The research method was descriptive-analytic study and through field survey of a case study (Imam Square of Hamadan) was performed. In a first step, criteria for assessing public spaces safe from internal and external sources have been extracted using a questionnaire, people's opinions are harvested.Total of 150 questionnaires were considered to be more than 6 times the number of variables.The more data the questionnaires were entered into SPSS software based on exploratory factor analysis, seven variables in predicting feelings of security, including the "walk ability", "aesthetic", "socialization," "night security" "direct supervision", "environmental comfort" and "the structure of environment" have been classified. Then, by using the technique of multiple linear regression analysis, the relationship between the seven factors has been examined in the field of security that Revealed 3 factor of "walk ability", "aesthetic" and "night security" in order to have the greatest impact. Finally, by multiplying three numerical values ​​"factor loadings", "beta coefficient of factor" and "out of dissatisfaction" to prioritize measures to promote a sense of security is discussed in Imam Square.