جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Analysis » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

This study investigates and analyzes the illustration and cover design of children’s books in age groups A and B with a case study from 1380 to 1400. This article identifies common patterns and elements in children’s book cover designs. In analyzing children’s book cover illustrations, I examine color, shape, symbols, characters, and various artistic techniques. This analysis aims to understand better the relationship between illustration and the content of children’s books. Patterns, temporal changes, and design trends can be identified by examining the cover design of children’s books in age groups A and B during the last decade. This analysis may cause results such as an evolutionary process in all these cases. Therefore, it should be determined how the illustration of the book cover design for children of age groups A and B should be done. By continuing research in this field, we can better understand how book cover illustrations affect their appeal and impact on children.

Tombstones in areas where people are famous for their industrialism and artistic taste, as well as ancient civilization and culture, are worthwhile to be examined from several aspects. The designs and motifs on the tombstones, with a theme related to the category of life and death, are a treasure house of codes and symbols. In this regard, " Bozelar Hefshjan" and "Aramene Sirak" cemeteries are such exemplary.The carved motifs on the graves of " Bozelar " cemetery in Hefshjan and the Armenian village of "Sirak" located 4 km away in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, are important in terms of artistic values, influencing each other.Analytical and comparative study of these two sites is done concerning both contemporary Islamic and Christian attitudes towards the category of art on graves, and the influence of native visual art and culture. Not many researchers claim that cemeteries and the shapes and patterns of their tombstones are affected by dominant idealogy.This research with a descriptive-analytical approach, focuses on the nature of the artistic values contained in the tombstones of above-mentioned areas, especially botanical and animal motifs (which have a wide symbolic connection to the category of life and death) and their interaction. Despite their two different religions, these cemetries are valuable examples for sociological studies in the cultural exchanges between Iranians and visiting immigrants. The method of data collecting is mainly based on fieldstudy.This research shows that despite the very basic differences in looking at the category of life and death (as the most important categories of religion) contained in different religions; where art and beauty come together, barriers and color distinctions disappear and beyond religious identity distinctions, the language of art and beauty as the common language of humans prevails over other language and identity distinctions. It also shows that Iranian culture has no resistance of its own in dealing with the cultural values of others, where beauty and art are involved.A kind of inherent artistic feature in the gravestones and the historical sequence of these changes that have lost their linguistic meanings with the passage of time and left behind an ethereal form of technique and industry combined with art and beauty, has caused the cemeteries to tempt tourists to visit them. Not so long ago, the idea of spending free time and exploring the cemetery was impossible or considered as a sick hobby. But now that artistic sparkles and symbolic forms, from the shape of the tombstone to the variety of designs on the stones, have become the face of the image and landscape of the cemetery; A special visual-tourist function has been given to these collections.

Cultural heritage, as a trace of human throughout history, has several values that can be explored and redefined subject to the requirements of different societies and cultures. Lack of attention to the values have led to several problems in the preservation process. One possible way to investigate the roots of this problem is to examine the attitudes of various stakeholders towards cultural heritage from the past to the present. The focus of this study is on the study of related documents in the country, the pathology of attitudes towards cultural heritage, and, in particular, the relation between types of heritage values and preservation approaches. To this end, five research instruments were uses (Civil and Development Programs, Laws and Regulations, Statute of Intervening Organizations and Institutions, Description of Conservation Services, and Interviews with Theory and Practice Experts) to investigate the pathology of the process of heritage resources conservation. Simultaneous study of these five sources and investigation of the types of values and protective approaches in each document and their possible temporal overlap are among innovations of this study. The research methodology was applied-practical based on research questions. Data collection was carried out using library-based and documentary techniques, as well as interview. Studies on the documents indicated that in most of the documents, we can see the lack of attention to the concept of cultural heritage values and, consequently, value-based preservation approaches.

