جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فرایند » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

A range of criticisms have been put forward about urban master plans – the most important strategic documents for the planning and management of cities (or towns) – and their quality. The most important of these is about their prolonged processes of preparation, review, and approval as the main hinderance for efficiency and productivity. This pushes plans and programmes away from the realities at the time of approval, and makes them practically ineffective. In response, some urban planning experts are after fundamental changes in the process of preparation, review, and approval of master plans. This research focuses on finding reasons for prolonged processes, because without that all efforts to implement new approaches are doomed to fail, the experience of preparing urban structural-strategic plans in Iran being apoint in the case.To answer the main question of this research, urban planning managers of road and urban development in all provinces of Iran are selected to answer questionnairesdue to their seminal roles in the selection of consulting engineers, preparation, review, approval, communication, and even implementation of the urban master plans. Results show a variety of reasons for prolongation of the process, the most important of which being weaknesses, discordances, non-realisation of potentials, the lack of adequate training of experts, and the absence of experienced consulting engineers involving in preparation of master plans. The weakness of the experts and management bodies of institutions and groups causes problems such as the adoption of piecemeal approaches in master plans, or failures in fulfilling basic requirements for preparation of the plans such as acquiring updated aerial photographs, and as a result, it takes a long time bringingconsultation contracts to a conclusion.

Problem statement: 

Globalization is an ongoing process whose effects on cities and their micro spaces have not been specified yet. Globalization makes the actions and evolutions in one part of the world affect the other parts. In the contemporary globalized world, where the local (and somehow closed) community has changed to a trans-local, global, or local-global one, many indicators affect our urban life. Therefore, this process is observed with its special dimensions and indicators in the public space arena (both physically and behaviorally).

The present study aims to analyze the most influential components on public spaces and examin how globalization impacts on citizen behavioral patterns in public spaces.

To answer the above questions, the most important effective dimensions of globalization in public spaces have been specified with a macro, critical view, by using the meta-analysis method. The expert questionnaire and statistical analysis have been used to evaluate the reliability and normal distribution of data (with SPSS version 26). The ranking of the components was done by the Fuzzy Delphi method.

The conclusions show that globalization affects the behavioral patterns of contemporary man indirectly, due to its effect on the most important aspects of life. Information technology has catalyzed this by changing the spiritual frontiers in the resultant of three behavioral aspects (necessary, social, and optional) and has made inevitable effects on both two qualitative dimensions of urban space. Virtual communication is the continuous flow of information, values, and according to their effect on public spaces. Therefore, technology development and its subsequent information and communication revolution have had the most effect on urban public spaces during globalization. This in turn clarifies considering the mentioned indicators while designing public spaces in a globalized world.

Ilam is located through mountains; therefore, every heavy rain develops a flooding in the city. For example, in October 29, 2015, a 189 millimeter raining created a disaster leaving more than 17 million dollars financial loss and 7 casualties. This research aimed to determine the aspects, factors and processes affecting the Ilam’s flooding. This is an applied research with descriptive–analytical and survey approach. A library and reference method used to collect data and apprehend the conditions. Another part of the research utilized a field approach to collect questionnaire prepared with AHP method, which gave out to 30 professionals. Delphi technique was used for distribution among the sample size. The AHP method used again to find out the aim of the paper. The method entailed aspects (natural, somatic, economic, management, social - cultural), variables weighted according to expert’s opinions. Also, the importance of variables asked from professionals through a questionnaire. The attempt to analyze the data, aspects and indicators compared two by two using Expert Choice software. Among the selected indicators (natural, somatic, economic, management, social - cultural), the class of management indicators deemed most important by professionals (weight of 0.343). Natural and somatic indicators rated second and third. The experts weighed the economic and social – cultural indicators 0.134 and 0.162 respectively putting them in the fourth and fifth rate with least importance on flooding. Therefore, all the selected aspects and indicators were effective on Ilam’s flooding and their impacts degree determined.

