جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « underground space » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Utilization of underground spaces is one of the most important methods for human life in all ages. These spaces are seen as architectural units and settlements in harsh climates and unsafe and topographic environments. This paper studied the reasons, necessities and different dimensions of underground spaces and settlements. The method of the research is analytical and descriptive, and it is aimed at studying the necessities, typologies, and qualities of underground spaces and settlements in Iran and the world. The study showed that these spaces were used in a variety of forms with different reasons and necessities including climatic issues, defense and safety, religion, environmental, typographic and economic specifications. Underground spaces have basic potentials such as health and safety, heat preservation and stable climatic conditions. They provide a good environment for the living of humans and answer their needs including livestock spaces and storing food materials. Underground settlements are mostly of two types –those that are built in flat areas and those that are built in sloping areas. In China and the North Africa, especially in Tunisia, these settlements have been built with climatic and safety necessities and environmental limitations. In Iran, settlements of the first type can be found in desert areas such as Noshabad and settlements of the second types can be found in mountainous areas of northwestern Iran such as the village of Kandovan. In general, security, climatic and natural necessities have been the main reasons for the emergence and functioning of these spaces. The excavation of land, hills and mountains and the sheltering of the underground, in addition to the protection of man and his possessions, have created lasting spaces throughout history. These spaces are very attractive and memorable, especially for tourists and non-residents, due to their unique interior and exterior views. Paying attention to the positive features of these spaces, especially in rural areas, can play an effective role in preserving their native identity.

Nowadays, urban underground development, of all underground features, as fortune intact, for the spatial and functional needs, environmental, traffic issues, urban infrastructure development, upgrading urban sustainability. The important needs for urban infrastructures and high damage in crisis increase the large cities sensitivity. Underground space has positive potentials such as stability of temperature, hidden, high stability, can be accommodating humans and urban infrastructures in crisis to reduction the urban damages. This paper meanwhile, analysis the Iranian and word history in use of underground space, study the positive potentials with passive defense approach. Underground urban development with amends lack of urban underground space in big cities and traffic and environmental problems, can be used in passive defense goals. Underground space has basic and positive potentials in sustainability context. Underground development will be an excellent solution for problems and complementary contemporary urban requirements without destruction of culture heritage and damage of the environment. These potentials consist of temperature stability, sustainability in hard climate, stable in critical conditions and accidents, source of space; energy and etc. urban underground development approach can be used in solution of urban problems and upgrade their sustainability in big cities such as Tehran.

Following the increase in population، especially in large cities and urban transformations recently، the use of underground space has been considered in many countries as a solution to urban problems. Underground space، as surfaces that placed in underlying layers of the ground، have various features and facilities. But so far from various features of underground space to solve the urban problems، only the physical aspects have been studied to solve traffic problems، whereas one of the main urban problems is vulnerability against crises and disasters. Therefore، studying about urban underground space development and recognition of its potentials on the one hand، capabilities and investigating the features of crisis management and effective actions in each step on the other hand can be considered for achieving a solution to reduce the vulnerability of cities against crisis. In this regard، reviewing literature، studying documents related to scientific reviews، studying examples of successful international experiences and poll of 35 experts in these fields and the result of questionnaires used in Delphi fuzzy model are used in order to investigate the relationship between these two issues. From the overlap of obtained criteria in each field and the result of poll of experts، proposed criteria for underground space development has been prepared in order to control crisis management. Research achievements indicate that developing the underground spaces can be very effective in reducing the amount of casualties especially in large cities. Hence، some of the major reasons for using underground space in improve performance of crisis management are effective in use of ground through moving some of incompatible land uses، considering the humanitarian relief bases and transferring urban facilities to the underground space، creating readability through use of signage، hierarchical motion، proper lighting، quite clear entries، maintaining the safety through preventing of the consequences of the crisis in underground space as well as the possibility of opening and closing on time of all input and output doors، creating a powerful air conditioning system، structural changes in urban facilities through creating the common tunnel installation. Improving access ways through improving ways that leads to underground space، creating extremist roadway as alternative ways in crisis situations، creating connection between critical uses، organizing the social participation for identifying black spots، attention to humanitarian needs through removing fear of exposure in underground spaces، special attention to vulnerable groups can also be effective. Reducing cost through moving the urban facilities to underground space، creating the insurance facilities for compensation for damages of crisis، preventing of damage to the environment through moving and burying disposal of hazardous waste in underlying layers of the ground can lead us to impressive results. There exist overlaps between criteria of underground space development and criteria of crisis management for more than 85 percent in physical field، about 90 percent in transportation field، about 75 percent in environmental field and about 70 percent in economical field. The maximum overlap between proposed criteria there exists in physical، transportation and environmental fields. Therefore creating the extremist underground ways and connected main humanitarian relief centers through underground space development in transportation field and using underground space for disposal of hazardous substances in environmental field is in full compliance with criteria of urban crisis management. Eventually it seems that it can be used for proposed criteria from developing the underground space with the present approach.