One of the artistic features of Islamic arts is geometric patterns in decorative elements of Muslim artworks. These geometric patterns are one of the most widely used patterns in Islamic art and architecture, created by the combination of geometric forms such as triangles, squares, rectangles and circles. Geometric patterns existed before Islam, but they get a lot of attention during of Islamic period. On the other hand, the development of these patterns in architecture and handicrafts can be considered as the achievement of the Seljuks. This period is considered as one of the brilliant periods of Islamic civilization in historical, cultural, artistic, and scientific developments. That not only has vastly developed in the field of artistic decorations, also accounted as the golden age of technological and industrial progress. One of the industries that has reached its peak of prosperity in this period is the art of metalworking, which is evidenced by the metal vessels remaining from this period. The metal works of the Seljuk period show the change and evolution of metalworking art from the Sassanid period onwards. They express the special features of the Khorasan school, which included the cities of Great Khorasan, Neishabour, Herat, Balkh, and Merv. There is significant variation in the metalwork patterns of the Seljuk period, such as geometrical patterns. These motifs are sometimes spread over the field of work and are sometimes enclosed within a circular framework. But, most of them include rosettes. Since it resembles a flower or rosette we call this pattern a geometric rosette with an outer ring that forms a central star by a variable number of "petals" that are encircled. Their geometric structure shows that these patterns have a special drawing method. The purpose of this study was achieving the geometric patterns and proportions and drawing methods of these patterns. According to that, studies on rosette patterns in this period were very few. Recognition of available patterns on the metal vessels of this period and drawing patterns can be effective in expanding them. This research is exploring to answer these questions that what geometric patterns and geometric proportions have been used in the geometric patterns of metal works in the Seljuk period? And how can that geometric pattern be achieved? According to that, in this article, an attempt has been made to use descriptive-analytical methods, and by using library studies and providing step-by-step models, the drawing methods of geometric patterns be presented in the four Seljuk metal works in the Hermitage Museum. Hermitage Museum is one of the largest museums in the world and there are many Islamic works in it that part of them belongs to the Seljuk period. Its metal works include geometric patterns, especially rosettes that the knowledge of them can lead to more variety and newer geometric pattern drawing. According to that, four samples of Seljuk metal works in the Hermitage Museum were analyzed in this study. It includes a bronze plate from the 11th century, an expanse of silver in the late 11th and the early 12th centuries, a bronze pot from the 12th century, and a bronze pottery dating back to the late 12th and the early 13th centuries. The proposed drawing method of this research is based on six-pointed star divisions that are written in the book "Geometric Concepts in Islamic Art (Illustrated collections of the International Islamic Festival) by Assam Al-Saeed and Aisha Parman. In this book, two methods of dividing six-pointed stars are explained. There are different divisions in six-pointed stars; one, concentric stars drawn from hexagonal hemispheres, and the other from hexagonal corners. In this research, the desired geometrical design has been drawn according to the points derived from those divisions. In this study by drawing the geometric patterns of four Seljuk metal works in the Hermitage Museum, it was concluded that discrete geometric patterns in these works are based on a six-pointed star that is combined with polygons and circles. The composition of these patterns is based on hexagons, and according to the hexagonal divisions based on the six-pointed star, it can be understood how the existing geometric patterns on these four Seljuk metal works can be drawn. This analysis indicated that despite its simplicity, the practical geometry applied to designing such geometric patterns in the four Seljuk works in the Hermitage Museum can be interpreted according to the divisions of the six-pointed star. Based on this study, it was found that these designs have a circular shape that can be seen in the decoration space independently of other designs, and angular and curved forms were used in drawing them. These patterns are sometimes seen independently and sometimes in combination with Islamic patterns.

The mosque, as a symbol of Islamic architecture, plays an important role in reflecting and manifesting the essence of God Almighty. In today's age, with the advent of new technology, we are witnessing the construction of mosques that have a different structure from the mosques of the past, including Tehran's Theater Mosque. Considering that the mosque is considered one of the main foundations of Islamic art and architecture in the city and is also one of the important and influential elements in the identity and culture of Islamic cities; Therefore, placing this mosque next to traditional mosques in today's urban context raises the question in the minds of the audience that whether this mosque was designed and implemented as a religious building based on the characteristics of Islamic art? Can this mosque with its new form be the basis for human growth and excellence, which is the main purpose of worship? The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare the architecture of the theater mosque in Tehran with the indicators of Islamic art. For this purpose, a case study of Tehran's theater mosque, which has an innovative structure, has been investigated. To answer the questions, first the theoretical foundations of Islamic art are presented and its indicators are extracted, then the characteristics of Tehran's Theater Mosque are introduced as an example of modern mosques, and based on that, the architecture of Neatar Mosque in Tehran is analyzed. The research method is based on logical reasoning and content analysis using documentary-library studies. The results indicate that some transformations due to the development of style and sophistication in architecture are necessary, but a specific boundary should be considered for it so that shape changes do not change the lofty human concepts and the architecture of the mosque, while being an innovation, still reflects the teachings and indicators. be Islamic. In the Theater Mosque of Tehran, the effort to innovate and harmonize with the environment has caused the Islamic meaning and identity to fade and the building to lose its legibility, which is essential for the mosque. The discussions resulting from this research can lead to the compilation and improvement of the architectural design of mosques in the contemporary era and in accordance with Iranian Islamic identity and culture. The indicators of Islamic art can be the best choice for mosques in order to improve the design quality of spaces and spiritualize these places.