An Example of sustainable conservation is energy management in the reuse of the architectural heritage. Reuse of historical building by an energy efficient approach is found to play a prominent role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and as consequence, yields a dynamic balance between natural and human environments. However, the main challenge is defining the measures improving the energy efficiency, while the reliable performance and controlled destructive interventions are achieved simultaneously. Thinking about how to conservation and reuse historic buildings and how to control climate change makes energy efficiency improvements an inevitable necessity. While an extensive research has been devoted on this topic in the developed countries, the current study is among the first steps in Iran. In this research, it is aimed at obtaining a systematic process and framework of measures conserving the historic buildings and optimizing the energy consumption. In addition to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and climate change control, the anticipated measures for improving the energy efficiency will lead a sustainable conservation of architectural heritage. Accordingly, in this research, a thorough review and detailed analysis was performed on the processes and measures reported in the literature. In this article, library research method is utilized for data collection and the data are analyzed qualitatively with content analysis strategy. As it is shown in this study, the first steps toward improving the energy efficiency in historic buildings are non-intervention measure, including: A) Increasing user awareness and modifying user energy behavior, which is a qualitative and time-consuming measure. B) Implementing measures benefiting from the principles of climate-compatible architecture; Such as adapting the physical quality, spatial quality, quality of architectural elements and components in the historical buildings at the time of reuse, with the climatic principles used by traditional architects at the time of the construction of the historical buildings. According to the assessments, in the case of required intervention measures in historic buildings, the flowchart of measures to improve energy efficiency should be in the form of a recurring flow, making it possible to review a variety of measures with minimum intervention measures priority. The intervention measures are implemented in the second step which include: A) At first, minimal intervention measures will be taken in the building envelop. Such as: Airtightness windows, installing curtains and awnings and shading to reduce solar gains, Solar Window Films to reduce solar gain and, if the results of the evaluations are not appropriate, in the next step, the envelope is optimized by thermal insulation of the walls, ceiling and floor. B) Evaluation and optimization of the lighting system, which may be limited to minor modifications of the lighting system in the current situation or require the installation or replacement of lighting systems and special lighting with intervention measures. C) If the measures are perceived insufficient by the assessment, it is necessary to conduct the last part of the intervention measures which is dedicated to the installation or optimization of cooling, heating and air conditioning systems compatible with historical buildings.

Strategic-structural plan of Tehran approved in 2007, which is considered as the last comprehensive plan approved by Tehran, in addition to the traditional issues of comprehensive plans, important issues such as changing the structure and function of the city, reforming the revenue system of Tehran municipality, improving urban infrastructure, improving efficiency The urban transportation system has considered ensuring the city's safety against natural disasters, improving the quality of the urban environment, as well as the use of new methods of land use planning. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the process of developing this plan in order to take into account the principles and indicators of the futuristic approach and to suggest modifying the existing trend based on the futuristic approach. The dominant paradigm of this research is interpretive and qualitative research. Data collection techniques are semi-structured through study, observation and interview and the questionnaire is open and the method of data analysis is Delphi technique and qualitative content analysis in a structured manner. Eleven indicators and principles of futurism approach were extracted using Delphi technique (attention to stakeholders and influencers, attention to uncertainties, uncertainties, shocks and complexities, attention to trends and megatrends, holistic, Inclusion, attention to the results of inferior and superior documents, long-term view, attention to values and worldview, scenario writing and foresight, accurate and measured analysis of the planning environment, vision drawing) and in Tehran design by content analysis method Documents were sorted and categorized and the extent to which these principles were considered in the Tehran plan document was measured again. The results show that the consideration of these principles in the development of urban development programs in both methods is low.

What we can see today is the increasing number of events that are taking place around the world. These events, which are driving the waves of globalization, are heading for cities as Megatrends. Consequently, new needs and issues are emerging in cities that divert cities from their originality. This authenticity can be termed as city values. The cities of our country have not been exempt from this rule and have been affected by these Megatrends and trends.

In the present study, the aim is to explain the Megatrends and Trends in the city and to investigate and examine the impact of Megatrends and Trends on the contemporary Iranian city from the perspective of Islamic realism.

According to the objectives, the present study can be considered as a qualitative study. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the approach of logical reasoning (cultural-discourse), using library and documentary studies and questionnaire in order to use Delphi technique.

According to studies and evaluations, Megatrends and Trends can be examined and explained in the form of urban components, which include social megatrends, cultural megatrends, economic changes and its globalization, spatial-physical urban megatrends, political and legal megatrends, transportation megatrends and environmental megatrends. Also, the theoretical approach of Islamic realism, which originates from the field of Iranian-Islamic cities, was introduced as a framework for review and filtering.

Paying attention to current megatrends and trends in all fields and studying their impact on the dimensions of research, urban plans and programs and projects can be very efficient and effective. This is by choosing the Islamic realism approach as one Attitudes that are compatible with the Iranian city and today's approaches are becoming much more efficient and practical.

