جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Urban space » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

People in a society become sophisticated when they face unfamiliar and unknown social and public challenges and spend part of their daily lives in the public arena. This issue raises the level of solidarity of people and makes the place a familiar one. The spaces we face daily, engage us socially, culturally, and communicatively. And by creating a high environment, they build a sense of peace and improve the spirit of society. (Cattell et al. 2008.) Since the urban space is incomplete and undefinable regardless of its social processes, many thinkers consider the importance of social space more than physical space. Social space is a social product, and every society produces its own space. The centrality of daily social attitudes and actions in space is considered concerning the importance of spatial aspects of the social organization of space. Therefore, the space is at the center of the continuity of historical and social processes and includes the confrontation over meanings and values. Continuous relationships between elements through shape, color, texture, and continuity patterns form the perception of organizational elements in the space and prevent any change and interruption in the space. The existence of sociable public spaces is an important supplement for people's socialization. The sociability of public spaces promotes the spirit of solidarity and individual growth of the city's people, regardless of race, age, socio-economic status, and gender. (Najari and Mehdinejad, 2019) Since urban space is incomplete and incorrect, regardless of its social processes, many thinkers consider the importance of social space more than physical space. Social space is a social product and each society and its production method produces its own space. Therefore, engaging in environmental links with the undeniable part of daily social and individual biological experiences and strong visual communication and spatial visualization causes that even with relocation, one's thinking develops. Living cities all have systems with active and identifiable public spaces for the city, where people can meet, move, and communicate with each other. Physical space, to respond to social needs with the necessary opportunities to acquire social business, and public space in cities, can respond to these needs. But in contemporary societies, the downward trend of audience presence in public spaces and the weakening of the social sense, causes the experts of architecture and urban planning, in connection with the issues of social quality of the place, the amount of audience attraction, and the promotion of social belonging in the public space, researchers. Knowing the factors from the point of view of thinkers to understand the concept of concepts and its effect on the urban body and to investigate how to promote social needs and environmental connection in the Pamenar neighborhood is the main goal of this research. To answer this; The study investigates the interconnectedness of social interaction and the urban body and its environmental connections with a qualitative method of case study and analytical perspective, and by inferring the relevant findings and opinions of social science experts in the urban field to provide a reliable definition of the interaction between the body of the city and social interaction, and finally to explain the criteria for promoting interaction. Social presence is studied in the local plaza as one of the most effective public spaces in cities. The neighborhood studied in this article, Pamenar, is located in the heart of the historical context of Tehran. It is also a residential neighborhood whose residents can play an active role in maintaining and promoting its identity. The research findings indicate that the two primary indicators in the development of social interaction are the physical body and the creation of a social event (activity). The revitalization of this context depends on the development of social interactions. Therefore, the present article considered the two main factors of attention to the urban physical body and the reproduction of social events as endogenous factors in shaping urban revitalization. It examines the origin of the Pamenar revitalization within its context, exploring the historical background as a source of inspiration for generating fresh ideas. According to the particular location and the subject of the research, and based on the research and field investigations and multiple visits to the target site, designing a plaza with a revitalization approach is one of the best options in this place. Furthermore, the architectural significance of plaza design entails the creation of public and urban spaces comprising various elements like amphitheaters, cafes, galleries, bookstores, small vendors, and other necessary public areas. These communal spaces will be meticulously designed, evaluated, and scrutinized.

Nowadays, most urban public spaces, including streets, have strongly been under the control of cars and lost their liveliness because of irregular increases in the use of motor vehicles. The street, a place for human interactions and activities, has changed into a place to pass and be taken up by cars. The people who used to talk and trade in the street, the children who considered the street to be a place to play, the young people who come into the street for amusement, and people who are the case in increasing liveliness, all of them have become pedestrians, who are only permitted to pass the pedestrian crossing. Therefore, according to the issues raised and available evidence, it is important to consider the needs of all citizens, including children and the young, by increasing their intellectual and psychological health and a feeling of relaxation due to a suitable space to be present. Meanwhile, the complete street is one of the appropriate strategies that can bring security, relaxation, and easy access for drivers, pedestrians, cycling, and public transport drivers simultaneously and revive the interactions and social liveliness of the past years. So this present research aims to investigate the affected factors in spatialsocial liveliness by complete street principles. Methodolgy: This present research has been conducted with a qualitative approach and the method of grounded theory. This theory is data-driven and avoids the only test of deductive hypotheses. In this regard the researcher tries to discover dominant processes of social context from the vision of subjects.