Pantomime has a long history as a wordless performance with exaggerated movements. Cryptography is one of the performance methods in this show. The beginning of the pantomime and the initial connection with the audience is very important, and the performance has more value than the story, which can overshadow everything. The present research, titled Analytical Structure of Pantomime with descriptive-analytical method, in addition to investigating and studying the structure of pantomime, will also pay attention to presenting the meanings and concepts of its components. In this research, by collecting and studying reliable sources, some have been used directly and some have been used indirectly. The sources that were directly used were included in the sources and reference section, and the indirect sources have been a good helper to get ideas and clarify some related issues. In the following, the library and experimental method has been very useful to complete and consolidate the discussion.

In the history of post-Islamic Iran, the Safavid era is considered a turning point regarding critical political developments. During the Safavid era, the economic boom provided a suitable platform for promoting Iranian Islamic culture. This issue made Iranian Islamic art, especially the architecture and urbanism of this period, different from other periods. Studying historical texts and books of geographers and travelers, as a unique form of remaining sources, is highly recommended in studying Iranian architecture and urban planning. Following the crisis of insufficient resources on the characteristics of ancient Islamic cities on the one hand and the limited scope of archaeological studies, on the other hand, the study and research in the books of travelers and travelogue writers are crucially necessary. The urban planning system of the Safavid period was able to plan and design the appropriate model of the Iranian Islamic city in this period of the country's history based on the ancient tradition of Iranian urban planning concepts and benefiting from the experiences of the civilized countries of that period. The urban planning system of the Safavid period was able to plan and design the appropriate model of the Iranian Islamic city in this period of the country's history based on the ancient tradition of Iranian urban planning concepts benefiting from the experiences of the civilized countries of that period. One of the remaining historical documents of the Safavid cities is the unique map drawn by Adam Olearius in his travelogue. Adam Olearius's travelogue is a reliable source that provides researchers with extensive scientific information about Islamic city formation, architecture, and physical structure. Examining this map can reveal the structure of the cities of this period from different dimensions. Olearius, more than other researchers, has considered the urban planning system of the Safavid period from an urban planning point of view. His map and travelogue are one of the resources that we can cite to draw a mental image of the city in the Safavid period. Olearius (2006) believes that Safavid idealism manifests itself in the city gardens. The main objective of this research was to express the basis of the formation of the structural system of architecture and urban planning in the Safavid period and to understand this structure using historical texts and maps of this period. Moreover, the partial objective was to investigate the historical developments and the physical structure of the important cities of Iran in the travelogue of Olearius to reach the main objective of the research. So the question was, what was the structural system of Iranian cities in the Safavid period? Furthermore, how has the structural system of cities appeared in each city's architecture and urban planning? Looking at Iranian cities of the Safavid period, it is evident that the structural system was based on specific physical and natural principles and that political, cultural, and social factors were involved. It is important to examine the essence of the Islamic city in the context of the state of the urban community and the urban body. In order to carry out this research, the first step after determining the limits of the problem was to collect information (Data collection) from documentary sources and documents. After data collection, the interpretation of the obtained information has been presented. Since data collection is based on textual analysis by examining and referring to evidence and documents, if historical information is collected from first-hand sources, it requires a preliminary analysis of the prepared documents. This research is descriptive and analytical in terms of the type and nature of the study. In terms of temporal territory, it is related to the Safavid period. Regarding spatial territory, the cities of Ardabil, Qom, Kashan, Saveh, and Isfahan are the platforms for displaying the mental ideas of the urban planning system. Also, regarding the nature of the data, this research is qualitative and relies on thinking, reasoning, and rational analysis. Therefore, according to the written documents and the main objective, this research relies upon Adam Olearius's maps of the Safavid era and the Safavid era's urban planning system. The findings of this study, based on the travelogue of Olearius, indicate that the emergence of meaningful order and generality in the cities of the Safavid period is influenced by the geometrical system and physical organization. Shaping the whole structure of the city emphasizes concepts such as; joint spaces, directions, axes, hierarchy, valuing, order, and dignity of spatial determination and interconnection, and the emergence of meaningful order and totality in the cities of the Safavid period is influenced by the geometric system and physical organization.