The creation of understandable and readable urban space is very important. In fact, humans interact with the environment when the received message from the environment is recognized in their Semiosphere. This indicates that paying attention to cultural meanings of environmental design is essential. Accordingly, this research aims to develop the production process of such a space, based on the linguistic paradigm. Despite the importance of this issue, there has been a decline of meaning in the modern era. Therefore, theorists criticize the modernist approach and try to find different solutions to this problem. Thus, in the transition from modern theory to postmodern theories, a wide range of theoretical paradigms have been recognized that are classified in the categories of phenomenology, linguistic theory (including semiotics, structuralism, post-structuralism, deconstructionism), Marxism, and feminism. Among these paradigms, linguistics has been developed in relation to the category of meaning. In fact, the revival of thought in the form of linguistic paradigms changed the postmodern cultural criticism. Meanwhile, semiotics, structuralism, and post-structuralism have been effective in the re-development of many disciplines, especially critical actions. These paradigms have once again focused simultaneously on meaning and symbolism in architecture and urban planning. This paper aims to develop the step-by-step process of designing readable urban spaces and identify the factors influencing the creation of such spaces based on linguistic theory. This paradigm was selected due to its ability to solve the problems caused by the perdition of meaning in the field of architecture and urban planning. In this paper, translation studies have been used as a knowledge related to the selected paradigm. In fact, this paper aims to achieve the ultimate goal of the research by using, scrutinizing and understanding the theories proposed in translation studies. The present study is an analytical study according to its purpose. This study uses the meta-theoretical approach as a type of Meta-Study approach. Therefore, historical and comparative methods are used in scrutinizing the theories proposed in translation studies. Having carefully examined the theories proposed in the field of translation studies, the authors have described the process of creating readable spaces according to the research purpose and problem. Meanwhile, the inefficiency of the traditional translation theories has been studied in creation of readable urban spaces. Eventually, the reasons for using modern translation theory and the application of this process have been explained using logical reasoning. The results of the meta-theoretical analysis show that the modern theory of translation and the cultural translation approach that leads to communicative translation is a desirable approach in producing a cultural text in the city. Finally, the process of creating readable urban spaces have been developed by adapting the modern theory of translation to the process of designing meaningful urban spaces. Accordingly, the urban designers should identify the metalinguistic realm of space and the city, and analyze the source of the language. Having applied the filter of culture and the discourses of power and ideology, the designers should identify the hidden and understandable signs and meanings of space and translate them in a process-oriented way. In other words, the cultural translation model is used as an optimal model for creating readable urban spaces. Thus, that the signs in the source text (from Lotman's point of view) represent the cultural identities. This means that the cultural text is produced in the semiosphere. In fact, semiosphere is a center in which texts are produced, and out of which chaos and disorder threaten the inside of the semiosphere. This issue is also important in the target text; meaning that the consideration of signs in the source text in the translation process should pass the filter of culture in the target text for producing a cultural text. Accordingly, in this process, the urban designer should use the signs in the semiosphere to provoke the continuity of meaning and create a cultural text. Otherwise, the produced text will have non-cultural and non-encrypted meanings for the users. There are semiospheres of other cultures within the semiosphere of any culture that interact and communicate with each other. This means that in the process of intercultural communication, some of the signs and meanings outside of the culture may be accepted.

This study is an attempt to determine the factors affecting the architectural typology as possible by abstracting the species, achieving the proper patterns and provide comprehensive architectural design. For this purpose, using documentary and descriptive methods, a variety of methods, criteria and indicators analyzed and criticized and typology has been developed theoretical foundations. The study shows that each of the methods and indicators in the field of typology enough not comprehensive and architectural features such as fully affected by the indexes are, as examples of subsets of a particular species, different behaviors in terms of architectural features of the show. So with the aim of achieving full and maximum comprehensiveness of the typology to develop criteria and indicators as a parameter based on the characteristics of architectural composition action. In the process of any of the standard features of the composition of each sample in terms of index composition was analyzed and the following sub-classified and then a comparative analysis of the matching between the groups classified and Species based on sub-samples are compared to each sub-factors the maximum frequency are extracted. The results show the method to obtain the sample species belonging to the same treatment as it has all the features of their architecture. Another point is that this method can achieve the process of reviewing its options and reproduction of the species.

