جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "spatial development" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Today, in most of the cities of the world, its necessary to prepare the urban land use plans, in order to make a balance and interaction to develop the different parts of the city. Relying on urban planning knowledge, such plans are made for a certain period of time. The time period set for development plans, sometimes causes challenge during the implementation. The main reasons of challenges are subjects that were not mentioned or have been omitted because of the large scale of the plan. An important part of spatial development plan is the way of encountering these challenges. Some of these challenges are caused the need to change approved plans, spatially about land use change. As Land use plan is the operational aspect of urban planning, it has become the concentrate of urban planners in the world. In this case, the changes in official documents for land uses, is a challenging point. The feasibility of plans is a strategic point. Most of professions in urban development claimed that it is necessary to change some land uses because of rapid spatial evolutions. The mechanism of land use change is an important task. In the case of Iran, there are many institutional problems that cause formal and informal changes in land uses. It seems that urban development plans in Iran are not well-defined to cope with uncertainties for change. in this case, this article is considering the different experiments for land use change mechanisms in two kind of countries, developed (Britain and United states) and under developed (India and Turkey) ones. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is studying the system of urban management in different countries to recognize the mechanism of land use change after improvement of development plans. Also the comparative study of the process of such changes in studied countries is the other objective of this paper. Method of data collection was library research while qualitative and comparative analyses were used to organize the topic. This study could step ahead in order to update the land use planning system, proper process of making change in it and use the true methods of planning used in Iran and other parts of the world. In all cases, the land use change occurred in two situations: first the changes of formal documents and second the changes that the stakeholders demand for them. In the UK, there are categories (classes) for land uses, and the change from one class to another one needs permission. In the U.S there is a flexible manner in land use plans with the help of variances. These facilities for land use change are in the processes of land use planning in India. There are two proposed land uses, one is the main land use and the other is the secondary land use. The second land uses make the plan flexible for change. The final decision maker is not the local government, but the main national state. In Turkey, the change in land use would be occurred after the amendments of main urban land use plan. The main ministry in national scale is responsible for monitoring the changes in land use plans. In Iran, the changes would happen if the stakeholders demand for it. This article clarifies that the changes in proposal land uses are inevitable, so the processes for managing them is the strategic point. In the final step, the principals of land use change mechanisms derived from the successful land use planning systems, are analyzed in Iran regarding the experts, professional actors and decision makers’ viewpoints. By applying the Delphi method, the main actors who has significant role in land use changes in Iran were defined. The analysis shows that market leaders play an important role in land use changes. On the other hand the opportunities and constraints of applying the principals improving land use change mechanisms were defined and evaluated by the professionals. The results show that the importance of hierarchy of national to local order is as well as the flexibility of land use plans to consider inevitable changes. The results show that for the principal of stakeholder’s participation, the uncertainties of regulative systems is the main constrain and the role of strategic planning with emphasize on the performance of plans is the main opportunity. For the principal of environmental considerations, the local organizations, NGOs and new approaches in land use planning which emphasize on ecological aspects of urban activities are the main opportunities in Iran and as well as the previous principal, the lack of regulative mechanisms to perform environmental considerations is the main constrain.

Centralization and lack of efficient spatial planning approach from the 1950s is causing polarization of spatial developments in Iran. Tehran as the capital of the country and due to its diverse and important functions has experienced more polarization in this process. This process widened the development gap between the core and periphery areas and caused migration to the core, particularly to the region and city of Tehran. The poverty and marginalization of the migrants in the periphery areas formed the unauthorized settlements in these regions. This process overcomes the local, regional and national planning and management efforts. The Slamshahr-Robatkarim region is one of the periphery settlement areas of Tehran located in the southwest of the city. In fact, this study was conducted in response to the fundamental question: how did the process of settlements’ spatial structure develop during the period 1976 to 2015 in Slamshahr-Robatkarim? The hypothesis of this study is that it seems that migration from outside and political fragmentation from inside created the periphery and fragmented spatial structure of the peripheral environment in the study area. The study employed a qualitative, descriptive and analytic approach using secondary data, particularly the Landsat satellite images. The ENVI, ARCGIS and QGIS software were used for analyzing the data. The sampling population was the urban settlements in this region.