What is neglected by designers and even users in today's housing, especially apartment housing in Iranian cities, are various aspects of physical comfort, including sound comfort. Noise is defined as unwanted noise, in other words, extra noise is an annoyance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise should be controlled as much as possible and reduced to an acceptable level because high noise levels being annoying and annoying also has countless harmful effects.

For this purpose, the present article, with emphasis on the field method, tries to investigate the pathology of spatial arrangement and its effect on the category of acoustic comfort. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The tools and methods used in this research have been both library and field research. The field studies section was carried out by the 2260 device manufactured by the Danish company B&K, which also used the booklets published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For this purpose, 9 case samples from different areas of Tabriz have been selected as case studies. Selection criteria were selected according to the appropriate distribution of case studies in the urban context. It should also be noted that in the city of Tabriz in the northern areas and overlooking the Pasdaran Highway due to the worn texture and the emergence of marginalization, apartment units are rarely seen. In each case, point’s related to spatial arrangement and zoning were classified into separate categories.

Findings show that according to the background sound diagrams, the average background sound status taken from the bedrooms is better than the average background sound level in the living room and dining room. It is considered that this issue indicates the correctness of space deployments relative to each other in the face of external nuisance noise.

The outputs from the graphs of the average sound pressure level in the first category (location of the service area next to the bedrooms) are in a completely chaotic state compared to the second category, where the toilets and kitchens are farther away from the bedrooms. The conclusion section is discussed in detail. The reason for this is that the disturbing noise produced in the field of services is not only during the day but also around the clock and is of the type of excretion that the residents do not expect or accept such noise at all. Also in terms of annoyance index, it can be said that the noise from the toilets and kitchens, because it is also connected to the riser or utility pipes and is transmitted through them, has been significantly affected in other neighborhood units. And it disturbs the sound comfort of the residents at night when the background noise is generally low.

The courtyard, in Iranian architecture from the past to the present, plays an important role in the configuration of architectural spaces. In the meantime, how to combine indoor spaces with open spaces is one of the important points in designing and constructing architectural spaces. The existence of a courtyard in Iranian architecture, especially in desert areas, is extremely important. In such a way that most of the architectural spaces of the desert area end in the central courtyard. The tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali is one of the most magnificent tomb architecture in Iran, which with its four courtyards (courtyards) has many similar spatial features and differences from this type of spatial organization, so that the tomb as a mass And the space is displayed in Iranian architecture. The pattern of spatial arrangement of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali is very unique in its kind.

What is the relationship between the spatial arrangement of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali and the courtyards of the complex? What effect does the yard play on the spatial configuration of the mausoleum? What effect does yard geometry have on visual insights in the tomb complex? Objectives of the research: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of yard in how to organize the space of tomb architecture using space synthesis technique so that with the help of this technique, how to create space for complex courtyards can be determined.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and in analyzing each of the tombs of the tomb, first to draw significant graphs from different parts of the yard and then using Depthmap software to analyze each of the indicators of space in the courtyards. The collection was paid for. Then, parameters such as depth, connection, interconnection and physical and visual access of the tomb in Depthmap software are examined.

The results of the present study showed that the yard will have a significant effect on improving the functional efficiency of the tomb spaces, but the geometry of the yard and its location to the interconnected tomb, The connection and depth of the yard have a great impact on the spatial configuration of the tomb, and the proper design of the yard to achieve different spatial areas, plays an effective role. The tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali, with its numerous open and closed spaces, has a valuable spatial layout pattern that most visitors do not understand. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of the yard in the formation of the spatial structure of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali and also to achieve the spatialization of spaces with the focus on the central courtyard and determining the field of view. . In this regard, we intend to determine with more accurate information than the formation of the courtyards of the complex and the connection with the interior space, what features have emerged under the influence of the pattern of placement of open spaces (courtyards) in the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali. The present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1- What is the relationship between the spatial arrangement of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali and the courtyards of the complex? 2- What effect does the role of the yard have on the spatial configuration of the tomb building? 3- What effect does the geometry of the yard in the tomb complex have on the visual views?