There are differentiations from design process of products for real markets and other product design approaches. Design for real needs of markets has their own instructions. These guidelines emerge from local demands. Local experiences of product design can improve local knowledge of design. Third world design disciplines have to growth to make appropriate knowledge for our distinctive needs. It is important to study of international experiences too. These two approaches can make new visions on design knowledge. Design thinking principles are most important wisdoms for every designer to know. Design thinking as a whole knowledge of great designers manners leads other designers to human centered problem solving. Design thinking has appropriate view on something that a designer may meets in a project. Design process is one important subject in design thinking topics. The focus of this paper is on product design process that occurs in real projects. There are different processes for design products. Abstract process is one of these ways that has many benefits. Abstract processes of product design are high efficiency methods for navigate design projects direction successfully. Abstract processes are proportional with design thinking principles and purposes too. Simple structures of abstract processes are fit with design methods and tools. There are many design tools with various functions for a lot of design demands. Shadowing, Fly on the wall, Role playing, Brain storming, Card sorting, Empathy tools and Dirty prototyping are some of famous cases of these methods and tools. In this situation tools select and use for specified purposes. This structure can provide high flexibility. The ability to customization of process for diverse projects is biggest advantage of this structure. Design thinking point of view has congruence with abstract processes procedure. We study the design of two med product’s processes in this paper. These products ordered by two different Iranian’s companies. Our teams as independent designers do these projects at 3 and 5 months. Abstract and method based process that used to lead these projects reported directly. We did sketching; market analyzing, user study, solution making, prototyping and test in per tow cases. Representation of these market based processes reveals differences of classic process of product design from real one. Results of projects were acceptable. There were enough congruence between two projects process with abstract and method base processes. Design thinking principles leadership caused efficiency. In conclusion we represent new model of design process as Cup of design. In this model problem data and solutions are suspended in divergent and convergent spaces of project direction. Designer scrolling from these two spaces repetitively. There are some filters between path that filter data and solutions to generate adequate solution. The settlement of solution particles and parts check by designers for finding paramount combination. If gained combination does not have desirable properties the process of suspension, filtering and combination iterate. This model of design process shows some properties of design in real finding solution way. This is a good issue for future studies to seek relations between other forms of design representations and facts of design process.

There is no doubt that experimental drama is one of effective elements on evolution of world drama, and patterns developed on its base have been adopted by many contemporary pioneer drama groups. The pioneers of this specific type of drama have made to preserve their independency in performance and creation of unique works until today.
Since early 20th century, observers have been one of the main headaches for drama directors. Through years and with emergence of more diverse forms of alternative drama, observers’ participation method has been the main elements of the stage; so that lighting experts all around the world have found new ground for work.
Considering the importance of the topic felt by the researcher, this work is a try to survey formation of observers- performance relation in a process. First of all, a definition for the term “observer” and “observing event” is given followed by investigating religious roots of drama. Moreover, as concluding part, works of some dominant directors in this field will be discussed; along with introducing their executive techniques.

Detailed plan is the most guiding and systematic tool for implementation of a city master plan. Despite of its importance certain evaluation of its efficiency has rarely been done. In order to fulfill the objectives of a detailed plan, its success, strengths and weaknesses should be scientifically assessed. There is a gap between planning of a detailed plan and its execution, resulting from the missing link in the process of urban planning and the implementation of urban plans. Therefore, to achieve a dynamic continuous and flexible planning and minimize the gap, the evaluation of detailed plans before and during the process of its implementation is a necessary task for urban managers. This paper aims to assess the detailed plan of region 6 of Shiraz by using an integrated method. By studying comprehensive methods for evaluating urban plans and reviewing the literature related to the different methods and techniques, a combination of the two methods of "Plan Process Result" and "Plan/Policy Implementation Program" are selected for assessment the efficiency of   the mentioned case study. The next step was to introduce and select the suitable evaluation criteria according to the situation and the conditions of the detailed plan of region 6. The detailed plan of Shiraz was first prepared by one of the consulting urban planning firm in 1372 and revised in 1383. The main aim of this new plan with regard to region 6 was to enhance the importance of the region in the West of Shiraz. To do this, the objectives of improvements of physical, environmental, social and urban management based on public participation were considered To gather and analysis the data needed for the study, different techniques had been used such as content analysis of master and detailed plans related to the selected criteria, interview techniques and some field studies. Factor analysis and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (S.W.O.T) and also AHP method are used for examination of the procedures. The results of the study show that the conformity, internal and external consistency have gained high score in relation to other criteria such as connectivity, urban development direction, human and financial resources and  user participation which  the  two latter have got the lowest scores.  AHP method was selected for determining the weight of the criteria the scores are as below: conformity(./26), internal consistency (./38), connectivity (./.96), external consistency (./145), Urban development direction(./.43), human and financial resources and commitments ( ./.27) and public participation(./.41). To reduce the deficiency of detailed plans, it is recommended to use social plans for a better public participation in urban planning. Also a systematic approach and providing strategic plans instead of physical plant are useful. Increasing financial resources and paying attention to local organization are the most important tools for managing the implementation of detailed plans. The results In addition to examining the strengths and weaknesses of the preparation and implementation of the detailed plan, the process of urban detailed project evaluation suggests that it can be used in the evaluation of similar projects.

