جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آسایش صوتی » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

What is neglected by designers and even users in today's housing, especially apartment housing in Iranian cities, are various aspects of physical comfort, including sound comfort. Noise is defined as unwanted noise, in other words, extra noise is an annoyance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise should be controlled as much as possible and reduced to an acceptable level because high noise levels being annoying and annoying also has countless harmful effects.

For this purpose, the present article, with emphasis on the field method, tries to investigate the pathology of spatial arrangement and its effect on the category of acoustic comfort. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The tools and methods used in this research have been both library and field research. The field studies section was carried out by the 2260 device manufactured by the Danish company B&K, which also used the booklets published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For this purpose, 9 case samples from different areas of Tabriz have been selected as case studies. Selection criteria were selected according to the appropriate distribution of case studies in the urban context. It should also be noted that in the city of Tabriz in the northern areas and overlooking the Pasdaran Highway due to the worn texture and the emergence of marginalization, apartment units are rarely seen. In each case, point’s related to spatial arrangement and zoning were classified into separate categories.

Findings show that according to the background sound diagrams, the average background sound status taken from the bedrooms is better than the average background sound level in the living room and dining room. It is considered that this issue indicates the correctness of space deployments relative to each other in the face of external nuisance noise.

The outputs from the graphs of the average sound pressure level in the first category (location of the service area next to the bedrooms) are in a completely chaotic state compared to the second category, where the toilets and kitchens are farther away from the bedrooms. The conclusion section is discussed in detail. The reason for this is that the disturbing noise produced in the field of services is not only during the day but also around the clock and is of the type of excretion that the residents do not expect or accept such noise at all. Also in terms of annoyance index, it can be said that the noise from the toilets and kitchens, because it is also connected to the riser or utility pipes and is transmitted through them, has been significantly affected in other neighborhood units. And it disturbs the sound comfort of the residents at night when the background noise is generally low.

Various studies confirm that indoor environmental quality (IEQ) evaluation plays an important role in health, wellbeing, and satisfaction, especially in healthcare facilities. Moreover, these building types are among the major energy consumers. The variety of the users’ requests (patient, patient companion, and staff), physiological conditions, and mental sensitivities increase the importance of choosing the appropriate method of studying healthcare buildings. Previous studies have suggested many methods for assessing indoor environmental quality. Recent research has found IEQ to be largely influenced by thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, lighting comfort, and indoor air quality. Also, due to the differences in users’ perceptions of the limits set in the relevant standards and conditions in hospitals, questionnaires were used to compare the users’ satisfaction with standards and real situations. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of the patient’s room indoor environment in order to identify the most important indoor quality indices affecting user satisfaction and compare environmental conditions with existing standards such as American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (Ashare) standard, world health organization (WHO), Iran standards, etc. in this field. In this regard,  physical measurements data of environmental parameters affecting the quality of the indoor environment in medical centers were collected. Then by comparing the results obtained from the users’ questionnaires and physical measurements with related standards and previous research, the most important factor influencing indoor environment quality in patient’s room is identified. Finally, the relationship between the type of users who are separately affected by indoor conditions is expressed.

In the current study, based on the results of previously validated studies, the physical data and users’ satisfaction levels are measured via questionnaires to assess the hospitals’ indoor environment quality. Indoor environment quality evaluation is generally studied using the four main characteristics of thermal, lighting, acoustic, and indoor air quality. Five hospitals in Tehran have been selected, and their IEQ has been evaluated. In this regard, 482 questionnaires were completed by the patients and their companions. In these questionnaires, four indices mentioned above, out of the total indices affecting indoor quality, were evaluated. At the same time, these indices have been compared using environmental characteristics such as dry air temperature, relative humidity, lighting intensity, and sound level intensity, carbon dioxide concentration (CO2), fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5) concentration by the researcher, simultaneously with the completion of the questionnaire by users under specific protocols.

Based on the results, the highest compliance with the standard was observed in indoor air quality (IAQ) and the lowest in sound quality according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The results show that there is a significant correlation between the thermal and optical indices concerning indoor quality, which are 0.59 and 0.42, respectively. However, the two indices of acoustic quality and IAQ, despite their high correlation with indoor quality  (0.62 and 0.67, respectively), have an internal source. Comparing the frequency of case samples within the standard temperature range (23-26°C) with other cases shows an 11% increase in user dissatisfaction due to non-compliance with this range.

Although the acoustic quality of most case samples is out of standard, 30 to 40% of users have reported usual satisfaction with the sound condition. Due to the excess of standard lighting intensity in most case samples, lighting quality has maintained the average level of user satisfaction at the highest level. Also, comparing the results of the users’ satisfaction in the questionnaire with the standard range of the four indoor environmental quality indices stated 100% compliance with indoor air quality, 68% with thermal status, and 18% with lighting status. The results also showed that acoustic status had no significant relationship with standard range and user satisfaction conditions. Also, the dry air temperature factor in evaluating thermal quality is more effective than the relative humidity. Based on the data collected from the statistics, a statistical model is presented to identify the general users’ satisfaction with IEQ based on environmental parameters.

