جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Mass » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The essence of the spatial organization of traditional houses in Iran's hot and humid climate should be found in the pattern of the central courtyard. An integrated and integrated structure that provides appropriate answers for the material and spiritual life of its residents over the years. Due to the lack of documented and systematic researches in examining and analyzing the characteristics, typology, classification, function and effect of the geometric shape of the central courtyard on the natural ventilation of the interior of hot and dry coastal climates, this research investigates the geometric structure and various types of the central courtyard in Bushehr traditional houses from the perspective of Climatic and factors affecting the behavior of natural ventilation. Therefore, the study of the form of the yard was done with the assumption that by changing the geometric shape of the yard, can control the velocity, local mean age of air inside the room. In order to determine the most optimal mode of benefiting from the wind for natural ventilation in the interior spaces, the most common characteristics of Bushehr traditional houses in terms of the form of the yard and room, the location of the openings and the classification of floors was classified in 9 different types. 9 different types of combination of geometric shapes of vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle for the form of courtyard and room, 4 different modes of aligned and non-aligned openings and three height levels of ground floor, first floor and second floor, a total of 108 different simulation modes have been considered. In this article, by using a combined research method and using an experimental strategy, independent variables affecting the quality of natural ventilation were first identified, dependent variables were measured by precise digital devices in a case study (Dehdashti Building) and its data was used for software validation. In continuation and after typology of the yard, by cfd method and using Autodesk CFD 2018 software, 9 different types of combination of room and yard in the form of vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle, in 3 height levels of ground floor, first and second floor was simulated. And it was analyzed based on the three components of "velocity", "local mean age of air". The shape of the yard, the shape of the room and the ratio of mass to space are considered as independent variables and the quality of air flow inside the room (velocity and life of air) is considered as a dependent variable.
The findings show that with the increase in the length-to-width ratio of the rectangle from 1.15 to 1.3, in the case of a vertical rectangle, the velocity in the room first increases and then decreases, but in a horizontal rectangle, the velocity follows a more uniform trend. Since the more elongated shapes of 1/2 and 1/3 are less common for central courtyards and create tighter ventilation conditions, as a result, 1.1/3 proportions are desirable in real examples and this ratio has the amount of elongation which is necessary for good ventilation.
In terms of Air flow speed: The contours show that vertical rectangular courtyards are the most optimal form of courtyards in terms of velocity, which has a relative advantage over square courtyards and has a better performance by a large difference compared to horizontal rectangular courtyards.
According to Local mean age of air: The data shows that vertical rectangular courtyards with a small difference compared to the square and with a large difference compared to the horizontal rectangle have a shorter air life and fresher air quality. in general, considering the life of the air, the types of "vertical rectangular yard" have the most optimal air circulation in the yard and the types of "vertical rectangular yard" and "square yard" have the most optimal quality. Provides fresh air in the room. Meanwhile, type number 2 provides the most optimal quality of natural ventilation. From the direction of the pattern of wind movement in the yard, it can be said that in most species. The ground floor shows better air quality in the room, but with the increase in height, all three components increase.