Over the last few decades, the historical neighborhoods have lost their vitality and have been transformed into inappropriate residential areas. After the unsuccessful experience of ill-considered interventions at high costs, new paradigms including social sustainability have been introduced to make meaningful changes in previous plans. Since environmental quality degradation in historical contexts is a complex urban problem, the current situation cannot be improved merely through physical methods. This paper aims to develop an effective strategy to restore the social and physical vitality in historical neighborhoods. Assuming gentrification as an appropriate strategy for social promotion with physical consequences, this paper seeks to answer if historical neighborhoods in Shiraz qualify for gentrification, and, if yes, what would be its consequences and the factors that can expedite the process. ­Building upon previous studies, qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to interview the residents in order to investigate the situation and determine requirements for renovation. Accordingly, a process is proposed for introducing changes. The results indicate that the gentrification cycle and dilapidated circumstances allow for the applicability of the process of gentrification in the case of historical neighborhoods in Shiraz due to their deteriorated conditions. Besides, it is economically justified to undertake to perform this process. In the end, this study proposes a procedure for gentrification in the historical neighborhoods in Shiraz and clarifies their stimuli. This process involves three stages: the first stage includes motivating residents to move out of neighborhoods and settling them in alternative places, alongside with specifying the required houses according to immigrant populations and contributing in transferring land to current residents; secondly, restoring and rehabilitating urban spaces, and undertaking stimulating development projects in the historical neighborhoods; and the third stage includes encouraging volunteers to participate in restoration and motivating them to settle in the neighborhood afterwards. This article also specifies the ways through which negative effects of the process can be minimized and its positive impacts can be maximized.

In order to achieve a new Islamic civilization, in between science topics such as creating works of art and architecture, it is necessary to present a conceptual model and a foundation. In terms of structure and process, this model should be comprehensive and content of each stage of the sources must be explicated according to islamic rules. In addition, this model should provide a structure, so that we can evaluate the quantitative and qualitative aspects of human processes and we should be able to  criticize it.  In thishandbook we have explain the human processes in five stages andcompulsory human processes (based on Figure - 1) are explained.

In the first stage: determination (world and people) Islamic point of view : At this stage of actual and potential positive and negative tendencies of human beings and their needs and their relations with each other and the world of the comparative study and analysis between Islam and other schools in the world. This step is important threads about anthropology, epistemology, god, ontology, sociology, philosophy, history and the human relationship with the natural environment and artificial world as a whole. Of topics (beliefs)and the above categories (needs and instinctive inclination) people and the concept ( Aesthetics) will be concluded by the Islamic laws.
In the second phase: the category (motivations and intentions) is voluntary and optional for every human beings.
From the perspective of Islamic motives, it is classified in five (solvents, recommended, permissible, detestable and forbidden) categories. They are called (five basic sentences ).
In the third phase: one based on perception internal motivations (conceptual and divine) wants to practice or work in the natural world, made in(Material and natural forms). Islam (the Shia school) has ten principles to concepts and forms of expression in the world of nature, which is subjective. . The humanitarian principles enables (artists, architects and urban planners) to make a detailed program and so would realize the conceptual and temporal and spatial learning with respect to the total circumstances of time and place in the natural world.
In the fourth phase: Based on the previous steps and talented person (speech, behavior or works) is produced which generally is manifested in the phenomenon of his ideas.
From an Islamic perspective, the phenomena like (incarnation) or (neutral), are nothing but a sign, such as human relationship with his own image.
In the fifth phase: works of man, material and spiritual has an impact on the audience and the subject. Material impacts are a mandatory issue and are related to the overall environmental conditions. But the spiritual influence is optional and depends on the relative audience. Artists and audiences have also two linkages. A relationship (innate, kind, eternal and fixed) and one type of relationship (relative, multiple, variable) is dependent on the total circumstances of time and place.

