جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "flood" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

One of the essential responsibilities of urban planners is to designate accommodating locations for the implementation of crisis emergency bases. However, the responsibilities may not be fulfilled unless following the identification of the land’s susceptibilities and limitations in terms of natural disasters, especially flood. In other words, fitting managing measures are impossible to design until the geographic status of the area on which a city is located. Success and effectiveness of any crisis emergency bases’ operation highly depends on the establishment and organization of elements in the relevant time and space. The condition of such elements should be planned based on specific principles and mechanisms. Any failure in complying necessary principles and directives during a process of finding appropriate locations for crisis emergency bases decreases their efficiency as well as leading to additional detrimental conduct, disorder, disturbance, etc. Hence, the present study attempted to evaluate locating priorities for crisis emergency bases in terms of effective criteria, including hospital, fire department, green areas, flood prone zones functions and gas stations, airports, watercourses and passages as well as sportive and religious functions, utilizing hierarchical analysis, fuzzy model and geographic information system. Ultimately, an application of all criteria along with field observation findings resulted in the formation of extensive scopes of priorities of locating proper sites for developing crisis emergency bases. Finding from priority scopes analysis indicated that west areas of the studied zone are more suitable for developing crisis emergency bases in comparison the remaining areas.

Problem statement:

 Providing temporary housing after a disaster is essential to protect the survivors and resume their daily activities, but it may not result in an actual housing transition. After three years of the flood in Chen-Soley, different forms of housing transition are observed. While in some cases, the residence transition has been done through the completion of the reconstruction of permanent housing or the incremental evolution of temporary housing, some affected households still live in temporary units or have returned to previously damaged houses, and their health and safety are at risk.

This study attempts to present a theory that can explain the transition of residence of the survivors from temporary to permanent housing in Chen-Soley village.

This research has used the qualitative approach and the grounded theory method to identify the factors affecting the transition of residence of affected households. Data collection was done through participatory observation and semi-structured interviews. Samples were selected through theoretical sampling and data analysis was carried out through qualitative data coding.

It is possible to redefine the pattern of Aq-Oi housing to transition the residence of survivors by recreating the meaning of the place. The paradigm model of the research shows that this matter depends on the causal conditions, including “the way of supporting housing provision” and “local economy,” providing “safety and security,” and “climate comfort”. Residents’ interactions regarding these conditions were classified into the categories of “community participation,” “capacities of Aq-Oi,” “sense of belonging,” “incremental evolution,” and “form of temporary housing”. Ultimately, the consequences of these interactions have appeared in the form of using “reusing options” of temporary housing, trying to “maintain cultural identity”, and, in some cases, “non-transition of residence”.

Landscapes in general and townscapes in specific are susceptible to various natural and non-natural risks. Flooding is considered one of the primary factors that contribute to the vulnerability and problems faced by landscapes and townscapes. Although these conditions are present worldwide, they are more severe in Iran compared to other countries. On the one hand, natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes threaten this region. On the other hand, the built environments of this country are threatened by the weakness of inadequate building construction trends. In many cases, the structural systems and materials used in buildings do not meet the risk management requirements of the development process. The negative impact of the threatening development process has relatively different consequences on place dimensions. The impacts of disasters are often linked to the sensitivity of the specific features of a place. Among these features, townscapes and landscapes are particularly vulnerable to various disasters, more so than other dimensions of a place such as function and management. The future of a place is shaped by the consequences that occur in different zones and areas of communities. The measurement of vulnerability and resilience should consider the normative qualities of the environment, especially in terms of geographical contexts. The aim of this research is to assess the resilience of townscapes in relation to their environmental qualities, such as efficiency, richness, attraction, and variety, through the use of a case study approach. The research aims to assess the flood vulnerability of the Pole-Dokhtar region and city, with a particular emphasis on the spring 2019 flood. The study will use a case study approach and evaluate the resilience of the townscapes in relation to environmental qualities, such as efficiency, richness, attraction, and variety. The region of Pole-Dokhtar in Lorestan province, Iran, will be the specific area of focus.