Mosques have historically been the most important centers for the presence and gathering of the Muslims, and religious, social, economic and political programs have been planned and implemented in these centers. These roles have been played by mosques such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina since the beginning of Islam, and in modern times, although some of the mosque's roles have been entrusted to other institutions, mosques are still considered the focal point for Islamic communities. The mosques, as the most important religious institution and one of the most prominent public buildings in the cities of Islamic societies, had important roles. However, some of these roles have been diminished. It seems that the changes in the patterns of architecture of mosques has been one of the factors influencing this issue. The relationship between the mass and space of the mosque, as a part of the architectural pattern, has a great impact on spatial quality. So a proper pattern of mass and space improves the quality of the place. Hence, this study tries to identify and analyze the mass and space pattern in mosques of Kashan and compare this system in old and new mosques. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and library methods have been used for data collection. In fact, first, with library studies, the concepts of mosque, mass and space were explained, then according to the aerial image and map of Kashan, the structure of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city has identified and then the collected information has been analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Finally, a comparison has been made between the numerical and geometric pattern of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city. It has been tried to answer the questions that "What is the geometric and numerical pattern of mass and space in mosques of Kashan city?" and "How does this system evolved in the new mosques of kashan city?". The findings indicate that the numerical pattern of mass and space in new and old mosques of Kashan has some differences. In fact, the average percentage of mass in the city's new mosques has increased compared to the old ones. While the average percentage of open spaces in new mosques is reduced to less than half of the old mosques, more than half of the city's new mosques lack open space and are completely mass-built. Also, the central courtyard pattern, which is the most suitable pattern for hot and dry climate buildings and mosques, have been neglected in the mosques of this city and have replaced by the southern courtyard pattern. Mass and space have a great impact on the quality of space and architectural sense and both are important and should be considered in the design of buildings equally, but nowadays more attention is paid to the mass in the construction of buildings. Mosques are not excluded from this, and while it is emphasized to allocate open spaces, they are often constructed as a completely mass pattern or with an emphasis on mass.

Most of the city's viewing corridors induce a sense of confusion to the citizen of Tehran. In these sights and views, there is no harmony. It seems that the main contribution of these disturbances in the face of the city is related to the design and composition of the building masses. This nasty and inelegance image sits in the minds of the citizen that gets addicted to it or gets annoyed because of it. The more hardness is for trained eye that evaluates and adapts the features of these buildings base on the theoretical frameworks, principles, and rules of aesthetics. Research Question: Therefore, the main issue is the reason for this unreliability and getting used to this ugliness, and that how do today's designers and applicants consider the beauty and desirability of city buildings form and their composition? Do the citizens see the city's buildings beautiful? the present study seeks to answer those questions.

 To progress the research, a qualitative research method called the Grounded Theory has been selected. The data is appeared based on interviews with 50 residents of district 2 of Tehran. The interview began with an open question: "How is your neighborhood, place of living, street or alley? Explain it". This preliminary question specifies that whether the interviewees had an experience of visual perception of constructional masses and forms during life in their neighborhood. Further, during the interview and according to the items in each interview, other questions are proposed in the formwork of research issues. Then, the texts of all the interviews have been written, and using techniques of research methodology, analyzed, and their theoretical concepts, extracted and categorized based on their content similarities and differences. In the following, each category of the matched concepts obtained a role in relation to other categories (conditions/context, action/ interactional strategies and consequences) and created a paradigmatic model. And after integratind the categories, deleting additional concepts, completing incomplete concepts, the core category of a phenomenon was identified.

The main categories obtained from the interpretation of the text of the interviews are:Conditional/contextual categories- Merchant urban management- Difference in the type of opinion to the urban development- Emergence of changes in the inhabitants desires and conditions Interactional categories- Visual inconsistency of building masses- Unbalanced combination of building masses with adjacent spaces- Disproportionate size of buildings relative to each other and adjacent spaces- Interest in low-density and low-rise building patterns- Interest in more opened and spacious space proportions- A wish for a less populated place/ a mismatch between space capacity and the dwelling populationConsequential categories- Forgetting about the current time of the living environment- Disconnecting with the living environmentBy reviewing the conceptual content of categories obtained, it seems that the perception and experience of inhabitants of Tehran's 2nd district about the aesthetic aspect of their living environment are visually annoying and unfavorable.What caused of the formation of this experience is the idea of the existence of "merchant urban management", "the difference in the type of opinion to the urban development", "the emergence of changes in the inhabitants’ desires and conditions "; in other words, these cases are the underlying and casual conditions for the formation of this experience. Subsequently, inhabitants in their understanding of the present situation regulate processes in their minds that explain the overall sense of "To perceive inelegance and undesirability from the city". The two main categories of "visual irregularities and distortions" and "shortage of open spaces and a lot densities" play the role of interactional categories in this experience; the categories inhabitants apply to perceive their experience of the living place. Finally, the consequence of the formation of these interactions and processes, or the same general phenomenon (To perceive inelegance and undesirability from the city), emerge in the poor communication of the interviewees with their living environment. The sense of "forgetting of the present time among the regret of the past and the future concern" and "the disconnecting to the living environment" because of the thought for immigration and indifference to the environment, are the consequences of this experience.