Islamic culture in the Shiite-based research methodology of this thesis is based on two source (wisdomand story). The above data through methods (logic) and (commentary - analysis) are investigated and approved.
According to Islam, what is (scientific), is rational and what is rational, is (Islamic) and the sources and bases of the above can be assessed and approved. In the process of this treatise, the relation of Islamic ideology with each one of the above-mentioned sources and bases will be discovered, assessed and compared with other competitive ideologies. At the end two tables will be introduced to assess the human processes. In the first table the quality impacts and content impacts will be studied and reviewed (figure number-2).
And in the second table, the effect of quantity and engineering work will be evaluated. (Figure - 3)
It can opens the door to reform of educational programs on topics such as between knowledge like (arts and architecture and urbanism).
And methods of research and design and construction management processes at all levels, are from an Islamic perspective and assist the executives and experts to assess the effects of those works.

Academicians or practitioners of urban design are usually dealing with practical problems in conformity with established design processes–whether by virtue of academic curriculum or administrative bureaucracy. This processes are a sample of what Kaplan (1964) called it “reconstructed logic” in contrast to “logic in use”. While, according to his account, the latter is the real logic of the researcher (here practitioner) the first one is just an objective formulation of it, for communication with others or introducing it to them. But he believes that the reconstructed logic cannot reflect or receive completely the logic in use in every context and regarding all the scientific (or practical) problems, in priori. Therefore it needs to be edited and evaluated in any new case; and therefore it is yet dependent on the researcher`s logic in use. But sometimes it seems that the designers fail to make this vital intervention in the processes as an articulated logic, because of not having any deep commands of its constructing principles. This problem seems prevailing, especially within students of master university studios in Iran, where the graduate students, mostly without comprehensive philosophical insight (as it is usual for this discipline in this grade) set out their practical projects in urban design. This problem may cause the design process remain a subjective matter, reducing the articulated process to a representative tool; or on the other hand the secret magic of the process may deprive the designer of practical and intellectual independence, and thereafter spoil the students` creativity. Of course this problem, in the long run affects the professional practitioners, who are usually the graduates of planning faculties. On the other hand, Persian literature in urban design comprehensively investigates the professional planning methods from many viewpoints, but rarely it deal with the basic logical principles shaping those processes such as logical and philosophical texts which are usually inaccessible to master students of design. Therefore, concerning this missing concept in Persian literature on planning, this article tries to elucidate the logical structure of design process by distilling its logical function; while it tries to be as simple as possible until the outcome can be used by graduate students or new professional learners. For this aim, first, this article draws upon Hakim’s (2000) classification of research to two categories: “theoretical research” and “policy research”. While policy researches usually evaluate implemented policies, but sometimes they also concern with prediction of the results of newly made policies. Design processes may be claimed to be in harmony with this sense, and therefore its logic may be explicated using policy research evolutionary structure. The mentioned structure, here, is derived from a model introduced by Crotty (1998) for describing the logic of social research evolution. This model, which is not unique in this regard, identifies the research process as a link within a broader series. This series consists of 4 hierarchical components: epistemology, theoretical perspective, research method (here process) and research techniques; where each of them affect the next one. This hierarchy is helpful in acquiring a general understanding of the method, its components and determining precedents, without being confused in philosophical conundrums. The applicability of this model to urban design processes is then tested on two renowned family of planning and design processes: the so-called rational processes and communicative ones. The first case is said to be primary based on objectivist and positive epistemology, which confine the domain of the adoptable theories to positive theories. Substantially they prefer theories capable of quantitative modeling and prediction of material conditions and benefits; and procedurally they use technocratic models with clear-cut steps which may be planned in prior to action. Therefore, at the level of process they usually combine mostly quantitative (or objective) techniques especially those appropriate for prediction and a priori and a posteriori evaluation. On the other hand, communicative planning and design is based mostly on a constructive (and somewhat subjective) epistemology, which prescribe adoption of substantial theories in pragmatic linguistics, hermeneutics and like; while procedurally they may suggest to follow democratic-communicative theories (especially in politics or sociology) which seek consensus-making. Then a communicative design process is usually constructed of linguistic techniques oriented toward acquisition of beliefs, personal evaluations or seeking consensus. This two-case analysis shows how this model may guide a (young) designer to adopt the most convenient kind of process or modify an available process according to context, while it may avoid from irrelevant and conflicting intervention in it. On the other hand this kind of active assessment of the process, would not let its constructed logic dominate to be one-sidedly the designer`s logic in use.

