جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « qajar houses » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The evolutions of the art of Qajar architectural decorations in Iran took place under the influence ofmodernism and the approach of architectural development, with the prosperity of the connections of the kings of this period with the western world.Thus, these changes in the architectural decorations of the Qajar houses of Kermanshah were reflected in a wide part of the historical context.In this research, how to use the architectural decorations of Qajar housesThis research with a historical method, an interpretation during the stages of investigating the patterns of decorations and influencing components of traditional and modern architecture; Analysis of the architectural decorations of the Qajar houses based on theoretical foundations and the extent of the influence of modern architecture on the architecture of Qajar period and How to model the architectural decorations influenced by traditional and modern architecture in the houses of Kermanshah was carried out. The findings of the research show that the evolution of the architectural decorations of the Qajar houses has been manifested during three periods of architecture with traditional, western and combined styles. As a result, according to the comparative analysis and according to the main characteristics influenced by traditional and western architecture in the evaluation process, theeffectiveness and modeling of the architectural decorations of houses in the form of practical developments in the first period inspired by the past and preserving identity in The second period coincided with the beginning of the influence of western architecture in Iran, under the influence of the components of western architectural decorations, and in the third period, inspired by the past and modeled after western architecture, it appeared in the form of combined decorations.

The loss of identity in modern constructions and the speed of changes in the old fabric of cities as a historical-cultural treasure confirms the need to recognize local patterns. Patternology is an approach that tries to know the practical methods to reach the elements of native identity. In the meantime, residential structures as the primary core of traditional cities, a valuable heritage for recognizing and analyzing native patterns in the direction of improvement and modernization along with the continuity of identity in worn-out historical structures and preventing the emergence of heterogeneous buildings in the modern structures of Iranian cities is. The current research aims to identify the physical patterns of identity while documenting the Qajar houses of Lahijan city. Therefore, in the first step, using descriptive-analytical method based on reviewing the basic topics related to the basics of pattern analysis, the physical indicators effective in pattern finding are explained. In order to identify the physical patterns, the surviving Qajar houses in the historical context of Lahijan as a sample community are studied and while identifying the most effective factors, sustainable guidelines for the design of contemporary structures are introduced with the aim of improving quality dimensions. The results of the study showed that based on the body patterns known in the studied samples, which include four categories of spatial organs (in three scales, macro, medium, and micro), structural, facade, and array, there are identity building approaches and sustainable in the design of today's structures can be pursued in the region under investigation.

Throughout history, human has spent his life in different architectural bodies, which is the final product of man's attitude, his behavioral needs, social religious, economic and climatic conditions. The effect of each of the mentioned factors on the configuration of the architectural form of the houses is different, but the influence of culture and climate as the most key factors affecting the architectural characteristics is undeniable. The aim of this research is to get an attitude on the role of culture and climate on the design criteria of Qajar houses in the hot and humid and mild and humid climates of Iran with the approach of comparative analysis in order to find out the influence of each of the physical characteristics from this. Slow identification factors. The research method in this article is in the field of qualitative method and the collection of materials was done by library method and field observation. In the process of analysis, four Qajar houses with two different forms of central courtyard and block were selected in the key cities of the mentioned climates in order to determine the role of culture and climate in the architectural factors through comparative analysis. The results of the research showed that in the hot and humid climate, the criteria of hierarchy, facade and decorations, light and illumination were more influenced by culture and the climate had the greatest impact on the house form, orientation, materials and performance, while In a mild and humid climate, culture has the greatest impact on the geometry, hierarchy and scale of houses, and the climate factor has been effective on the composition, function and form of the house.

