جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "muzaffarid" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Yazd is a historical city that has the oldest residential buildings. It was a large government center exhibiting glory and prosperity in the 77-year period of Muzaffarid rule. In the Safavid era as well, Yazd saw an increase in residential construction due to the governing sense of security and peace in the city. One of the integral parts of houses built then was the courtyard, many diverse types of which remain from that period. The evolution of the courtyard represents the practical and theoretical transformations of architectural thought. The diversity of house forms during that period and the chronology and evolution of the courtyard from the Muzaffarid to the Safavid era are the inquiries of this research. This research uses historical documents as well as field studies. The analytical-historical method is employed and the main historical sources include Tarikh-e Yazd and Tarikh-e jadid-e Yazd (for the Muzaffarid era) as well as Jame‘e Mofidi and Jame‘e Ja‘fari (for the Safavid era). First, the characteristics of the houses in the historical texts are explained and then, the architecture of existing houses is briefly introduced. Then, a comparative study of the physical aspects of the courtyards is completed in the form of quantitative reports. The findings show that during the Muzaffarid era, three types of courtyards were used: inner courtyard, khalf-e-bagh, and sarabostan (a small garden that was built next to old houses and had a great impact on the microclimate). In the Safavid era, the inner courtyard and sarabostan continued to exist but the khalf-e-bagh courtyards were not built anymore. Finally, it can be said that the design of courtyards in the Safavid garden houses is a continuation and upgrade of the model of Muzaffarid sarabostan and harmonious with the design of the Muzaffarid garden houses.

After the inscription of the historical city of Yazd on the world heritage list in 2017, more emphasis was put on the preservation of historical monuments within its urban structure. Simultaneously, more effort was made to carry out different types of monitoring to protect the authenticity of historical monuments. This study, using a qualitative and interpretative approach, researches the role of historical monitoring as a method to assess the authenticity of the architectural revetments of Seyyed Rokn ad-Din Madrasa (or Rukniyya), which is one of the most important monuments of this city. The history of interventions based on the principles of world heritage preservation as well as the history of deteriorating factors that altered the building is documented in this research. For this, after defining the concept of historical monitoring, this paper documents the damages, repairs, and interventions that occurred in the Rukniyya. Content analysis of these documents was carried out to identify the risk critical points and finally to draw the timeline of the restorations of the architectural revetments to assess their authenticity. According to these documents, significant damages in the Rukniyya include cracks, structural damages caused by the digging of wells in the periphery of the building and the subsequent moisture, and termite activity inside the building. Outside, the destruction of the main arch of the iwan, structural interventions, and the falling of dome tiles due to natural conditions specifically on its western side are among the major damages. The damaging factors should be considered in terms of activity levels in future conservation plans. For the purpose of authenticity assessment, the findings of the investigation differentiate authentic parts from later alterations in this building. The inner shell of the dome, the end wall of the iwan, and the tile inscription on the dome stem are materially authentic and date from the Muzaffarid period. The motifs and material components of the iwan and its facade as well as the tiles on the outer shell of the dome are interventions of the past fifty years. These parts were reconstructed based on the architectural style of the fourteenth century, imitating the tilework patterns in the Shahab ad-Din Qassem Madrasa, Shamsiyyeh Madrasa, and the Jame‘ Mosque of Yazd. The purpose of such interventions was to preserve the physical and functional features of the building and improve its legibility. Although the reconstructed and renovated parts are interesting in terms of restoration works, they do not have historical or archeological value and cannot be referenced as Muzaffarid-style artwork. The findings of the study show that two separate conservation plans are required for each of these two parts of the building providing clear and transparent decisions.

Since Yazd, Iran, which was a significant part of the country, was protected from the deliberate destruction of the Mongols during Muzaffarids era, it can be expected that there have been continuous construction activities in this area since the Seljuq era. Especially considering the specific political field, a special local style called Muzaffarid or according to Donald Wilber "Yazd school" under the influence of Muzaffarid rulers can be identified and introduced in this field. The purpose of this article is determining the spatial quality of Sarabostan in the architecture of Muzaffarid-Timurid houses in Yazd region. In this study, the oldest houses that have been registered and identified so far have been cited along with historical texts. Considering the insufficient Ilkhanate houses in other parts of Iran and the number of historical references to the house in the historical text of Yazd and also lack of enough research in this field, this article discusses the importance and position of Sarabostan in the residential architecture of Muzaffarid era. The present study tries to recognize the residential architecture in the Muzaffarid era by combining interpretive-historical methods and study of examples and relying on library-documentary studies, as well as examining and analyzing the house-garden architecture of this period. The results of library research show that Sarabostan is seen frequently and in different forms in the historical texts of the Ilkhanate-Timurid era of Yazd. Researches show that in accordance with the existing house-gardens and historical texts of Yazd, three types of Sarabostan have been identified. The first category includes houses with a pit- wooded land garden that is combined with the porch. The second category includes houses that have a small garden called "Behind the garden" (Khalfe Bagh). This category has two subspecies, the first one is included four- Iwan (porch chamber) houses with Khalfe Bagh and the second one includes Ilkhanate houses with a back garden.