The data from interviews with 79 and 39 citizens of Shirazi and Hamadan in order were coded in three stages: open (initial), central, and selective. Open codes include 25 concepts that relate to Shiraz and 35 concepts that relate to Hamadan and central codes include three major categories, which include dynamism, attractiveness, and people and activities (active and passive). Social-spatial justice was identified as the central core of the present research.

According to the results of the research, the core category (selective code) is "spatial-social justice". This category covers all the other categories. The citizens participating in this research have explained social-spatial justice as a major factor in increasing spatial-social liveliness. The grounded model of this explanation consists of a series of conditions that include causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediating conditions, which lead to the emergence of activities and interactions. The consequences of these activities and interactions are social-spatial justice. The causal conditions of this model are favorable urban management, which plays an essential role in creating lively spaces in cities. On the other hand, responding to the needs of all people has a great impact on the presence and enjoyment of space. Correct behavioral activities are the mediating conditions that create interest in using space. All these conditions lead to a series of activities and interactions that create social-spatial justice.

The expansion of urban societies caused significant changes in the living environment of humans. These changes caused many problems, including the increase in thermal tensions and lack of thermal comfort in the cities. Among these changes is the presence of artificial surfaces in urban spaces, which have replaced natural surfaces and include a high percentage of the surface of cities. The difference in the characteristics of the artificial surfaces has made their impact on the thermal comfort conditions of the environment different compared to the natural surfaces. In this research, sidewalks, which include a large part of artificial surfaces in cities, are the subject of study, and the effects of changes in their characteristics on thermal comfort in open spaces are evaluated. Field measurements and numerical simulation methods were used in this study. Field measurements were carried out by a data logger on the campus of Imam Khomeini University of Qazvin. Also, numerical simulations were performed for the hottest day of the year (July 25, 1401) by modeling the site using Envimet software. The results of the data obtained from the simulations were validated with the measured data. Then two characteristics of pavement materials, albedo (reflection coefficient) and material thickness, were investigated in different amounts of simulation and the results obtained from their impact on the thermal comfort of the environment were evaluated by two indices of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). According to the results, albedo has a greater effect on thermal indices, and reducing its value from 0.8 to 0.2 to a maximum of 3 and an average of 0.4 degrees Celsius will cause a decrease in the thermal comfort index of PET. The thickness of the pavement materials was also evaluated, and the related results indicate the very small and partial effect of changes in this characteristic on the thermal comfort of the environment.

The development of information and communication technology in the 20th century and the entry into the information age in the field of change in the global political and economic environment have seen many developments. Entering the information age has provided the foundation and root of the construction of the neoliberal government since the 1970s, and it has included changes in the current structures in its projects. Under the banner of these changes, the reorganization of capitalism can take place by describing the changes by informants. The economics of information provides an overview of the components of the economy and new changes, considering Castells' belief in connecting those components in the concept of "space of flows" as opposed to "space of places". Because of this, the city faces a new nature of space. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reread the concept of space and urban space and its changes under the influence of the development of information and communication technology.

For this purpose, using the systematic review method, articles related to the effects of information and communication technology development on the city and urban space and place have been extracted, examined, and analyzed. This started by searching for valid articles and was done by studying the abstract and research results of more than 100 articles, monitoring them, and finally selecting 42 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The published articles are in English and between the period of 30 years, 1990-2020.

The review and analysis of the articles have separated the sub-branches related to the change of urban space and place due to the development of information and communication technologies into four main areas: urban design, urban planning, urban participation, and travel patterns. According to the results of the analysis, the areas and sub-areas effective in creating changes in the urban space and place were extracted, and shared spaces and dedicated spaces related to the four main areas were presented.

The development of information and communication technology will affect urban spaces and places in different ways and different aspects. Therefore, there is a need to reorganize urban activities and urban space and place. Information and communication technology can play a role as a factor in strengthening urban space, improving the quality of public spaces, and improving the performance of urban spaces. Therefore, the valuable location values multiply and affect the issue of location. Keyword

Everyday urban experience is achieved through the process of perception and sense experience through sensory organs. Living in a multi-sensory environment is inevitable, and the experience of encountering sights, smells, and sounds makes it possible to know the environment. It seems that in different urban spaces of Iran, taking into account the native conditions of the environment and current traditions among the people, the role of sensory landscapes and its effect on the quality of the urban space requires more investigations. The main problem of the current research is the need to pay more attention to the issue of "sensory richness" and analyze its indicators and examples as one of the important qualities of the urban space, with an emphasis on the two senses of smell and taste. Based on this, the present article aims to explain the process of recognizing and analyzing an urban space with an emphasis on improving the quality of sensory richness in the two areas of smell and taste senses.

