جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "iwan" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Abstract
Problem statement: Flexibility is considered one of the aspects of sustainability in buildings, as flexible spatial structure and configuration are required to meet their variable needs. Mosques, as one of the most significant spaces for the presence and collective activities of people, have always been used in different cultures and generations and accepted by various social activities. The main structure of Iranian mosques was formed during the Seljuk era, and they have kept this pattern until the present. The in-between spaces are one of the most important features of this structure, which have central roles in providing spatial organization and qualities.
The question raised here is as follows:What connection is established between the spatial quality and the configuration components of the in-between spaces on the one hand, and the quality of flexibility on the other hand by considering the quality of adaptability in the Seljuk mosques?
Research The research aims to signify the in-between spaces, their spatial definition, characteristics, and place in providing the quality of flexibility in the Grand Mosques of the Seljuk era.
Research This research is descriptive-interpretive with a quantitative-qualitative approach and inferential reasoning. The research statistical population includes all Grand Mosques that belong to the Seljuk era based on the ideas of relevant experts and researchers.
The spatial flexibility of the mosques in the Seljuk era was investigated based on the quality of spatial integration. The results were evaluated and compared by using two indicators of ‘spatial connection and integration. The research outcomes showed that there are some factors including spatial characteristics and the quality of layout, besides the area factor, that affect the mean-value of spatial integration and connectivity in the Grand Mosques of the Seljuk era. The more in-between spaces (the central courtyard, porch, and entrance space), the higher the spatial integrity and better quality of flexibility.

An Iwan is the most prominent architectural element of Yazd houses. Qajar houses in Yazd city have the most examples of Qajar houses with south iwan compared to other cities of Iran located in hot and dry climate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different characteristics of the iwan and to express how it is shaded in Qajar houses in Yazd. The research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of Iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What factors influenced the iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What is the climatic plan (shading) of the porch in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd in the Qajar period? One of the climatic solutions to achieve thermal comfort in hot and dry climatic cities such as Yazd was to use shade and reduce the effects of sunlight. Due to the climatic conditions and the formation of the historic city of Yazd, the iwan element was used to create shade and thermal comfort. As a result, the iwans in the Qajar houses of Yazd were located in the southwest, southeast and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the location of the iwan on the south side has the highest efficiency and the most shading in the summer revolution, and it seems that other reasons have been effective in the formation of houses in Yazd, which have taken precedence over shading.

An important part of the annual energy consumption of countries is related to the building sector. Accordingly, saving energy and finding solutions for annual energy consumption in this sector are of great importance given the issue of the energy crisis in the current century and the position of environmental protection. Although different methods have been used in this regard in the traditional architecture of our country, energy consumption regarding the building sector has received less attention in today’s architecture due to various reasons such as population and urban growth and the lack of attention to spatial quality. Due to the high share of energy consumption in the house, the physical elements of the house can play an important role in reducing energy consumption. In addition, the semi-open element of Iwan is an efficient model in terms of function and climate, including temperature adjustment and provision of thermal comfort conditions. This element is semantically space-creating, which brings a wide variety of valuable experiences regarding understanding space and nature, the role of which has been greatly diminished in today’s architecture.

What is the optimal model of Iwan with regard to saving energy consumption in old houses in Isfahan?

Older houses with passive solar systems are more energy-efficient than the new ones. To direct architects toward using the elements and physical proportions of traditional houses, the present study seeks to find the most optimal Iwan pattern in the traditional houses of Isfahan in terms of energy saving. Further, the study aims at achieving the optimal shape and location of the Iwan through communication with side spaces such as halls, Shahneshin, and rooms, followed by providing suggested solutions for improving the energy efficiency of contemporary housing according to the results of simulating different forms of Iwan.

To this end, different patterns of Iwan in the traditional houses of Isfahan were identified and common patterns were obtained accordingly. Next, theoretical foundations were examined and the theoretical framework was presented using the descriptive-analytical method. Then, different types of Iwan and their analysis were comparatively analyzed through library and field studies of all types of Iwan, halls, and side spaces in the houses of Isfahan built from Safavid to Qajar periods, as well as typing and using reality modeling and simulation. Finally, the results of simulations were compared with each other after validating DesignBuilder software with a real sample using the dynamic simulation.