The findings of this study indicate that the Slamshahr, Golestan, Nasimshahr, Robatkarim, Salehabad and Nasirshahr have experienced the highest to lowest physical development between 1976 and 2015, repectively. Consequently, the agricultural areas were diminished rapidly in this period due to the expansion of population centers to the farmlands. Urban settlements studied in this research (Slamshahr, Golestan, Nasimshahr, Robatkarim, Salehabad, Nasirabad) have exhausted spatial-physical rapid growth trend and population from 1976 to 2015. This process caused swallowing and digestion of agricultural land and the formation and development of cities. Thus, the number of villages located in the study area (Slamshahr-Robatkarim) fell from 125 units in 1996 to 72 units in 2006 and 2011. In addition, the study area of ​​one town in 1976 grew to ten cities in 2011. In other words, about 53 villages became part of the integration process or developed into new urban areas from 1996 to 2011. This area was therefore faced with agricultural land changes turning them into to sprawl settlement between 1976 and 2015.

This process involved numerous internal and external causes such as favorable water and soil resources, communications road of Tehran-Saveh, proximity to Tehran, creation of jobs and manufacturing industries, plentiful and cheap labor, and regional and local divisions and weakness. However, immigration is the most important external factor in this process in this area. The process of centralization and polarization influenced the development of Tehran and its adjacent areas. In addition to migration as external factors, political fragmentation was the most important factor in spatial-physical process of change within the study area. This segregation or lack of structural integrity and functionality between Tehran state administration, Karaj Province, Ry province, Tehran provinces and the city of Tehran has been more severe in the decades 1961 to 1991. Land value of Slamshahr and Robatkarim was low during this period. Power and local political administration was poor in this area leading to provision of informal relations in the course of land-use in this area. However, after this period, the price of land and housing increased in Slamshahr and Robatkarim. During this period, immigrants moved to controlled remote locations from the city. Secondary settlements established immigrants (Nasimshahr, Golestan, Salehabad and Nasirabad) at this stage.

The new question which is raised nowadays is that how rural and urban developments affect one another. Until three decades ago، most of the people believed that urban and rural developments were separate and completed each other only for resources. However، a closer look reveals that this is far from the truth today. Rural and urban relationship and scope have many vast effects on shape، growth and rual settlement development. This effect is both internal and external. Considering these relationships in the process of evolution and development of rural and urban centers، it is necessary to identify the causes of relationship and recognize the effects and results of economics، social-cultural and spatial structure. Therefore it is important that the negative effects of this relation to be reduced. It helps preservation and sustainable development in rural-urban relationship. This paper aims primarily to discuss about urban-rural relationship and then identify the effective components in this field. This investigation also deals with the current spatial links in Homeh District of Harsin county (in central section). In this investigation، we took advantage of SPSS software for analysis (for example correlation and regression). This paper shows that the concept of urban-rural relationship does not necessarily cause relationship between these two and believes that the case study region has not benefitted from this relationship. This paper shows that traditional patterns of rural-urban housing have changed to new architectures. Land ownership has decreased too. It also shows that the agricultural production has decreased and there are variety of land use in the region. The cost of comodity and house has increased which has caused cultural changes. The lands have also been devided in the region. The Results show that rural-urban linkage make many changes in economic، cultural and skeletal pattern in Harsin. The cities effect on their surrounding areas as per following: Foodstuff and workforce are sent to the cities from villages. The cities are the consumer of foodstuff received from the villages and they send workforce to the villages in return. The exchange of goods، workforce and money are the most obvious signs of the relationship between urban and rural areas. Other influences are less tangible: standardized curricula and increased access to education; the growing reach of the mass media; commercial advertising and campaigns by service organizations; the influence of cultural and religious networks، and the spread of urban services to the rural areas all increase the strength and depth of the interactions between them.