The research method will involve the application of the development category to identify and address the major problems related to flood vulnerability. By this condition, the city engine analytical software has been used for analysis and finding trends of case study area data and information process. The research methodology involves three actions in field study techniques, which are the examination of current documents, site observation, and interviews with relevant stakeholders at the local and national levels. These studies incorporate data gathering stages. For data gathering trends, three sources have been used: 1- the information from the Pole-Dokhtar city’s master and detailed plans, as well as any written documents relating to any regional development plans and studies 2- Official data from 2019 flood variables. 3- Field survey, with emphasis on direct observation in the Pole-Dokhtar urban area. Observation trends encompass a journey to Lorestan province, Pole- Dokhtar County and Pole-Dokhtar city in spring 2020. In addition, the data has been analyzed through GIS and SPSS logic, techniques, and tools. Then, using the SWOT matrix helped researchers to compare the basic influential factors in terms of contextual strengths, weakness, threats, and opportunities.

The research has produced three main findings. Firstly, it highlights the vulnerability of areas like Pole-Dokhtar not only to floods but also to other natural and man-made disasters. Secondly, the research reveals the importance of specific attention to the land slope, river basin, and soil foundation to maintain environmental quality in urban landscapes. Lastly, the study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive examination of various planning documents at different levels, including master, structure, and detail plans.

In summary, the achievements of this study encompass various research outcomes regarding both townscape resilience and vulnerability of national, regional level and scale on various geographical contexts. In spite of this, long-term experiences in disasters like wars, earthquakes, droughts, floods and the same Iranian communities could not benefit from their valuable lessons. Learning from these valuable experiences should be the key lessons to solve and resolve ongoing problems and challenges which are essential for the comprehensive development of a country.

Ilam is located through mountains; therefore, every heavy rain develops a flooding in the city. For example, in October 29, 2015, a 189 millimeter raining created a disaster leaving more than 17 million dollars financial loss and 7 casualties. This research aimed to determine the aspects, factors and processes affecting the Ilam’s flooding. This is an applied research with descriptive–analytical and survey approach. A library and reference method used to collect data and apprehend the conditions. Another part of the research utilized a field approach to collect questionnaire prepared with AHP method, which gave out to 30 professionals. Delphi technique was used for distribution among the sample size. The AHP method used again to find out the aim of the paper. The method entailed aspects (natural, somatic, economic, management, social - cultural), variables weighted according to expert’s opinions. Also, the importance of variables asked from professionals through a questionnaire. The attempt to analyze the data, aspects and indicators compared two by two using Expert Choice software. Among the selected indicators (natural, somatic, economic, management, social - cultural), the class of management indicators deemed most important by professionals (weight of 0.343). Natural and somatic indicators rated second and third. The experts weighed the economic and social – cultural indicators 0.134 and 0.162 respectively putting them in the fourth and fifth rate with least importance on flooding. Therefore, all the selected aspects and indicators were effective on Ilam’s flooding and their impacts degree determined.

Iran is the fourth flood-prone country in the world in terms of vulnerability to floods, and Khorasan-Razavi province, in the north-east of Iran, is at a relatively high risk of flooding that suffer from damage caused by floods every year. This province is the first in the number of floods, the third in damage, and the sixth in casualties in the country, therefore, the annual flood causes extensive damage to the villagers, especially in the residential area. The present study examines the physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in facing floods. The research method is descriptive, analytical, and based on field survey. The housing vulnerability structure is quantified in 6 components of body, content, superstructure, infrastructure, living space, facilities, and equipment using 18 indicators in the Likert spectrum. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 and favorable. In this study, out of all the villages affected by floods in the county, 9 villages that were most vulnerable to floods in Dargaz county were selected as samples. In total, these villages have 1514 residential units, of which 225 were selected as samples using Cochran's formula. The results showed that among the examined components, the average vulnerability of the infrastructure or foundation with a number of 2.55 is higher than other components. Although the level of physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in the face of floods has been evaluated with an average of 2.16 less than the theoretical average and in the low to medium range, the amount of damage caused to 38 surveyed households is over 50%, which is not a low figure. Since it is not possible to completely protect against the flood risk, it is necessary to implement appropriate policies to reduce housing vulnerability when living in a flood-prone area.