Theoretical Framework:

Regarding the sense of smell, the variety of smells, the presence of sources of smells in the environment, smells dependent and related to time, consistent smells, smells of passers-by, and smelling comfort are among the indicators that, according to sources, affect the richness of the space. There are also researches about the effect of the sense of smell in the urban space, in the context of racial, ethnic, native, historical and cultural contexts, and it shows the effect of different cultural contexts on the transmission of social meanings and values and the display of historical heritage through the sense of smell in an urban space.Regarding the sense of taste, while emphasizing the dependence and direct connection of this sense with the sense of smell, the presence of fruitful plants, local memories related to the experience of taste in space, and the presence of land uses that stimulate taste have an effect on the richness of the sense of taste.

In order to conduct this research, the "qualitative" strategy has been used to collect and analyze data. In the first step, the review of library resources was carried out with the aim of compiling the theoretical framework of the research and extracting effective indicators in the thematic area of sensory richness. After that, the indicators obtained from this part were analytically recognized and field studied in two steps in the studied sample; In the first step, the sensory perception of the environment was carried out by "sensory walking" with the help of field survey by one of the researchers as an urban studies expert. After that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 space users. These numbers were selected as available samples and the interviews were continued until reaching a kind of "theoretical saturation" and repeated answers. The data obtained from the interviews were coded in "Atlas" software and subjected to content analysis.

The findings of the interviews revealed the deep dimensions of the smell experience along the way for users. In these interviews, special users with a keen sense of smell were mentioned many times along the way. In some of these comments, the use of smell to remember the length of the route and even addressability was clearly evident. This issue, while clarifying the process of tracking odor sources by space users, shows the effect of place and the inseparable dependence of sensory experiences with place.In a deeper layer, the analysis of the interviews shows that remembering and recalling smell experiences, especially in urban spaces with historical qualities, is very tied to nostalgia and memory and has an effect on deepening the sense of belonging to a place. This issue is very important from the analytical point of view of urban space. Context—which can be a set of antecedent conditions or facts about a place or a particular event in it—plays a decisive role in the quality of the smellscapes in a place.The findings show that in the sensory experience of Hafez Street, in particular, the presence of "orange trees" as an example of the "fruitful plants" index, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously deepening the senses of smell and taste, to the perception of the "sense of time" as well as the "memorability of space" and Also, "identifying the sensory experience of the path" has also been effective. In the experience of the sense of taste along this path, as expected, the findings indicate the effect of the use of taste stimuli on the deepening of the sensory experience of space and its perception.

Among the indicators of the quality of the senses of smell and taste, "smell comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memorable uses with taste stimulation", have a greater role in the experience process of citizens' environmental perception. Also, in the analysis of the findings from the qualitative survey, it is possible to emphasize the two-way relationship between the deepening of the "sense of smell" and the memorability and identity of the place, as well as the reciprocal relationship of "perception of time" with the depth of the smell sensory experience.It seems that, especially in urban spaces with historical value, paying attention to the identity aspects of odors from natural resources or users with an identity smell or taste experience, both in the layer of future research and in the layer of executive plans, can have a multifaceted effect on improving the quality of the space and help deepen the sense of belonging to the place among the users.

The increase in size and population and the spatial elements of cities has caused physical-spatial complications in cities, so that it is hardly possible to understand urban relations and to know the main structure of cities and their morphology based on the analysis of all the city components. Analyzing the spatial structure of cities needs methods that can respond to these complexities. Among the theories and methods that study the structure and configuration of urban space is the theory of space syntax. Spatial integration as a spatial value in the analysis of the spatial structure of cities is a concept developed based on the method of space syntax. In this article, using the spatial structure analysis method, the existing spatial structure of Bandar Abbas city has been explored as a case study. The research carried out shows that the growth and expansion of the city in different directions and the expansion of the physical extent of the city has caused many changes in the spatial configuration of city, which is necessary for effective methods and techniques in solving the problems. One of these methods is the method of space syntax, the use of which will be very effective in understanding the complexities of the physical structure of city and the pathology of the spatial structure of localities. Just as the improvement of underdeveloped urban neighborhoods, without an accurate understanding of the spatial structure of the neighborhoods in relation to the structure of the metropolis, will cause the project to fail, the ability to be lost, and the neighborhood to become more isolated, the analysis shows that it is not possible to Revival of spatial structure and separation of all tissues suggested a solution; Because the problem of some of these tissues is not internal and is the result of the lack of proper structural connection between the tissue and the city. Therefore, it is necessary to know the structure and spatial organization of urban tissues in relation to the structure of cities, and the use of space layout method in the analysis and predictions of designers will be useful.

