جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "spatial integration" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

The process of western-style modernization that started in the first Pahlavi period in some areas continued in the second Pahlavi period and left major changes in the social and cultural fields of the society. The influence of western culture and the developments resulting from it left undeniable effects in the field of architecture, and since housing is a platform for life and is in daily contact with humans, it reflects the most cultural influences in the body. The purpose of this research is to identify and how the components of lifestyle modernization affect the architectural spatial Integration of residential houses in Tehran during the second Pahlavi period. The main question that is raised for this research is that according to the transformation in lifestyle, how do the components of lifestyle modernization affect spatial Integration? Also, in line with the main question, these questions are also raised that in houses that have been transformed with emerging spaces and changing patterns of spatial relationships, what spaces are the cause of creating continuity among spaces? What is the effect of the presence of crew members in the house on spatial Integration? In order to get the answers to the questions, a combination of 2 research methods, historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical, has been used, which according to the subject, initially to determine the components of lifestyle modernization based on the opinions of thinkers, from the descriptive-analytical research method and also In order to identify the concrete examples, the components of modernization in the second Pahlavi era, with a view of the transition from tradition to modernity, the interpretive-historical research method has been used. Also, descriptive-analytical research method has been used in order to investigate and study case examples, using syntax-space technique. It is necessary to explain that the extraversion houses that were built during the years of the Pahlavi II regime were selected as study samples. Data and information were collected in the form of library and documents, and for data analysis, the explanatory diagram tool was used. The space syntax technique is used and in the end, the argument and conclusion is in the form of inferential reasoning. The results of this research show that among the components of lifestyle modernization, the components of human, nature, architecture (interactions) and social status are the components that influence the change in the location and function of spaces in the home, which can cause a change in spatial Integration. It can also be said that among the main interior spaces, the Living, Dining room and Family, and among the exterior spaces, the veranda and the courtyard, have created spatial continuity visually and structurally. It was also found in the studies that the presence and accommodation of crew members in some samples has increased the spatial Integration.

Designing settlements and their formation patterns has always been one of the controversial topics in the field of architecture and planning, but it is the implications of these patterns on forming spatial structures in residential layouts which is the focal point of this research. The main aim of the current paper is to scrutinise Space Syntax theory and criticise its origins and fundamental thoughts. In order to do so, the paper uses computational models of three residential settings in Tehran, Iran. The main question is how deeply is Space Syntax able to predict movements and behavioural patterns of residents in a residential layout. In other words, this research explores whether Space Syntax computational models can fully cover behavioural patterns or does it leave gaps. The hypothesis is that although the configuration of settlements is the basis for movements, it demands Behavioural Settings theory to interpret the behavioural-movement patterns. In order to answer the main question, three relevant residential layouts have been chosen in Tehran: Narmak, Yousef Abad, and Shahrak-e Gharb. Moreover, current situation of these communities in terms of private, semi-private, and public spaces were modelled in the Depth Map software, which is developed by Space Syntax Research Group at UCL. Afterwards, these settings were observed during a four-months period. The subsequent comparison between the results obtained from Depth Map models and observations reveals the gaps between Space Syntax theory and the reality. It reveals that the configuration of residential layouts` has a causal relation with the formation of spatial-physical structure. The integration analysis, based on the Space Syntax methodological-conceptual framework is able to predict the general movement patterns of residents, but when it comes to behavioural patterns, the synomorphy between physics and behaviour can perform a more accurate prediction. The behavioural settings theory by Roger Barker has developed the synomorphy in order to find the adaptations between physical environments and behaviours. Obtained results indicate that spatial-physical structures in the neighbourhoods correspond mainly with the intensity of the behavioural-movement patterns but much less with the shape of their spatial integration. The empirical findings can be considered innovative in light of the fact that Space Syntax studies dealing with ecological psychology in cities are rare and a completely fresh theoretical ground. The research findings nonetheless support the theoretical understanding that the urban environment’s spatial configuration provides a fundamental condition for the movement patterns but barely can offer a good interpretation for the micro level behaviours by the residents.