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life and their number and diversity are increasing every day, are a major challenge to achieve sustainable development of human societies. Hence, the prevailing view of focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience to disasters has shifted. The purpose of this study is to explain the spatial-spatial characteristics of urban resilience in the face of floods in Babolsar. The methodology of qualitative research is based on content analysis and the statistical population in the qualitative and quantitative sections is composed of managers with academic and executive backgrounds and experts in urban organizations. Statistical samples were selected purposefully based on the snowball method. The sample size in the qualitative section has reached theoretical saturation (5 people) so that in the quantitative section the sample size includes 30 experts and specialists in the city of Babolsar who have been experts in the field of floods and issues related to the city. After explaining the indices, the obtained indices were prioritized using Friedman test in SPSS software and the samples of Babolsar city were measured in terms of spatial-spatial resilience using t-test. Findings from the qualitative section and theoretical studies showed that the criteria of spatial resilience included diversity, relevance, redundancy, robustness and crisis management. The results of the quantitative section in terms of prioritization of indicators have shown that the index of urban areas in the first priority, the index of resistance of the road and bridge construction system are in the second priority. Also, the results of sample t-test showed that the spatial-spatial resilience of Babolsar city in the face of floods with an average of 3.60 and a value of t, 3.09 was in a good condition, which indicates the relatively high resilience of Babolsar city in Is equal to a flood. The results indicate that increasing coordination with various organizations, training high-level crisis managers, holding public training courses for office workers and the general public can be promoted and increase the spatial productivity of Babolsar city. Against floods; Be an important and significant way forward.

In recent decades, resilience planning has been received significant attention by experts from most of the fields, especially landscape architects, in the face of flood and drought disturbances. The River Darakeh, as one of the urban rivers located in Tehran, is highly vulnerable to flood disturbance and its consequences despite the construction of flood-control infrastructures—channels and terraces on the riverbeds. This issue reveals the insufficiency of such plans in controlling the flood. Thus, it is necessary to plan and design the River Darakeh in order to reduce the risk of floods and increase the sustainability of the river. In this regard, this study seeks to fine an alternative approach instead of channels against the environmental problems and consequences of the floods of the River Darakeh. Therefore, this paper endeavors to find answers of the questions: is the new approach to resilience a viable alternative to one-dimensional and engineering approaches to the management of rivers? In order word, how can this approach transform the turbulent environment of the River Darakeh into a sustainable and environmentally and flood-friendly environment? Accordingly, this study employs the descriptive-analytical approach as well as a brief review of the related literature in order to gather various resilience indices. Then, design strategies based on the definitions of indices are extracted, and design solutions for the River Darakeh, as a case study, are presented in the face of flood disturbances. This study relies upon seven indices of resilience thinking—namely, redundancy, diversity, strength, connection, learning, self-organization, and variability—to present several strategies; including environmental and spatial diversity, high-level knowledge, the capacities and skills of indigenous people, the application of past generation’s experiences regarding past floods, strength of natural and human-made components, strength of the spatial relations and coherence of design components, and self-organization of social and ecological resources; for designing the River Darakeh to withstand against flood turbulences. This design and planning initiative includes different social and environmental dimensions which can be considered as alternative solutions for the flood control channels and the terracing on the riverbeds. The finding of this paper can be applied as a pattern for chaotic urban rivers in Iran and throughout the world in similar circumstances.

The hazards and damages of Floods have shown the importance of reclamation and reorganization of river valleys and urban watercourses of Tehran, and have been the major title of Tehran urban management plans in the past few years. The main goals of these plans are to guide and transfer surface waters and contingent flood to the river valleys and watercourses. Therefore, formulating principles and design criteria, and providing the practical ways in the reclamation and reorganization of river valleys are the necessary subjects of studies, with the aim to control the floods and reducing detrimental effects of flood waters. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the strategies for mitigation of flood risk in a part of Kan river-valley after building Javanmardan-e Iran Park. Also, the causes of recent floods in this area, and lack of efficiency of this river valley in water flow reducing are discussed. At the end, some architectural solutions are suggested. The research method is descriptive-analytical and application of SWOT model. Collected data is derived from documentary resources, case study and observations field. The results of present research indicate that controlling the flood have been less noticed in organization of Kan River Valley in Javanmardan-e Iran Park; and design principles and improvement strategies of this area should be considered for prevention and reduction of future flood risks and damages.