One of the essential concepts in urban planning is to pay attention to the concept of quality of life as an essentialelement in improving the living conditions in urban environments. To measure the quality of life or the feeling of satisfaction with the quantity and quality of life in urban neighborhoods should pay attention to all social factors, economic growth, culture, urban environment ,and.... In this study, the aim is to compare the average level of urban quality of life indicators and identify and categorize the factors that explain the quality of life in the neighborhoods of North Janatabad and Haft Hoz Narmak in Tehran. The present study is categorized terms of applied purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical and quantitative research methods. The method of data collection was library, documentary, as well as survey methods, direct observation ,and a questionnaire. According to the primary purpose of the study, to compare the average level of quality of life in the target neighborhoods, the mean comparison test ,and to determine the factors explaining the quality of life in the target neighborhoods, the factor analysis technique was used in SPSS 26 software. The results of the analysis show that the average level of quality of life in Haft Houz neighborhood with 101.2706 is higher than the North Janatabad neighborhood with 93.1000. The most imin North Ja- portant factor explaining the amount of quality of lifee natabad neighborhood is the \”managerial\” factor with an explained variance of 11,056. in contrast, for Haft Houd neighborhood, the \”urban management\” factor with an explained variance of 12,458 has been identified and evaluated as the most influential factor. Haft Hoz Narmak neighborhood due to the favorable situation of access to local services and facilities, the existence of numerous commercial and retail order, variety of transportation services, cultural uses (Haft Houz Book City and Sarai Neighborhood), beautiful Haft Houz Square and local green squares and parks that are suitable for the weather. The neighborhood added that in terms of quality of life, it is in a higher .situation than the North Janatabad neighborhood

Introducing the cities, the city entrance spaces offer the first mental image of the city to the observers. The city entrance spaces are of special importance due to their different potentials inducing various activities. Therefore, finding the most important influential components affecting the users’ behavioral patterns and devising a proper solution for finding the criteria affecting the city entrance space design is a prominent issue which urban designers study today. The research question of this study endeavor to contemplate the formation of behavioral patterns based on the relationship between different perceptual, physical, social and etc. aspects of city entrance spaces. In this regard, Quran Gate of Shiraz, as a leading example having different spatial and perceptual components and as an urban space with high level of various activities, is selected and its behavioral patterns are comprehensively analyzed. This study adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods with a purpose of evaluating the physical, cultural, identifying and perceptual characteristics. In this study the qualitative observation and analysis are conducted using behavioral mapping techniques, questionnaires, interviews and photo analysis. The most significant environmental components affecting the users’ behavior at the city entrance spaces, according to theorists such as Lang, Barker and Canter, are categorized into three groups: the physical factors, the cultural, social, identity factors, and finally psychological and perceptual factors. The results show that the components of identity and desirable visual quality have the greatest impact on attracting users to the city entrance spaces. Moreover, the visual quality of landscapes and the surrounding views is directly related to space presence and space. The influence of this component is greater than the effect of other components such as privacy and spatial layout.

Statements of problem: The presence of people in urban areas with the aim of "being in space" is one of the components contributing to vitality of urban spaces, which leads to the promotion of social relationships, the increase of natural security, the sense of belonging to the place by increasing the possibility of occurrence of individual and collective memories and reducing the crime rate in the city. Finding the right solution to find the basis for the design of spaces is a problem that has been particularly striking urban architects and designers in recent years and refers to the necessity of this research. The lack of non-mental methods that can be used to study and analyze behaviors in space, both in architecture and in urban planning, is quite tangible.
Goal: The purpose of the present research is to explain the forms of occurrence and behavioral patterns in urban spaces. By studying one of the important urban spaces of Tehran, Tajrish Square, we try to provide a comprehensive analysis based on the recognition of behavioral patterns in this urban space. The main question of this research is about the relation of various dimensions of urban space with the formation of behavioral patterns. Other questions are also raised, including: What are the different dimensions, criteria, and indicators of urban space affecting behavioral patterns? What is the impact of different dimensions, criteria, and indicators mentioned on occurrence of different behaviors of citizens in the urban space, and in particular in Tajrish square?
Research For the analysis of urban spaces, Tajrish Square has been selected as an urban space with high level of actions and diverse activities. Qualitative analysis and observation using behavioral mapping techniques, interviews, and photo analysis were conducted to assess the status and to answer the research questions. In this research it is proved that various behavioral patterns including walking, standing and sitting is under the influence of three main components of functional-activity (including indicators of variability of land use, type of activity, public activity and type of Urban sidewall), environmental-physical (including indicators of passages and access roads, flexibility, facilities and services, valuable perspectives and visual qualities) and cultural-social (including indicators of social presence features and social interactions). Behavioral patterns are heavily influenced by land use and presenting amenities in urban spaces that encourage citizens to develop different behavioral patterns. The visual qualities are one of the important criteria for making communication between strangers in the urban space and the indicator of selective activities in inspecting the criteria of social interactions is strengthened or weakened by environmental conditions