Soundscape is a new branch of urban studies that deals with the quality of the sound heard in addition to the quantities of sound. Soundscape is a mental and perceptual concept. Therefore, there are several characteristics involved in its quality that can be generally divided into two categories of objective and subjective components. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is the most important objective component and is directly related to the sound loudness of sound and sonic comfort. The present study seeks to determine how the values of SPL and peoplechrs duration of exposure to sounds of Sarâs of Tabriz Bazaar affect the perceptual desirability of the soundscape of those spaces. The values of SPL have been measured in the old and middle Haj HosseinQoli and Mirza Mohammad Sarâs and the perceptual quality of those soundscapes has been evaluated from the sight of individuals. By analyzing the correlation and adaptation of the research findings with the upstream sciences, the effect of SPL, duration and reason for presence in Bazaar on the mental quality of the soundscape has been determined. The results indicate that all three studied Sarâs are objectively tranquil and sonic comfortable spaces. But longer the exposure time to sound of Bazaar increases the less sonic comfort and the desirability of the soundscape. Architectural cavities and wall materials cause low SPL values. But unwanted sounds that have a sudden onset and a relatively high volume can reduce the sonic comfort and have a detrimental effect on the quality of the soundscape. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a component called urban sound clarity in the study of soundscapes of tranquil urban spaces. This is especially important for people who have been exposed to a particular soundscape for a long time.

Human comfort involves their physical, psychological and mental comfort. There are several factors that may affect human physical comfort; among them luminous, acoustic and thermal comfort can be mentioned. Usually in researches done in the field of human physical comfort, researchers tried to predetermine human perceived comfort by measuring some physical factors, whilst there are also other ones that can affect human comfort and are necessary to be considered.

The aim of this paper is to determine the non-physical factors that affect human physical comfort. Another aim is to achieve the model of human physical comfort affected by non-physical factors.

In this paper by conducting a library research, researches done in the field of non-physical factors that affect human physical comfort were investigated and analyzed; in this way that physical comfort evaluation methods for users of a space, factors affecting it, places in which those researches were done and those researches results were classified and analyzed. In this paper, among factors that can affect human physical comfort, luminous comfort, acoustic comfort and thermal comfort were studied. Analysis method was statistical and by modeling charts and defining oriented trend process in previous researches.Findings and

Findings of this paper indicated that human physical comfort in a space can not be predicted only by relying on physical factors that were usually used in comfort-related indicators.

Nowadays, increasing and various sound sources such as traffic, human activities and disturbing sounds, have made a displeasing soundscape that leads to a turbulent perception of soundscape for people. These indicate the importance of paying attention to the soundscape quality in urban spaces. Naghsh-e-Jahan Square as an urban space is not an exception to this and there are variety of auditory potentials that can be heard so that may produce an unpleasant feeling of soundscape of square. Assessment and identification of pleasant and unpleasant sounds from the viewpoint of users including Iranian tourists, foreign tourists, merchants and Isfahan residents who visit the square is of great importance. In this regard this study aimed to assess the perception of people with regard to Naghsh-e-Jahan Square soundscape quality. This research is a practical and analytical research in terms of nature. For qualitative evaluation, first the researchers identified the sound sources via sound walks and recording. Psychoacoustic approach has been adopted in this research. Then, psychoacoustic questionnaires including four segments were used. Questionnaires include 4 parts: (1) personal information and the reason and number of visits, (2) pleasantness of sound sources, (3) open questions to identify the auditory imageability elements, and (4) semantic differential scale to assess the overall characteristics of soundscape in Naghshe-Jahan square. Totally, 385 questionnaires were filled by people in the square after sound walks. Sound walks have been performed on common week days in winter and spring 2016. Respondents were free to choose the desired path in the square but they had been asked to visit all of the spaces and parts of the square to have a comprehensive visit. Results revealed that soundscape quality of Naghsh-e-Jahan square is positive from user's perception. Results also showed the quality of Naghsh-e-Jahan square is affected by pleasant sounds such as horse carriage sound, Azan sound, activities such as metal artworks and unpleasant sounds such as motorcycle and cars noise, environmental equipment noise. To achieve a high quality soundscape, it is necessary to reduce unpleasant sounds and to increase the number and frequency of pleasant sounds. Auditory imageability elements were including: sound marks such as horse and carriage and metal art works sounds that were assessed positively by respondents. Sound signals included Azan, carriage and vehicles sounds, and vehicles sounds were assessed negatively by people. The vehicles noise should be eliminated or controlled. Keynotes were fountains and carriages and footsteps. This means that people hear foreground sounds more than background sounds. There is a need to make horse and carriage sound more distinct so that people can realize the background sounds and foreground sounds. Auditory rhythms included Azan and fountains. Preserving the Azan sound and rhythmic activity of fountains is of great importance. As a whole, results showed that people’s perception is the most important parameter in soundscape pleasantness. Achieving soundscape pleasantness and providing a design framework to enhance and reinforce positive soundscape requires further complimentary studies that can open new windows to this field of study.