جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Naein » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The architecture of Vernacular houses in many desert cities - based on climatic, functional and cultural considerations - is formed in a combination of open, semi-open and closed spaces. Each of these spaces, in turn, in accordance with the conditions mentioned (and especially climatic characteristics and regulation of environmental conditions) have emerged in different types and kinds. Among these, semi-open spaces have a special and readable place, mainly as an intermediate link and areas between open and closed spaces. A look at the vernacular houses of Naein city, as one of the cities located in the hot and dry climate of the desert, also shows that in the architecture of these houses, special attention has been paid to the formation of semi-open spaces and different types of these spaces have been created. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying semi-open spaces in Safavid and Qajar houses of Naein city and tried to identify the architectural components and features of these spaces and explain their relationship with other related spaces. This article is based on descriptive-analytical and comparative comparison research method and has collected the required data through field observations, referring to library sources, historical documents and also referring to oral sources. In order to limit the scope of research, the studies focus only on houses belonging to the Safavid and Qajar periods in the city of Naein. The Results show that generally in Safavid and Qajar houses of Naein, semi-open spaces (despite having various ratios of the total area of the building) often on average with an area of about 6% of the total houses spaces in combination with closed and open spaces have been used. In this regard, three types of semi-open space including "Ivan", "Ivancheh" and "Talar" can be identified, each of which has its own unique characteristics in terms of shape, location and function.

Sabbat is one of the architectural elements of Iranian urban spaces, which is still found in the passages of many historic cities such as Naein. The conceptual and structural assessment of the exciting analyses about Sabbat shows that most of them are descriptive and are not provided by a clear methodological principle. However, new dimensions of Sabbat's nature is obtained in this paper by exploring Sabbat via both qualitative and quantitative analyzes in the historical context of Naein. In this research, interpretive-historical, descriptive-analytical methods, content analysis, and case studies have been used for providing a special model to analyze the Sabbats. These analyses are carried out by the historical documents and interviews about the oral history of the Sabbats, field observations. Quantitative and qualitative components have been studied separately in the neighborhoods of Naein historical context, in this study, due to more detailed study and also the importance and lack of studies in the field of physical cognition of Sabbats. The qualitative section results indicate that the construction of Sabbat and the creation of more space has made the high surface of passage more application. This space is limited to two bodies of the passage. Therefore, it belongs to the two properties which are located on both sides of the passages. By constructing and using the Sabbat, secondary, social, climatic, and defensive functions are arranged, and it is transformed from a merely covering element into a multifunctional element. The results in the quantitative section show the volumetric composition of Sabbat in the upper level of the passage has been designed in open, closed forms with opening in the facade and a semi-open with the porch in front of the closed space of Sabbat. Also, the Sabbats with east-west stretches have more shading than the north-south Sabbats.

One of the most valuable elements used in the mosques from the beginning of Islam which is considered veryessential for the mosques is the pulpit. It is clear that this hand-made thing was also effective in the spread of thereligion. A major part of the research on pulpits has been devoted to the history of its construction, with less discussionof the aesthetic features and motifs used in it. The Mashkol pulpit is related to Seljuk period and the pulpit ofJamea Nain Mosque is one of the works of the Ilkhani period; both of which are considered to be the masterpieceof wooden art during the Islamic era of Iran. The present study provided a description of the motifs used in the pulpits,their outline description, their construction techniques and materials. Accordingly, the present study, based ondata obtained from the library and field method, describes and analyzes the aforementioned two pulpits and seeksto answer the question of: what is the difference between the two pulpits( Mashkol, Naein) in different historicalperiods in terms of appearance, role, structure, materials, etc.?