Monotheism is Islam's most fundamental doctrinal principle; it expresses man's belief in the unity of the universe. From the holy artist’s point of view, what has existence must somehow manifest its eternal origin. Architecture is no exception to this rule, and one of the dimensions of spatial quality in it is the characteristic of unity and plurality. Unity, when it comes to architecture literature, is manifested in concepts such as centrality, centralism, symmetry, centralization, proportionality, and harmony. Its obvious manifestation is evident in the spatial structure of Iranian houses. Concepts with a holistic view in the form of space mathematics can be discovered in the sacred space and its extension to the space of contemporary architecture to discover the tradition of the past in the present and create a valuable legacy for the future. The research approach is quantitative and with a combined descriptive-analytical strategy in case samples and logical reasoning using the space syntax technique; it analyzes the spatial system (definition of space, composition, and differentiation) and the ratio between mass and space in Isfahan’s Qajar native housing. Findings show that Iranian-Islamic architecture manifests the realization of the sacred in the space organization. The balance in numerical ratios and relations of space manifests the principle of unity and plurality in the space organization. Among these, the empty space of the yard plays a vital role in the interconnection of other spaces and has a significant difference in the values of selection and control compared to other spaces.

Population growth has always brought about the need for settlement developments and new constructions in recent years. Contemporary settlement developments, being too hasty and commensurate with western urban pattern, have been formed highly different from the local settlement context and urban pattern .As, they have turned the integration of newborn settlement components with old textures into a serious challenge in design sciences especially urban designing. Qehi village as one of the historic rural settlements with hundreds years of antiquity and organic settlement pattern, like many of the human settlements has been exposed to these kinds of new development. The rural development has been implemented based on urban development plans in the form of contemporary urban grid pattern which is at odds with the organic pattern of the village. Practically, in terms of the form, the integration of the old and new fabrics and the historic identity and characteristics of the Qehi village has been destroyed in a way that the physical segregation between the old and new textures is clear.
Considering the historic nature and the perceptions of local inhabitants of the Qehi village, this research tries to design a model of influencing features on the cohesion experience and settlement integration of the residents between the old and new fabric of human settlements by emphasizing on the level of resident's experience about integration and effective aspects of integration of development plan of valuable settlements fabrics. Qualitative methods and content analysis were used in this study. Data collection in site study was done through direct site observation by trained observers and also through implementing mass-space, space, place, and Roger Trancik connection techniques by urban designers in the rural context. . Interviews were transcribed and done for research themes extraction analyzing through content analysis method and finally the existing concepts and themes were extracted to a conceptual model. In the final stage, the analysis of the field observations was conducted. Furthermore, 10 of the original residents from both old and new rural fabrics have been interviewed regarding their experiences of integration. The data collection procedure was continuous until the theoretical saturation to be reliable for next step steps especially data analyzing.
Data analysis reveals that resident's experience of settlement form integration and the physical cohesion of the old and new settlements can be achieved through some themes such as “distinctiveness of borders”, “connectivity”, “anchor points continuity”, “contemporization in architectural style”, “belonging to place”, “the continuity of the place identity”, and “the quality of life”. in other word, according to interviewees’ opinions these factors plays the most paramount role in promoting the integration between two mentioned parts of village. The results explored from the resident's experience in the settlement cohesion of new and old fabrics help these features be utilized in the levels of settlement intervention and social interaction enhancement of the residents. Additionally, these results provide opportunity for being applied in the two aspects of procedural and substantial.