The genesis and development of Iranian Mosques during the history, is an ideal context to study the process of spatial changes in Iranian architecture. The turning point of the Iranian mosque progress is the transforming of simple Arabic Mosques to four-Iwan mosque in the Seljuk dynasty era at the first of the 11th century. After the time, Iranian architecture, focused on refinement and development the Iranian mosque type. Through their innovation, they succeeded to achieve a diverse and integrated spatial system. We frequently face some special terms such as transparency, expansion, fluidity, continuity and legerity, while reviewing some studies on spatial features of Iranian traditional architecture. These terms seem to be mostly overlapped in concept, which itself cause to misunderstand the differences. In the article after reviewing existing theories about spatial features of Iranian traditional architecture, through application of logical reasoning strategy, we concluded that all the terms can be organized under a pervasive concept which called as “spatial integration” in this paper. In the research to achieve a better perception of the Iranian architects approach to organize the space, first of all, we tried to organize and explain the concepts of the mentioned terms. Then, the terms were examined through analyzing a number of Iranian ancient mosques using analytic tools. The incorporation of Iwan and Dome into the simple Arabic mosques, in 11th century, led to the rupture of the open space of bedchamber, it also led to some functional conflicts for the prayers. The results obtained of this study showed that after the transition, architects to resolve problem, constantly follow the concept of spatial integration. It shall be divided to three main derivatives, visual integration, structural integration and visual-structural integration: - Visual Integration (Spatial transparency): Developing of visual connections between different spaces, through fading the mass around the spaces.
- Structural integration (Spatial continuity): Gradual conversion of a space to another space or Walking inside the spaces without facing any barrier.
-Visual-structural integration (Expansion): Retreating of walls and creating new spaces around a spatial core, full fading of spatial borders and maximum combination two spaces.
The paper also demonstrates despite of some viewpoints, the progress of Iranian traditional architecture never stopped in the different historical periods. In this way, spatial creativity during the Qajar period, at the end of tradition, situated in higher level compare to the past. This study also showed that how architectures can access a continuous and integrated space by innovating new spatial combinations.

Theories of urban development have mentioned many advantages for using a structural approach. However, intuitive (and not objective) methods have been used to determine the main structure, which is essentially considered equivalent to the main passage network and public utilities. Since the mental conceptual structure is considered in a way that its components are combined to gether as a whole, the present study aims to develop an objective mechanism for extracting the mental structure of people about texture. Accordingly, this research seeks to answer the question that which elements and objective analysis have a greater impact on the explanation of the existing structures in the cognitive maps. In this regard, cognitive maps of people were collected through drawings and interviews, and the structure was extracted in three physical, functional and semantic dimensions. The analysis of the spatial values ​​associated with the network of passages and land use in the geographic information system as well as the spatial qualities and relationships were carried out using spatial analysis. Spatial integration between the mental structures of cognitive maps, on the one hand, and the objective analysis of passages, land uses and spatial layout, on the other hand,showed that "axial depth" analysis explains the physical dimension of mental structure (Correlation = 0.72361, Sig.

One of the fundamental problems in the historical areas of Iranian cities is related with their incompatibility with contemporary urban projects and new developments. Owning to inattention to the old city structure in the historical core of the north of Isfahan، the new developments have imposed a new one that is in discordance with the old part of the city. This problem has led to progressive deterioration and obliteration of the historical areas including all architectural and urban elements like Atiq Square and Jāmeh mosque. This research aims at identifying the effect of contemporary urban developments- particularly the Haussmanniannet work imposed on the city، that is، on the spatial structure of historical area of the city. To achieve the mentioned goal، the structure of the city has been analyzed over four critical historical periods: the first period، Seljuqs; the second period: Safavids; the third period: Pahlavi dynasty and fourth period: contemporary development and reconstruction of Atiq Square and surrounding area. In this study the Jāmeh mosque and Atiq square have been considered as integral components of the old city which have important role in the evolution of the city structure. As principal notions of this research، the relationship between “Spatial cohesion” and “integration” constitutes the main body of paper. Being a new approach، this method surveys the urban structure and spatial configuration in the old city. Considering the importance of the variations of “integration value” and its correlation with the concept of “structural cohesion”، this variable (integration value) has been taken into account as the main notion to evaluate the modification of the new development projects with old city structure. The “Space Syntax” technique has been used to measure the “integration value” in different scales. The integration value has also been calculated and compared on five principal axes surrounding Atiq Square including Jamaleh، Bazar، Joubareh، Dardash and Harounieh. Therefore، the concept of “spatial integration” of historical core of Isfahan has been analyzed through the above-mentioned approach in collaboration with Space Syntax. The results showed that contemporary development، recent urban projects and other interventions have not been successfully adapted due to neglecting the historical and socio-spatial contexts of the city. Concerning the “integration value”، the average value of integration on all axes has considerably increased. Moreover، the findings showed that (in the city scale)، the recent project of reconstruction of Atiq square has led to a better integration value of surrounding axes in comparison with Pahlavi development projects. In the local scale، the demolition of Atiq square because of haussmannian development of Pahlavi period has significant impact on deterioration of spatial cohesion. In spite of better integration on urban scale، the local integration of historical axes has decreased. The lack of integration has intensified the disintegration of local network and، thus، the urban area. The immediate consequence was the isolation of main architectural and urban elements such as Jāmeh mosque or Ali mosque which are both، for the time being، close to the rehabilitated Atiq square. Another result of this isolation was the considerable and growing social problems such as insecurity، poverty and social segregation.