In parallel with the growing trend of urban design in the planning system of Iran, it is very important to note its implementation process. Along with the rest of the world, recently, some projects named “urban design projects” has been provided and ran in different parts of Iran, especially in Tehran. These projects aim to improve the quality of our urban environment and urban spaces. In the early 80s of HejriShamsi, city managers and citizens expressed more interest in these projects. In fact, our approach is changing to concentrate more on quality than quantity in urban projects. Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities. On the other hand, Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. An urban design plan consists of schemes for the integration of social, economic and spatialaspects in urban development. Urban design plan is usually prepared for a distinct urban block; however, urban areas should be planned in an integrated way so that the whole and the parts forma unified architecture: the architecture of the city. Urban design aims to plan the city without designing individual buildings. Each block and each neighbourhood should have an urban designplan prior to plan approval for the development of projects. However, the process of urban design cannot solve complex social, economical, and environmental problems. But the process of urban design can help a community visualize a desired future in which social, economic, and environmental needs are balanced and met. In the urban design process, implementation phase is very important. Implementation is the carrying out, execution, or practice of a plan, a method, or any design for doing something. Implementation is the action that must follow any preliminary thinking in order for something to actually happen. The planning process is incomplete without plans being implemented. Each provision in the planning policy should have a corresponding means of implementation. The institution which prepared the plan does not need to be an implementer nor to become the monitor of implementation. However, there should be a body that facilitates the implementation and a means to realize plans. Monitoring of plan implementation is a mean for the collection of time-series data for the next round of planning. Development control departments involved in plan implementation should have a section that deals with monitoring of plan implementation. The implementing body should have a clear vision of implementation. It is not enough to define the vision at plan preparation stage if it is not an influence plan implementation. Having a clear vision implies focusing on potentials and exploiting opportunities. Councils and urban managers are expected to have clear vision for the urban area and constantly inform the public as achieving their visions by implementing plans. On the other hand, Implementation has different end points for the different products of urban design. If the urban design product is a rule, implementation means enactment and enforcement. If the product is a pilot project, then implementation means construction. Implementation is rarely in the hands of the urban designers if he ir she is acting as a designer. Rather, implementation in the urban design process relies on the factors of politics and finance. A plan requires some political cajoling for adoption, but in the end, it is just a plan. No one needs to stick it. However, a rule requires a much bigger political lift. If implemented, it wins the legal power of enforcement and gains the weight of the governing organization behind it. The present study attempted to identify and prioritize the criteria and effective indicators in the urban design implementation process. Therefore, we reviewed several documents and relevant literature to initially develop a theoretical framework and then, identify primary criteria and indicators using analytical- comparative method accompanied by review of documents and related opinions of other scholars. These criteria and indicators were elaorated and fulfilled through an interview with experts so as to localize and conform to Iran’s context. Finally, the significance of each criterion and indicator was determined via a questionnaire by the main actors of urban design projects in Iran; afterwards, prioritization was carried out. The findings of this study indicated that in the current circumstance of urban design in Iran, employer eligibility criterion, project management, public participation and relevant indicators are the most important and the level of legal interaction criterion, scientific-academic support and its relevant indicators are the least important factors from the main actors’ viewpoint.

In recent years Tehran Municipality has undertaken several projects that have changed the landscape of the city. A pathology of these projects shows that there are positive and negative issues in the four steps of definition of the project، planning and design، project implementation and project evaluation and review. In the first step، neglecting the priorities and needs of the city which have been mentioned in the strategic plan of Tehran is a problem. In the planning process of the projects، there are restrictions in the selection of consultants of planning and design and supervision on their studies. In some cases، social، economic، environmental and cultural appendices of the study are not independent and strong. In addition، the procedure of approval of projects has problems because of lack of certain criteria. In addition، poor public participation in the process of preparing and approving projects can be considered as weaknesses in Tehran. In the implementation step، the lack of financial transparency of the projects is has been criticized. Finally، the lack of evaluation indicators and a monitoring institute are some other questions in these projects. The review and analysis of the process can help to improve the quality of projects.