This article addresses the methodological shortcomings in the study of urban spaces in Iran and highlights the usefulness of ethnographic research in motion for urban and urban design studies based on fieldwork on gender relations in the physical space of the Tehran Bazaar. It also examines the innovative approaches employed by the authors in applying this method. The ethnographic research in motion concerning the chosen case study provides insights into the formation and remembrance of a sense of place during movement in the bazaar, critical interventions in space through women's navigation and crossing of gendered boundaries within the market, the creation of new spaces, as well as the rhythm of women's presence in the space, which encompasses both long movements and short stops, and their specific decision-making processes for navigating the unique physicality of the market .The results of this article demonstrate that the use of ethnography in motion, particularly in movement-based urban space studies, is valuable. In addition to providing analyses of people's emotions and experiences at different points in their presence within the space, it offers a macro-level perspective on people's trajectories and locations in the space, providing researchers with a unique set of data on the formation of perceived space and enabling specific analytical capabilities not easily accessible through other methods. Ethnography in motion can contribute to a deeper understanding of the gendering of the environment, the inclusivity of the urban environment, and the overall production and appropriation of space by different groups and segments of society, showcasing the critical engagement of groups (in this case, women) with the dominant spatial discourse. When the knowledge gained through this approach intersects with the qualitative qualities of the analyzed environment, it can be highly beneficial in designing urban spaces that cater to the diverse segments of society.

Extended Abstract

Contemporary public spaces often do not adequately meet all human needs, resulting in a deficiency in their social dynamics. They tend to be reduced to mere origin-destination places. While previous research has identified this issue to some extent, it has not yielded clear solutions. This study aims to identify the key factors for enhancing the functionality of these spaces, drawing inspiration from architectural and urban planning principles and thoughts. It prioritizes these factors within the context of religious public spaces, specifically focusing on the forecourt of Jame’ Mosque in Qazvin, using the third-place theory. The study seeks to establish a strategic framework to transform the forecourt space into a true third-place, proposing solutions to enhance its role within the forecourt of Jameh Mosque in Qazvin.

The study adapts a combination of approaches, starting with quantitative factors and subsequently incorporating qualitative reasoning to offer design recommendations. In order to translate these qualitative factors into quantifiable aspects and ensure their impact on the design process, a questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was designed based on theoretical findings related to the spatial aspects of the forecourt and the conceptual framework of the third-place. During the initial phase, the most significant components and indicators were gathered from a pool of 24 influential factors identified through the Delphi method, involving 20 experts. After analyzing the questionnaire using SPSS software, the top 14 factors with the most design influence were extracted in the second phase. Following this, by identifying the key components and indicators for evaluating a place according to the third-place concept, the study evaluated the study area (the forecourt of Jameh Mosque in Qazvin). Ultimately, the research offers design solutions aimed at incorporating the qualities of the third-place into the shared entrance area of Jameh Mosque. 

To create a gradual change from one place to another, based on the qualities, criteria and indicators identified in the theory of “third-place” and their prioritization from the architecture and urban design experts’ view, the most important criteria to achieve the quality and nature of the third-place in public places in the theoretical field were defined. These criteria were prioritized for other studies in the field of urban design and architecture. In order to make the forecourt act as a joint according to the theory of the “third-place”, complications arise in ensuring the functionally of the joint, which may result in either chaotic or monotonous designs. In this way, according to the investigations, there are effective indicators which determine the creation and sustenance of a place classified as a “third-place.” Incorporating these characteristics is essential for the continued existence of such spaces within today’s urban public areas.

After analyzing the third-place theory and examining the indicators, design priorities were presented to improve the quality of social life in the forecourt of Jameh Mosque in Qazvin. The results can be generalized to other public spaces with a similar spatial nature. Readability, invitingness, proper access, social interactions and maintaining the place efficiency are the requirements of “third-place” according to this research. To enhance the readability within these areas, it is advisable to reduce the density compared to the nearby blocks. This will make it easier to perceive information. Following this, the invitingness will also become more effective. However, the key factor in reinforcing the invitingness within interface spaces lies in the utilization of various elements. Furthermore, indications of the adjacent spaces are present to serve as an initial welcome for users to engage with. In order to achieve a space for establishing social interactions, it is better to use a suitable space for pausing and having a conversation, which is suitable through the selection of urban furniture. Finally, design solutions were introduced in the case study.