Resilience, a new approach to environmental disturbances, has attracted the attention of landscape architects in recent decades. This approach is an appropriate alternative to rigorous engineering approaches and has been extensively used in different landscape projects around the world.The Kan river, the main river of Tehran, is still vulnerable to flood disturbance even though its infrastructures have been improved to control the flood. Rigid and one-dimensional approaches to flood control not only has failed to control flooding but also destroyed the ecological and structural infrastructures of rivers. This paper seeks to investigate how the environmental resilience approach can affect flood management in urban rivers. It mainly focuses on the role of resilience thinking and its potential contribution to the regularization of the Kan river in response to flood disturbance. To this purpose, in this paper, four successful projects in the world were examined to extract the principles and strategies of resilience in the face of the river flooding. Planning and strategies were proposed based on these principles and guidelines for this chaotic river. Time, trial, threshold, learning, and diversity as the principles and cut and fill as well as wetlands as the strategies were extracted from the projects to address the disturbance of the river. As a variety of disciplines play a key role in flood control, the necessity for multidisciplinary integrated approach and planning is much felt. The integration of principles and strategies, planning, and organization of the landscape lead to a comprehensive and multidisciplinary program. In other words, the Kan river planning management requires a multidisciplinary approach which addresses landscape and ecological issues. This comprehensive and multidisciplinary planning based on flood resilience can serve as a model for other urban rivers that are vulnerable to flood disturbance.

The overall goal of research is to explain the factors influencing vulnerability zoning district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability in the face of natural disaster flooding. According to the study, the criteria for the vulnerability of cities through previous studies, library studies and Delphi method, interviews of experts will be identified. And then fits the criteria, through the digitization process navigation data to the appropriate format to be imported into GIS. To identify relationships between the standards and the structure of the techniques used DEMATEL. The structure can be obtained through questionnaires completed by experts. Because of the importance of parity is not the way to gain weight ANP criteria will be used. In this study, the MATLAB software for the calculation of the benchmark (DEMATEL techniques) and the application of the criteria used to calculate the weight Super decision. For spatial modeling and vulnerability mapping in Tehran from model-based sorting option is based on profiles that it has removed some restrictions on former methods. This model through the design and incorporation of an extension (extension) using the Python programming language to ArcGis software will be operational. At the end of the six different areas of Tehran in terms of vulnerability to natural disaster will flood zoning. The results showed that a sector with high vulnerability in areas with population density and urban fabric, with an area in the South East is on. Without access to areas after flooding in the vulnerable urban fabric is very important.

Population growth and development of urbanism in hazard-disposed areas lead to higher vulnerability to natural disasters in civil societies. Ignoring riparian zones in construction and development and hyper-grazing and non-standard agriculture by humans have a number of direct and indirect deconstructive influences. One of the crises that threaten the cities is the flooding due to the interference of human in nature. On the other hand، by consideration of major risk reduction factors، risk of disasters that leads to catastrophes may be predicted and procedures can be conducted to avert them. This act requires preparation، development، and incorporation of various local data. Geographic Information System، as an efficient tool in analyzing the local data، can be very effective in evaluating and zoning of this hazard. Tehran province is constantly under flooding threat because of its special geographic conditions. Unfortunately، because of heterogeneous development of the cities in recent years and ignoring the principal urban planning regulations، there exist serious sewerage complications. As a result، one of the crises that threaten Tehran province is flooding due to human interference in nature. Therefore، in order to control and decline these disasters، policies regarding land use allocation in riparian zone and watercourse، transport network development، and soil blowing control، should be adopted based on maps and probable hazards in riparian zones and watercourses. In this research، flooding risk due to human factors in Tehran province is investigated using ArcGIS Software، and then the extracted data are analyzed. To do so، the effective factors on flooding due to human factors، and preparation of contingency maps for vulnerable locations، are recognized. In this approach، initial data are provided first، and then the required layers are extracted from the data structure table in ArcGIS Software. Subsequently، the layers associated with effective coefficients in flooding due to human factors، such as land use layer، access network in riparian zones layer، and amount of soil blowing layer، are mounted on each other and contingency and vulnerability are generated separately. After that، flooding due to human factors and contingency maps were generated separately and factored based on their effects on probability and intensity of the disaster. The calculated layers are mounted on each other، leading to the final map، which shows the flooding possibility due to human factors mostly due to violating the riparian zones. Analyzing the flood hazard map of the province demonstrates that most of the residential constructions and even substructures like transportation networks are built in riparian zones and watercourses، having very high risk of flooding. This happens because urban planning and land use regulations and standards are ignored، and in case of a disaster، there would be a huge financial and life loss. Because of this، crisis management and vulnerability reduction of areas with high and very high risks require appropriate and practicable planning and policies such as reduction in density of human residences، transportation network، and facilities in riparian zones and watercourses، creating constructional laws for riparian zones، and following the agricultural standards.