The oldest form of human shelters are hand-dug underground spaces. These shelters are older than the first built shelters. Ground as the first place and as a building material for shelters has played a significant role in shaping architecture. One of the uses of the ground in vernacular architecture is going to underground. In Naein, buildings that have been created underground are called “Bin”. Bins have various types, meaning that each Bin has different components, volume and size according its usage. There are valuable samples of Bins in different historical periods, such as spaces with residential use, water mills, mosques and textile workshops. Despite the diversity and specific characteristics of these structures, no complete research has been conducted on them.
Today the reasons that have led to the creation of Bin architecture in Naien cannot guarantee their maintenance. Because of their incompatibility with modern lifestyles, Bins are at risk of destruction. Our field data collection showed that in the city of Naien, Bafran and Mohammadieh areas various Bins have remained, while others have been destroyed completely. This issue shows the importance of the documentation about them. Additionally, this paper can be considered as a template for future studies aimed at documenting hand dug architectural spaces. Using a mixed method research, this paper seeks to identify the effective factors in the variety of Bins and developing a typology of them. Some of the plans of Bins are developed through the author’s field survey and are presented for the first time. The results showed that the hand dug monuments of Naien, based of natural features of the underground geological structure, their layout and the method of opening the underground space, can be classified into two types; underground Bins and dug Bins in clay wall. Mosalla mosque, residential structures under Rostam castle, GorAbad water mill, Molla Nor water mill and gown weaving workshops are categorized in “dug Bins in clay wall” group. In Naien this hand-dug architecture has been used in places where because of the differences in geological context, high walls are built so that horizontal access through the wall is possible. So a set of places has dug with different depth on the clay wall. Examples of the second category, “underground Bins” groups, include Rigareh water mill, Mehrijan water mill, AliAbad mosque and underground bed-chamber of Naien central mosque. In this group the flat surface of the ground did not prevent the creation of hand-dug architecture. The primary access to this hand-dug underground Bins is through wells, which at the same time provide ventilation and light for these spaces.

As one of Iran’s architectural and engineering achievements, water mills have had a vital role in people’s life. However, some constraints including drying or low water reserves of their Qanats, and economic deficiencies, have had a negative impact on their public acceptance. As a heritage representing the knowledge of ancestors, and a symbol for the proper use of environment, these constructions are a collection of different sciences and technologies (in the fields of architecture, structure, hydraulic engineering, mechanical engineering, and mining). Various types of water mills were used in Iran from old ages for grinding grains and producing milled powder. The process was especially important in producind flour and its use in baking bread, as the most important daily meal of the nation. Water mills were common where Qanats or rivers were accessible, and windmills were widespread in regions with strong airstream. Like most desert areas, Naein water mills are of Qanat and chimney types due to lack of rivers. Obviously, the depth of the Qanat would prohibit the perception of the water flow, but influence of its power can be seen in moving millstones. The process of bringing water power to the mechanical parts of the mill, and henceforth its exit from the structure is of utmost importance. Hence, there are two important points in architecture of water mills; first the provisio of water in the vortex, and second, the separation of dry and wet areas. Thus, water mills require dry spatial components, such as gate, relating canal, storage, and compartment, and wet components such as chimney, deploying area of vortex, and the incoming and outgoing water canals. Different structures and compositions of spaces are observed in Naein water mills. According to the field survey, it was found that there are only 12 surviving water mills in the proximity of Naein city, and the numerous other have been completely ruined. Therefore, analysis and documentation of the remaining number is of great value.
What is considerable in documenting with these constructions is their remarkable diversity. Despite common principles and applications, the remaining mills have diverse areas, and there are little similarities between them. The positions of the main elements of water mills are also varied. Some of them are totally built underground, some are constructed on the ground, and some have midway positioning. The range of the diversities in a small region is of interest, and its reasons require further investigation. This study tries to identify the effective factors on these diversities, and presents a typology for these water mills. The results of the assessments showed that according to architectural criteria and locations, Naein water mills can be categorized into three different types, namely ground-level mills, manually carved underground and manually carved on clay walls. The type of above-ground mills are constructed on the terrain level, using Qanat water running between the plantations. The manually carved underground mills are constructed to have access to the Qanat, with its water moving in the duct under the ground towards its route and further along to the residential area (in the two water mills of Rigareh and Mehrijan). The third type includes horizontal cutout water mills. The mills of this type are built in places where the differences in ground level have created clay walls, and the mills are constructed horizontally under the ground near the terrain level. The study follows a descriptive method, based on documents and field observations. The technical drawings for the documentation of the water mills are produced for the first time in this paper. Through the documentation and typology of Naein water mills, this study hopes to take steps towards the registration of a significant heritage, and to facilities relevant studies in the future.