One of the mos t important factors in the analysis of urban space is the attention to ethical norms of the society, which has become a part of religious culture in Iran. The path of analysis and explanation of urbanization from the perspective of Islamic principles is based on the principles and attributes that through the modes and concepts of the transcendental and through the tools and rules, takes on a special physical s tructure, so that ultimately the full effect of the city occurs in which the person at all times is aware of the transcendental and spiritual dimensions of life. This research, by relying on written sources and introducing an ethical approach in analyzing urban spaces and focusing on the concept of pudency, explains its features in the city's body and the modes of manifes tation and embodiment of the aforementioned traits. The method of research is to analyze and characterize the characteris tics of pudency in religious, exploratory and analytical teachings. By referring to well-known, and repeated narratives in Hadith sources, its content has been inves tigated. In the following, in an inductive and analytical approach, the mode of manifes tation of pudency in urban spaces has been explained based on indicators excerpted from Hadiths, the ways and the effects of it. Generally speaking, in the path to the rise of spiritual and moral values in urban space and its physical manifes tation, it is a legible process that explains and clarifies it more precisely and objectively s tep by s tep. In this regard, in this s tudy, the content analysis of the consecrated Hadiths in relation to pudency in order to achieve the basic concepts has been considered. In the complementary s tages, with its adaptation and environmental analysis, the five principles derived from pudency, including dignity, sanctity, spirituality, supervision and rationality, and each of them was analyzed separately, and finally, in the form of 13 methods and 32 manifes tations, the dimensions of manifes tation and spatial-physical imagination of pudency are discussed. But the emergence and objectivity of the final propositions expressed in urban space requires attention to spatial and behavioral aspects. More precisely, emphasizing and directing people to the inner and spiritual areas of pudency in urban space requires some arrangements that some of them can be achieved in the form of physical measures in urban space, but the nature and scope of pudency in relation to others, Requires social and behavioral considerations. In this regard, the final cases explained in the form of s tatements can be divided into three main categories: (a) The major cases of the s tated physical form are arrangements that have a deterrent and preventive role in the occurrence of abnormalities and can be the basis The occurrence of a variety of social behaviors; (b) It has been s tated that, in addition to the previous role, self-indications and physical analogy are related to veneration; (c) In some cases, in addition to emphasizing physical equipment, social interactions and Creating privacy and appropriate physical conditions are discussed.

 Problem statement: 

Regardless of the consensus about the necessity of efficient public spaces to improve various dimensions of life in the city, there is no agreement in terms of the criteria for the formation of efficient public spaces as an ever-evolving concept. It seems that some of the listed criteria, according to philosophical partialism, are not in line with the evolution of this concept from an urban space based on the opposition of mass and emptiness to an ideal space for the realization of democracy, the flourishing of social life, and a processual and relational existence. This issue clarifies the need to revise the normative definitions of “good form of public space” by adopting a holistic perspective that includes the human-meaning dimensions of the space and the effect of other agencies such as the characteristics of the context and power institutions.

The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the existing theories about “efficient public space” and its relationship with the process of the semantic and functional evolution of space in the public domain of the city. While providing a general picture of the development process of the interdisciplinary concept of “public space”, this study attempts to present the knowledge gap in the previous theoretical literature, and provide a more appropriate approach, to the possibility of progress and development of theory in this field.

This study used an integrative approach to combine and critique the previous views and lay the groundwork for the re-conceptualization of “space in the public sphere of the city.” The data was collected using the library method based on the conceptual structure of the review and analyzed using the methods of critical analysis and conceptual classification.

Normative-prescriptive definitions of efficient public space are not in sync with the evolution process of the content-descriptive definition of public space. As a result of the incorrect epistemological orientation to the concept of space, partial criteria only consider one of the physical and semantic aspects of space or the algebraic sum of the two and do not provide a comprehensive picture of the multi-dialectical and disputed concept of space in the public domain of the city. In such a way that, despite the new forms of interwoven communication between man and the city under the concepts of “public space” and “public urban process”, we witness a kind of historical regression to the concepts of “urban space” or a selected representation and image of the concepts of “public space” and “public space.” The definition of the good form of the public space, according to the continuously evolving and multi-factorial nature of the space, should go beyond the instructions about shaping the space and rely on a holistic approach and formulating a set of flexible and paradigmatic holistic, multi-dimensional, multi-scale, and multi-dimensional equations and dynamic processes. It includes the formation of public space.

The effects of emotions on all of man’s daily decisions are undeniable. Using, residing in, and leaving an urban space pertain to the users’ emotions. Therefore, it is important to measure and evaluate the users’ emotions in urban spaces. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting emotions in urban spaces and prioritize them in the selected space.

Theoretical Framework:

In the first step, the literature was reviewed, and a conceptual model for measuring emotional response was then presented. Based on this model, emotions can be measured in three layers: physiological, perceptual, and behavioral. The users’ affective response in the urban space can be investigated on that basis. This case study addresses a sequence of Emamat Street in the city of Mashhad, Iran.