Landscape architecture is a multidimensional approach that experts definit various aspects for it. Also, it is a interdisciplinary profession that find its way by interaction with different sciences. Cultural and natural environment, leisure times, visual arts, humanities sciences, technical sciences that are related to the nature understanding, plant species, infrastructures and many other fields are used in a target and arranged process for achieving the theory of landscape architecture. because of involving numerous variables parameters, academic review of this field has so many complexities. Despite of existing of researches that have been done in related to the landscape architecture dimentions and its qualities, there is a few specific methods and frameworks for checking the studies of this field yet. So this article is codified in the same line with this issue and the aim of it, is recognition of major tools that are related to analysing of different dimentions of landscape. It wants to make regular and arranged the studies of landscape field approximately. Analysis tools mentioned in the article are collected with reference to previous studies and then are catogorized based on their studing subject in the framework of mentioned objects for the landscape architecture. After a brief introduction of some tools, finally five case of them inclusive of LAA, VIA, EIA, SEA, SIA with aesthetics, environmental and sociocultural subjects and are more comprehensive are studied more. Characteristics of each tool in terms of methods and techniques to advance the process are described. finally we have an comparative checking between tools of an object to better understanding and ease selection. The conclusion of this article is determiner of a framework for classifing and introduction of existing methods of landscape analysing based on objects, tools and analysis techniques and can be a base article in the field of different dimentions of landscape studies.

The different approaches towards reconstruction after the earthquake affected areas of interest to planners and an architect in the reconstruction process is affected houses. In the meantime, choose the optimum approach or approaches, requires consideration of a number of indicators such as cultural background, family and community to improve safety conditions, the cost of reconstruction, restoration and improvement of living conditions, political situation, implementation mechanisms, and how to raise capacity the society is damaged. The main factors that interfere in the decision-making process have a special role in the reconstruction process. Including the role of the central government agency responsible for reconstruction, reconstruction of participating agencies, local government, and the affected community and above all the participation of victims in natural disasters are in line with the design or manufacture of the affected areas. In this article, using meta-analysis to review and summarize studies and experiences in the field of participation of victims in the process of reconstruction after the earthquake deal; the data collection instrument consisted of library studies and documents have benefited. At the end, all the available research is summarized and analyzed. And their results are discussed in the form of tables.

Although registering of the real-world elements has forged in the essence of photography, a photograph doesn’t provide a similar and as much as identical to the real world, and it has, besides of the openness character, an expressionistic capability as well. In fact, a photograph could be seen as a symbolic text which implies variably subject to an addressee’s interpretation and hermeneutics.Hence, Analyzing and reading a photograph on the basis of the analytical instruments of the semiotics approach and that is, extend the studies regarding criticism of photograph are purposes of this paper. Thus, in this paper, some of the analytical instruments of the semiotics approach, such as the principle of substitution and accompanying, transaction and conflict of symbols, implicit and explicit meaning, context or background and contextually, have been trialed in analysis and reading a photograph. The raised questions are: 1. what is the mechanism and factor of the analytical instruments in reading a photograph?
2. What is the significance of these instruments in analyzing-reading and criticism of a photogtaph? The methodology of research is descriptive-analytical.
The results indicate that by applying the instruments of the semiotics approach, in addition to systemic analyzing and reading of photos, various conceptual, visual and aesthetic manifestations would be revealed and a framework would be provided for aesthetic and qualitative evaluation. So that, according to the semiotics analytical tools, photographs is categorized in three general groups in respect of their importance: 1. Photographer-oriented, 2.

The purpose of this paper is to explore in detail the concept of architectural analysis. This concept is, in many ways, similar to criticism, which is used sometimes unintentionally and unknowingly instead. Therefore, at first, this paper attempts to identify the terminology regarding the concepts of criticism and analysis. Then, for a more comprehensive view, the criticism framework of Wayne Attoe that involves both aspects of analysis and criticism is theoretically assessed. This helps in understanding how criticism frameworks, and for the purpose of this research, the framework for the criticism of form in the process of architectural creation are developed. Finally, a form analysis model is established in this research, as an example of a model based on the criticism framework according to the gained knowledge of the connections between the two fields, and by a quick review of multiple descriptive and analytical resources on architectural form. Thus, the method used involves the analytical assessment of previous resources. Finally, a comprehensive and practical model for form analysis is presented in this paper.