The results showed that the patterns of the Iwan of the Dehdashti and Alam’s Houses are the most efficient ones among other models in terms of energy efficiency. Given that Dehdashti House is more affordable in the summer and the cooling load in Isfahan is more important in this season compared to winter, the model of Dehdashti House is the most optimal Iwan model. In this study, the optimal Iwan is located in front of the Sedaris room on either side of the building and is connected to the room and the hall through a retaining corridor (the unconditioned space) while the length of the corridor covers half of the length of the hall.

The vast archaeological complex of Takht-e Soleiman lies 45 km from Takab County, West Azerbaijan Province, in a mountainous region lain with natural-historical attractions, and is circumscribed by a strong defensive wall. Next to the complex there is an always boiling lake. This enormous religious-social complex was looted and sacked in 624 AD in the reign of Khosrow Parviz during Iran and Rome wars. Due to political insurgencies of the late Sasanian period, Arab invasion and conversion of Iranians to Islam, the complex was not revitalized, thus starting to fall into ruin. The remains of the adur Wishnasp fire temple (the only standing example of the three great Sasanian fire temples) and other Sasanian remains within the defensive wall such as Iwan-e Khosrow (a smaller model of Iwan-e Kasra), temple ascribed to Anahita, and other archaeological unites of the complex, and Islamic relics, in particular Ilkhanid palaces, and historical-natural attractions in the surrounding area, necessitates the attention of cultural heritage and other related officials in order to prevent unsystematic interventions in the sites. The ruins of Takht-e Soleiman drew the attention of scholars and orientalists since 19th century AD so that the extensive works of the joint Swedish-German-Iranian expedition at the site, starting in 1958, which lasted for twenty years, produced a plethora of finds. The expedition was permanently interrupted by the Iranian Revolution of 1972. In 1993, Takht-e Soleiman was selected as a great cultural heritage project, and extensive work was carried out there by the Iranian experts in the way of conservation and salvage of decaying architectural features, restoration of the remains, documentations, preparation of technical documents, resuming archaeological works and publishing the results. The present report looks at a number of these executive measures and preparation of the complex for scientific and touristic exploitation.

Nadjaf city is located in the southern part of Iraq that has warm and mid-humid climate. The temperature usually rises up to 60 centigrade in hot months. It has a significant effect on the local inhabitant's lifestyle that is appeared on the house designing. It is necessary to recognize socio-physical history of Najdaf ancient context in order that the life story of historical houses in Nadjaf is perceived. Circular ancient context of Nadjaf is one kilometre in diameter around an Imam -Ali shrine densely that recognized as the capital of Shiite world for more than 1000 years. Nadjaf theological school (Howzēh) was extended to the whole city, despite of the other Shiite religious cities of the world. On the other hand, historical city of Nadjaf had been designed gradually for the training, living and debate between religious students or pilgrims. As mentioned above, two major factors that affected Nadjaf historical architecture are climatic restrictions and particular lifestyle of residents who most of them were religious students in historical center of town. At recent decades, political conflict of Iraq government with Shiite belief and the weakening of Nadjaf as a center of of Shiite world causes the level of activity in theological school decreased gradually. Nevertheless, today theological schools thrive rapidly due to Shiite freedom once more in Iraq. Thus, the hope of deserted valuable houses preservation is revived. It is an important point that hasty prosperity without deep consideration in recent conditions of deserted valuable houses leads to demolition and reconstruction. Preservation of these houses is just possible with exact perceiving in historical houses of Nadjaf, and discovering architect’s intelligent solutions to human needs and converting climate limitations to opportunities otherwise uncontrolled economical development would abolish these vulnerable structures. Some valuable houses of historical context are studied in this article that resulting in discovering the residential architecture pattern of Nadjaf. 1. Basements, the writer emphasizes that through observing more than 70 houses in historical context of Nadjaf, a house without 1, 2 or 3 levels basements are not seen. 2. Mēshrēbeeyēh, some wooden windows with pieces of colorful glasses that stick out up to 1 meter from elevation. 3. High rising iwāns (up to 8 meters in height), with 2 wooden columns, and a three dimensional puzzle capitals. 4. Wooden facades around iwān (non-conductor of heat). 5. Houses with small area, houses have the area between 20 up to 500 square meters. Due to high economic values of lands around shrine, the area of houses is small and courts with little squared plan are utilized. It appears that religious students and pilgrims would return to Nadjaf from whole Shiite world and providing appropriate places for occupancy is essential. Therefore the valuable hidden opportunities of historical houses would be taken, if they are utilized as residential places for religious students. Therefore by preserving historical houses as religious student homes, these noteworthy heritages would be protected, on the other hand human would be settled in worthy architectures thus people would recognize their values.