The research was conducted based on a hybrid method. A biometric sensor (Empatica-E4) was used to collect data at the physiological level. Cognitive data were collected through walking interviews and videos. In addition, the speed of walking in the behavioral layer was measured. The resulting data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, and the factors affecting the emotional response in this street were finally identified. The factors identified as a result of the analysis made in the above three layers were adapted to each other. Based on the exploratory analysis made through the SPSS software, the factors affecting the emotional response were prioritized. Twenty people participated in this survey and shared their emotional responses in the selected sequence of Emamat Street, which is one kilometer long.

The results demonstrated that the users’ emotional response was pleasant. According to the results of the data in the biological layer, it was found that the part with a dominant natural character conveys more peace. Moreover, the monotonous sections, the inactive environments of the street, and the part with heavy traffic cause unpleasant emotional responses. The analysis of perceptual data indicated that the presence of greenery and retails exhibits a greater effect on pleasant feelings. The analysis of movement speed shows that in environments involving attractiveness, there is a diverse, relaxed decrease in the speed of movement over the space and the desire to stay. Based on the results, it was found that factors such as greenery, traffic, land use and activity, behavioral patterns, crowd, and noise pollution have effects on the emotional response. In order to prioritize the factors affecting the emotional response in the above space, the data were analyzed in the physiological and cognitive layers in SPSS. The results were rather the same. It can also be concluded that among the factors affecting the emotional response, non-physical ones, such as natural elements, crowd, noise pollution, and land use and activity, have greater influences than physical factors like the type of flooring and facade. Among these, the greatest effects on the desired emotional response are exhibited by the type of activity including exercise, the presence of a group of elderly people, and the existing nature, including tall trees on the edge of the park, visible vegetation, and plants and decorative flowers present over the space. 

This study was designed to identify the factors influencing the affective and behavioral response in urban spaces. We first explained the conceptual framework of the research by reviewing the literature on studies conducted in this area and examining the theories related to the emotional response in urban spaces, factors affecting emotions within the city, and methods of measuring the affective and behavioral response in the city. The research methodology was developed along with a practical test for assessing the affective and behavioral response and the experiment path given the available tools and methods used in previous projects and studies.The results obtained from the analysis of the recorded data on the heart rates of the participants in the experiment, the speeds of their movement in each sequence, and their cognitive responses revealed that factors such as vegetation, vehicular traffic, land use and activity, behavioral patterns, crowdedness, and noise pollution are effective on the affective response, and, thereby, affect people’s senses. This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic; thus, the constraints ruling over urban spaces made it more difficult to perform the experiment with more participants. Obviously, conducting the experiment with a larger number of participants can bring about more reliable results. The reason for using a homogeneous age and social group was to decrease the probability of recording data outside the standard range. Naturally, doing research with a larger sample size would allow use of more diverse age groups. Based on the above findings, some suggestions are made for designing the space based on emotions, as follows.The vegetation and greenery space has a significant impact in the creation of a feeling of peace. The variety in the color and type of vegetation may also increase the pleasant feeling. However, if the vegetation reduces visibility, it would be effective in the creation of an unpleasant feeling.Water in the urban space beings about a feeling of naturalness and tranquility in users. However, in a space filled with crowd and noise pollution, the sound of water can increase noise pollution. The ground floor in urban spaces obviously affects the pedestrians’ perception more than other floors. Thus, the transparency of the wall, its beauty, variety, and coherence have prominent impacts in the creation of pleasant emotions. It is better to avoid building long, rigid, inactive walls. If there are such spaces, the ground for creating activity at certain intervals should be provided. The street-crossing areas should be designed in parts of the route with sufficient visibility for drivers and pedestrians; moreover, the pedestrian lanes need to be clear. When there is a potential for overcrowding, the movement and activity interference should be minimized to reduce the resulting crowdedness and arousal.The context for the emergence of desirable behavioral patterns such as exercise in the park should be provided in all directions, and a certain space for undesirable behaviors should be predicted as well.

The purpose of this study was to identify a method for tactical urban planning intervention in urban spaces containing historic districts in the country (case study: Pamenar neighborhood in Kerman) and assess the capacity of traditional neighborhoods in Iran (with an emphasis on the study sample) to implement this approach. Thus, this research seeks to answer questions such as "What are the tactical urban development projects that will enhance the performance of the country's historical districts (with emphasis on the Pamenar neighborhood in Kerman)?" How can the paucities and inefficiencies of Iran's historical districts (with an emphasis on Pamenar neighborhood in Kerman) be recognized and removed through a tactical urban planning approach? The selected strategy for achieving the stated goals using a qualitative approach and data gathering instruments includes two sections: interview and field survey. Also, the MaxQDA2020 software was used to analyze the interview part. The interview data analysis identified several topics and categories linked to challenges, problems, and their solutions. Also, field studies identified nine space types in that neighborhood. Thus, combining the two analytical sections above resulted in the creation of tactical urban planning projects for Kerman's Pamenar area. Most of the recognized places in the neighborhood were ignored persistently, and they led to significant issues. Therefore, the temporary usage of these spaces and their conversion into multi-functional spaces to enhance the socio-economic life of the citizens in that area has been selected as an applicable tactical urban planning approach in this study.