The evolution of architectural arrays in the Qajar houses of Kermanshah appeared due to the architectural changes under the influence of Western architectural patterns in Iran. The development of the architectural decorations of these houses was manifested by using the concepts of aesthetics, creativity, and thoughts of architect artists in accordance with the needs and facilities available in this period. In this research, how to use architectural arrays, especially in Faiz Mahdavi’s house in Kermanshah city as a valuable cultural-heritage collection in the historical context of the city and the analysis of the influence of architectural development patterns in the architectural arrays of Qajar houses have been raised as the basic research questions that have been raised so far Not evaluated. This research with the historical, interpretive, and comparative research method during the stages of “investigating the patterns of arrays and determining the influential components of traditional Iranian architecture and Western architecture in Qajar houses”; “Comparative analysis of how and the extent of influence of traditional Iranian architecture and Western architecture in the architectural arrays of Faiz Mahdavi’s house” and “explanation and evaluation of how and how much the architectural arrays are modeled on traditional Iranian architecture and Western architecture in Faiz Mahdavi’s house” were carried out. The analysis of the subject in this article was made possible based on the collection of data gathered through document analysis, library research, and field studies. Analyzing and summarizing the results obtained from the evaluation findings of this research comparatively shows that the evolutions and patterning of the architectural arrays of Faiz Mahdavi’s Qajar house, during two different stages, the outer and inner spaces of the house were initially influenced by the traditional Iranian architectural decorations in the form of simple decorations and then Combining the art of traditional decorations with luxurious western decorations.

The effects of light and color occur over time, meaning that space users stay in space for long periods of time and are exposed to various energies radiated by light. Many studies have been done on the effect of natural light on the human body and soul, which repeat the undeniable role of natural light on behavior, attitude and performance of individuals. However, despite the fact that natural light as a renewable energy source is inexpensive and environmentally friendly, most of the solutions used in ancient architecture have been forgotten due to the use of natural light. The main question of the research is what is the psychological effect of colored light on the spaces of Qajar houses in Tabriz?The research method used in this research is survey research method. Data collection from written sources and open interviews with experts in this field were compiled as a table of content content and were classified by content analysis method. To determine the importance of the components, a structured questionnaire was developed by researchers and analyzed by SPSS software. Based on a comprehensive approach and a qualitative research method, it analyzes 17 cases of Qajar houses in Tabriz and shows how their builders use light and architectural elements in different ways of organizing space rather than physical and mental needs. Residents, including social welfare, beauty, privacy, landscape, light and sound control, etc. are provided.

What can be examined in this paper is identifying the hidden values of Tehran's Qajar houses using van-menen method. The subject of the research is the failure to meet some of the mental needs of people in today's architecture. In past architecture, spaces were found that had a positive meaning for people. What perception of these spaces has been very little in the interaction between people and the place of residence in Iran. This research seeks to answer the mental needs of people in today's architecture by answering the question of how to identify the values embedded in Tehran's Qajar houses by focusing on van Menen's methodology. The main purpose of this research is to achieve some aspects of the experience of people's presence in the Qajar house based on phenomenology. This research is a phenomenological study based on robust qualitative method and data analysis method is Van Menen method. Documentary and library-based study is analyzed and two main questions are carried out: one based on what people feel at the same moment in the place, and based on how this experience and the individual interacts with the components of the environment. Asked. The selected places of research are eight houses of Qajar architecture. The result of this study is the efficiency of the house in meeting the mental and emotional needs of people at home. The results of interviews led to the discovery of the meaning of these architectural places in a bed of positive psychological factors and in close balance with individuals. These meanings include dissection, vitality, connection with the environment, freedom of imagination and leisure of body and tranquility.

