جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "policies" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Renewable energy systems (RES) have a vital role in a country’s rural and comprehensive development programs. Renewable resources for the generation of electricity (e.g., wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) are typically most abundant and practical resources for development in rural areas. Such green development plans create an opportunity for rural electric utilities that are at a geographical advantage for investment in these projects. Renewable energy systems represent the most environment friendly and cost-effective means of providing electricity to those living in rural communities or regions in developing countries. However, providing energy for rural areas considering the geographical desperation, various different climate conditions, demographic variation, economic crises, etc. requires substantial time and facilities. 
Governmental energy supply strategies and dependency on fossil fuels has slowed the process of renewable energy system developments. However, environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels,electricity production and the high associated maintenance costs of the distribution grid has always been problematic in rural areas. These issues have led countries to shift toward clean energy strategies. However, this has been relatively slow and in many countries the proportion of the rural population supplied with electricity remains low and the proportion supplied with electricity from renewable energy systems is even lower. There are technical, social, cultural, institutional, geographical and economic barriers to the deployment of renewable energy systems and, thus, to their ability to contribute to the long term development of rural clean energy. This paper aims to analyze barriers and suggests promising approaches for overcoming them toward a sustainable development in Iran. To understand the causes of this barriers, first a literatures review on rural renewable energy development programs in developing countries is under taken. Second, findings from a survey on the expertise’s knowledge state of renewable energy development in rural areas of Iran have been used to define optimal development solutions and comments to overcome technical, economic, social and political barriers. 
A questionnaire was sent to one hundred and ten experts. Which thirty-eight of them responded, including 17 experts in the field of energy and 14 experts from the field of urban planning and development, and Seven experts from responsible agencies. Eighteen of the above-mentioned were university faculties and twenty-three of them had a Ph.D. It should be noted that the number of distributed questionnaires was based on the ratio of the number of questions to each subject field. 
Results show that in Iran, about two third of barriers are related to economical (37%) and political (29%) issues. These results are in line with developing countries such as Pakistan. However, in developed countries such as Austria despite the supportive policies, policy issues are still counted as main renewable energy development barriers.  The present study has tried to examine the renewable energy development strategies by assessing the barriers to clean energy in rural areas and recognizing development capacities in the country, which could lead to priorities such as the allocation of clean energy subsidies, long-term and short-term loans, educational and cultural development in this field and engaging relevant organizations such as, policy makers, consumers, NGOs and media. Certainly, rural environments in terms of energy demand and consumption intensity, geographical dispersion and different economic conditions are different than urban environments. For this reason, policies, programs and public mechanisms should be based on statistical knowledge and understanding the capacities. Also, due to the importance of energy economy, on a larger scale, the level of access to energy and its relationship with the income level of individuals, should also be studied in comparison to urban conditions and rural areas of other countries.

Today, the urban environment due to the major problems of life and increasing amount of pollutants that cause major environmental problems in urban areas are major challenges. “Participation and the environment” in the last three decades, more and more approaches together in a new approach to environmental protection is taken into consideration; Therefore one of the indicators of the degree of development of a country, the participation and the role of citizens in the country. The projects and programs that the trustee devices such as environmental organizations and municipalities to protect these habitats and reduce degradation of the urban environment and implemented have not had much success. Seems to be the missing link these plans, people often overlooked the importance of their contribution and the absence of people nothing but failure did not result in environmental projects. Therefore, to investigate and suggest solutions to increase the role and participation of citizens in preserving natural areas and the urban environment, including the requirements of any plans for Lavasan city. In this paper survey and field study methods of realization of environmental partnerships citizenship is studied. In the end, a strategic and operational solution for improving the participation of environmental citizens is discussed.

Current problems of urban planning and architecture, the lack of detailed knowledge about the future of cities and architecture; If today is the result of foresight in the past; After numerous bugs in the way of planning and urban planners in the past for the future of our understanding of the time there. This show that the future of urban planning and architecture necessary to develop a special place that marks the future prospects of architecture and urban planning. In this paper, the fundamental approach to descriptive and documentary epistemology future and the future of cities and urban planning studies are discussed. Logical and rational analysis has benefited from the analysis. The findings of the new planning system using the methods of modern urbanism and architecture futures pointed. The planning process is traditional, linear and is composed of 6 stages. The process is centered on the past to predict the future trends that any emphasis on batch processes, which may not occur in the future. Scenarios for the future and portfolio-based scripting variables in another important step in the future of a new approach to planning; the necessary precautionary measures necessary to deal with any future might be considered in the future.

There are different factors effective in making policies and plans for conservation of cultural heritage in Iran. This paper aims to study and review structural changes of Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran which were made by important cultural، social، political، and economic changes and events of Iran and have a significant role in the process of making policies and plans for conservation of cultural heritage. The main object of this paper is to study and explain the evolution of policies and plans adopted for the conservation of cultural heritage، especially from the prospective of the Cultural Heritage Organization. For this purpose، a qualitative research method with interpretivist strategy has been employed to explain and interpret the subject of research. To collect the data required for this research; library and documentary methods، structured and in depth interviews with experts، mainly the directors of the Cultural Heritage Organization، have been used. The content of the issues، provided in this paper، are based on the interpretations and explanations of the interviews. The findings of this research show that the regulations of the five year socio economic development plan and structural changes have taken place at the national level، including the Islamic Revolution in Iran، Iraq – Iran war، accompanied with the changes in the top management of the Cultural Heritage Organization; have had different effects on the process of making polices and planning for conservation of cultural heritage in Iran. The studies show that most successes in conservation of heritage have been achieved when there had been higher convergence between the macro development plans and the objectives of the Cultural Heritage Organization. In addition، the reviewing and analysis of the regulations of the 1st up to the 5th Five Year Development Plans، especially the 3rd and 4th Development Plans، indicate the provision of strategies and adoption of effective policies and measures for conservation of cultural heritage by the Cultural Heritage Organization and other related organizations.