This research examines the consumption process in modern cities and discusses its role in the lives of citizens. Research theories are based on the views of Veblen, Simmel, Bakoc, Bourdieu, and Marx. Also, in this research, the ethnographic research method is used and the data collection technique includes participatory observation and in-depth interview. The findings of the research show that commercial spaces have created a special design in the architecture of the city, there are criteria in the designs of the city that lead to the creation of a pleasant and stimulating atmosphere for consumption, the colors used in commercial spaces in The brightness of the spaces plays a vital role and helps a lot in creating the beauty of the goods Multiple entrances, wide corridors, many skylights and a beautiful central view in shopping centers provide the possibility of encouraging more people to enter the arcade. Wanderers change and define their identity by walking in the city. Also, the shopping centers themselves include retail space, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment facilities, which have caused more and more people to buy and consumerism with the different facilities they provide. On the other hand, shopping centers as one of the new forms of shopping play an effective role in people's shopping addiction. Shopping addiction sometimes tempts people to buy excessively, for this reason it brings anxiety and worry to people.

The name is one of the components of the identity of any phenomenon. On the other hand, there is a two-way relationship between the name of each phenomenon and its other components. Also, each name, as a signifier, belongs to a specific meaning and creates a distinct mentality in the human mind. This issue is of special importance in urban spaces. The discrepancy between the signifier and the signified, ie the names of urban spaces and the mentality imagined by them, can lead to an identity crisis to some extent. Naming of urban spaces can be derived from its identity and manifested in its spatial and functional dimensions. This has not been achieved in many contemporary urban spaces or has no effective relationship with the dimensions of spatial and functional identity. Therefore, with the above problem, the purpose of this study is to study the naming indices of urban spaces with emphasis on urban identity. The research method in this article is analytical method and interdisciplinary studies and has been studied on a case-by-case basis in four important fields in Tehran. The results of this study show that the name of urban spaces as an identifying factor can be manifested in the dimensions of spaces and physical, functional and objective and perceptual perspective. Also in naming urban spaces, themes derived from social, cultural, political and natural concepts and contexts are most used in the past and present. In general, the criteria for naming urban spaces reflect the values that govern that community, which are applied by the city administration or informally by the people. In the studied fields, the naming criteria are focused on Iranian-Islamic values, which are associated with Iranian-Islamic concepts and teachings. Among them, only Tehran Revolution Square resembled the name of the square to some extent in terms of events and ceremonies, and the rest of the squares have almost no adaptation. This adaptation can be achieved through physical form, the use of symbols and signs, dominant uses and activities, and rituals and events that reinforce meaning.To strengthen the identity dimensions of place names in the profession and field of urban planning, it is possible to take action at different levels:1) Studying the history, nomenclature and naming philosophy of the desired place: this section should have a key position in urban planning and design. At this stage, ways to implement and strengthen the names of places will be studied and reviewed and practical solutions will be presented.2) Recognizing and investigating patterns that improve the identity roots of geographical names: for example, studying, compiling and optimizing architectural and urban planning patterns; construction pattern; the pattern of houses; the pattern of mosques; road network pattern; pattern of streets and squares; The pattern of inputs for the region, city, neighborhood. By strengthening the feature of being green in the houses through home gardens and the design of the central courtyard, the green feature of the whole city is strengthened. Also, through the use of the Iranian garden model, the characteristic of being green in the city is enhanced.3) Reinforcement of events, memories and events related to commemoration and consolidation of the name: this can be realized in various forms through officials, experts and people. media activities; educational, promotional; Competitions between children, students and residents of neighborhoods and villages with the aim of raising awareness and deepening the identity dimensions of the name; Holding ceremonies and events centered on people and new generations are examples of these solutions.4) Registering and writing geographic names in public and public places and spaces: This work is well accomplished by media registration, writing in public places, official spaces, virtual and international databases.5) Using monuments, signs and symbols to strengthen the name: this can help to create works of art and memorials related to the name with the help of experts and artists through holding a design and idea contest. For example, the memory of a neighborhood, city, region; Remembrance of the Persian Gulf; The memory of a great personality; The commemoration of a national-religious and ritual event, such as the commemoration of the martyrs of Shlamcheh, etc., are examples of this artistic strategy.6) Regional and local museums: These museums can be a good place for research, study, recording and writing and depicting geographic names in various ways. Scales and replicas, paintings, books and pamphlets, documents and tablets, paintings and statues are valuable examples of the research and exhibition works of these museums. In these museums, in addition to familiarization and activities of new generations (children, students), it will be a place for research by domestic and foreign tourists and enthusiasts.