During the design process of a building facade, differ ent individuals including client, architect, builder and even – indirectly – general public will either con sciously or unconsciously impose parts of their atti tudes, thoughts, beliefs and desires. In studies on the facades of historic buildings, understanding such thoughts and attitudes can lead the researcher to an analysis that transcends mere formal or stylistic inves tigations, and through studying the processes and fac tors affecting their designing and construction, provides a more comprehensive understanding of these facades, the quality of their formation and their relation to the context in which they have been built. Therefore, presuming the thoughts, wishes, attitudes and beliefs as a collection of conscious and uncon scious mental concepts in humans’ minds,  in this re search the terms “thoughts” and “mentalities” have been considered respectively as conscious and uncon scious mental concepts; and then attempts have been made to grasp the thoughts and mentalities of indi viduals or groups engaged in the formation of a his toric house façade, through a case study relying on interpretive-historical research methodology. Thus, a Qajar structure named as Sorkheie House, located in the Sorkhab district of Tabriz and commissioned by Mehdikhan-e Asef-ol-saltaneh, was selected, trying to understand the thoughts and mentalities involved in the formation of a façade of the house which faces toward the outer courtyard. To this end, a brief over view on the two concepts o thoughts and mentalities was followed by examining the mentioned façade of the Sorkheie House and historical documents relating to the people involved in the design and construction processes of the house. Since of the people involved in the construction of the house, only the name of the owner (Asef-ol-saltaneh) is cited in the existing docu ments, at the first step, some historic texts from the Qajar period somehow pertaining to Asef-ol-Saltaneh or his political position were examined using content analysis method. Then at the second step, the façade of the house was read using iconological approach, relying on the information attained from previous step. According to this approach (which involved a methodology for reading the historic works of art and architecture in order to understand their hidden meanings), the details and ornaments of the facade were examined through iconographical analysis and iconological interpretation so as to pin down the thoughts and mentalities that had affected its design and construction. Finally, information attained from both steps were analyzed and discussed. Results of the research indicates that thoughts and mentalities of the people contributing to the designing process of a façade and its details are affected by their historical, economical and socio-cultural status. Moreover, the architect, builder or client, who are involved directly in the designing process, were influenced by general thoughts and mentalities of the society. The results also show that within the mentalities of the people involved in the designing of the facades of the Qajar houses, these facades represented an arena for the emergence of their implicit thoughts, desires and wishes, which was realized through applying patterns, ornaments, and details denoting such thoughts and wishes.

The rich sources of Iranian literature contain the most beautiful interpretations and descriptions of "love," and the literary poetry of lyrical-romantic has contributed greatly to the growth of other arts, such as miniature. In the Qajar era, with the prevalence of tile art of seven colors and tile paintings, many palaces and houses became the magnificent context of showing this art. In his new form, these works depicted the portrait of the Qajar kings and courtiers, but remained faithful to the literary poetry of lyrical-romantic and continued to illustrate the outstanding scenes of Iranian literature. One of the houses that containing these works is Dr. Mohsen Moghadam's house, which has been dealt with less. In the tile paintings series with this theme, there are 7 works that narrate the five stories. The present research deals with the structural components and themes of lyrical-romantic literature and examines these components in accordance with the scenes depicted in the tile paintings. Achieving a pattern for discovering intertextual relationships in the lyrical-romantic poetic literature and tile paintings describe in this theme was no longer a goal. In this study, we concluded that the structural components of the poems are largely extensible to the narratives of the tilepaintings. How did verbal art and visual art in the history of Iran closely link to each other from the structural and thematic point of view. The interdependence of the arts in Iranian history is evident in the depiction of romantic, lyrical, epic and religious literature. It seems that the research done in the study of the three main axes of painting, fictional literature and tile painting. The present study was carried out by descriptive-analytical research method and gathering information by field studies, observations and presence in Dr. Moghadam's home and library studies in architectural tile painting in Qajar period. According to the approach of this research, first we will discuss the formation of the art of tile painting, and then we will discuss the themes and structures of lyrical-romantic poetic literature and express different principles and perspectives in this subject. Qajar Tile Painting is a continuation of the Safavid and Zandieh tile art. As Europeans entered Iran during the Safavid era and later in the Qajar period, the two-dimensional method of painting progressively shifted to depth representation. But literary themes are still abundantly found in tilepaintings and are one of the main arts related to literature. During this period, the tiling function was not limited to the construction of mosques, tombs and shrines, but also included palaces and mansions and decorative gates of cities and public institutions. One of the most prominent literary genres in Iranian literature is "Ghanaei"(lyrical) poetry, which has been compiled in various formats, especially in Ghazal and Masnavi. Lyric is a poem that expresses the poet's personal emotions and feelings. One of the most common types of lyrics is love poems. These stories are not just about a romantic adventure, rather, they are expressions of human emotions, mental and inner issues, and represent theological arts, and ultimately, literary pleasure. As mentioned before, the tile painting is depicted with a specific scene featuring that include interesting visual and story elements and It deals with a prominent feature of the story. These images capture the mental themes of romantic literature that have influenced people's mental and oral history for many years and therefore, it also has folk values that can be addressed in next researches. The antique museum of the University of Tehran and, in fact, the antique house, including the luxurious houses of the Qajar era, belonged to one of the courtiers of the time, Mohammad Taghi Khan Ehtesab-ol- Molk. There are four main portions of the building tile painting: 1- Lord's tower 2-Qajar porch 3-North porch 4-East wall of the inner courtyard. The present study, with a comparative study approach, has studied the essential components in narrative literature, especially lyric-romance poem with the themes depicted in tile paintings. Painting and subsequent tile painting have given special illustrations of a romantic poem in-depth of the text and where the narrative story has reached its peak. This further illustrates the timeliness of the literature and the location of the tile painting. Tips like "story theme, action and event, characterizations, time and place, subject, text in structure, attitude, representation" are eight templates that can be generalized to fictional poems. We found that the painter was very influenced by literary texts and only acted more freely in presenting forms.