Hand-selling is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon that exists in most societies in various forms from the past to the present. This is also increasing in Iranian cities for many reasons in recent decades, such as poverty and unemployment, which is facing many problems. Disorder of urban spaces, roadblock, livelihood and needs of peddlers, legal vacuum in removing the roadblock regardless of its consequences are the most important issues. This research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of the type of research and its method is's method. In the present study, at first, the term peddling and citizenship rights are presented in various books and sources, and in the second part, the relevant laws regarding peddling and the requirements for organizing peddling with emphasis on citizenship rights are presented. The results of the research indicate that the phenomenon of peddling is a multidimensional concept that includes different laws and in this regard there are no coherent and independent laws and the existing laws are not in the same direction and this issue causes suspicion and suspicion among the audience of This is to determine which legal provisions to refer to in relation to peddling. Different legal provisions on peddling have caused different organizations to have different interpretations in this field, depending on their field and interests, and sometimes even lead to the disregard of citizenship rights, which must be respected. While the results of field research are different from this issue and relying on the statements of peddlers in Tabriz Tarbiat Bazaar, it can be said that issues such as justice, personal freedom, labor rights and employment and in a general view civil rights are not observed. Be. Developing an independent, coherent and separate law for the phenomenon of peddling can help to organize peddlers.

In recent decades, following the unprecedented expansion of cities, pedestrian services in urban areas have gradually decreased. With the excessive increase of cities, urban spaces should be moved towards vitality and pleasantness for citizens. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to assess the vitality quality of urban sidewalks on Salman Farsi Street in Ahvaz. The research method is confirmatory-analytical. The statistical population of the research was randomly selected 100 people who are present on the sidewalk. Data analysis was done using SPSS software tests, Friedman, Chi-square, T, multivariate regression statistical tests. According to the results of the questionnaire, some of the priorities of the lively sidewalk from people's opinions are: variety of uses, security and safety, organization and improvement, morale and culture, pause space and city furniture. In addition, the creation of a sidewalk is considered as one of the people concerns, and the components of security, culture, creativity and diversity have the greatest effect.

Urban environments are often affected by the types of pollution, unsafe sidewalks, and high crime rates that affect children's social and psychological development. In Bushehr, like in many developing cities, children's rights in the urban space are ignored. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to examine the level of satisfaction of children and their parents about urban parks and to provide solutions to improve the conditions of parks based on the indicators of a child-friendly city.

In this research, first, through a review of internationally valid texts, the underlying variables of creating a child-friendly urban space have been extracted. Then, the reliability was confirmed according to the Cronbach's alpha test value (0.941) and the validity of the questions was checked through interviews with experts. Then, through a questionnaire survey, children's opinions about these variables were measured.
Factor analysis technique has been used to construct the theory of child-friendly city and to get its constituent factors. Considering p = q = 0.5 and maximum error of 7%, the sample size was calculated with the Cochran's formula of 196 people, which was distributed in approximately 200 questionnaires in four parks, each park has a share of 50 questionnaires. Respondents were children aged 6 to 11, of whom 108 were boys and 92 were girls. After completing the questionnaires, the following data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis model. The output of the model categorizes and summarizes the variables under several homogeneous factors. The relationship between factors and children's overall satisfaction with the parks has been evaluated using a multiple linear regression model.

According to the findings 5 factors were identified as explaining the child-friendly urban space for Bushehr. The total cumulative variance of these 5 extraction factors is 67.5. These factors include "liveliness", "efficiency", "security", "readability" and "controllability". Also, the results show theMaadar park has a significant advantage over other parks and Shaghab Park has been associated with the lowest score. Shaghab Park is markedly weak in the fourth (Readability) and fifth (controllability) factors.

Accrding to the research findings the intervention strategies in the parks can be adjusted based on the variables related to each factor and it was expected that the situation of the child-friendly atmosphere in the parks would be improved by upgrading the variables. Achieving this can, in addition to reducing social tensions and anomalies, strengthen the sense of security of children and parents,increase the satisfaction of park users, ultimately lead to more people and promote vitality in parks and other urban spaces.