Most theorists of architecture believe that culture is one of the factors influencing home design. The spatial configuration of a house in an area can support or disrupt the culture of the inhabitants. Hence, the shape of the house in indigenous architecture is an expression of understanding the content of human life. The necessity of this research is explained based on the dimensions of family and social life. The houses of the Zandieh and Qajar dynasties of Shiraz, which are mostly located in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood, form the statistical population of this research which is of a diverse kind. The aim of this study is to read the spatial organization of the native houses of the old texture of Shiraz accomplished by Space Syntax and the graphical analytical analysis (SPSS) software. Based on the logical arguments gained from the little information obtained from the graphs output of the Ucl Depth Map software, the strengths and weaknesses of the native houses were examined. By analyzing the attained information, a suitable model was extracted in terms of socio-cultural concepts involving the ancient elements. According to the results of the research, by combining the model obtained from this research with modern residential replicas, an innovative prototype can be presented for the imminent houses of the historical cities of Iran.

Research objectives: 

1. Investigating the organization of the native houses of the old texture of Shiraz city 2. Explaining a suitable model for contemporary housing based on the ancient analysis of the models of Zandieh and Qajar period houses in Shiraz.

Research question: 

1. How has culture (residential and social) affected the formation of the Space Organization of Shiraz Houses (Zandieh and Qajar)? 2. What is the role of architects and planners in the present age in perpetuating the socio-cultural values of indigenous environments? To what extent are design software involved in this area?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (1995) stated that people spend about 90 percent of their time indoors and various aspects of indoor environment affect the occupant`s well-being and performance. This resulted in the development of various standards to improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in recent years. Iranian spend Approximately 75 percent of their life indoors and as IEQ directly affects occupant`s health, it is requires special attention. IEQ is comprised of many intricate factors including: daylighting, thermal comfort, IAQ (Indoor Air Quality), acoustics, etc. These factors make the study of IEQ a lot more complex, and during the review of literature of this article, it was found that most studies concentrated on merely one aspect of IEQ or the other. Hence, this research seeks to focus on indoor thermal comfort through a cumulative index. Some residences built during Qajar dynasty in Shiraz were selected as case studies and their thermal conditions were evaluated based upon the measurement of major climatic parameters in six separate rooms, on two different days: first of September 2014 and 21 of Jun 2015. Then by the Design Builder software utilized to assess the PMV, the rooms were modelled during the year and the results of the data’s were analyzed in two steps. First, annual PMV data were compared with the ASHRAE standard 55 and then, architectural elements of the rooms were studied to find out the relation between these elements and thermal conditions. The findings of this study indicates that most of the rooms of these old residences such as Shahneshin (The main Sitting chamber) are in acceptable range, while the value of thermal comfort index (ASHRAE) are in comfortable range from October to May. In conclusion, the outcome of this study contributes to suggest design guidelines for energy efficiency for residential buildings in Shiraz.