جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Value » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

In the simplest definition, a caravanserai is a building that accommodates a caravan. Caravanserai is one of the most important inheritages of Iranian architecture, whose emergence in The Land of Iran has begun for many years due to its location on the East-West Commercial Highway and commercial boom, and other factors such as political, economic, military, religious and social have played a role in its development. During the Safavid era, along with the repair and construction of roads and the strengthening of the country's road network, much attention was also paid to the construction of caravan buildings. In a general classification, caravanserais are placed in two groups: suburban and inner city. Suburban caravanserais are one of the important construction elements in the communication ways of the Islamic era. Today, the margins of the roads of this land are filled with such valuable buildings have lost their former role with the emergence of modernism, changes in transportation and trade systems and they are at risk of erosion and destruction due to lack of adequate care. Therefore, recognizing this part of Iranian architecture provides the possibility of linking the present human being with the unrepeatable legacy of the past and re-educating from the precious experiences of the predecessors. In researches on the recognition of caravanserais, more attention has been paid to the physical aspects. For example, Mohammad Yousef Kiani and Wolfram Clais have discussed the climatic-physical typology, shape classification, determining the characteristics of caravanserais and introducing Iranian caravanserais by providing visual documents. Maxim Siro also studied the old roads, the buildings that were formed around them and the climatic-functional typology and introduced each of these buildings by providing documents, documents and a brief description. While the architectural values of caravanserais go back to its roots in the political, cultural and social beliefs of this land. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain socio-political values as an important part of non- Physical values of caravanserais in order to recognize and protect these buildings and it has done by asking the question of what socio-political values can be recall in suburban caravanserai of the central plateau of Iran, especially in the Safavid era?. This research is qualitative-historical in terms of nature. In this article, according to the nature of the research, the integrated research method has been used. This means that in the first stage, which aims to explain the meaning and concept of value in human sciences, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used. Therefore, first, qualitative data about value issues are extracted, inferred and classified using written library document resources in the field of humanities and the opinions of experts in these field. In the next stage, which aims to explain political-social values, with a descriptive-historical method, first to collect information based on library sources and researches of late researchers, as well as visual and written documents left from the past such as travelogues, as well as field observations, then the obtained information is analyzed by inductive reasoning method and the different aspects of the political-social values of the caravanserais are explained and a conclusion is made. Finally, based on these studies, the political values of caravanserais based on the levels of political values of Almond et al., in three levels, were explained, which include: system (system maintenance and adaptability), process (effective participation in political events, compliance and support and justice) and policy making (quantitative and qualitative welfare, individual security) and nationalism and freedom). Also, social values of these buildings, based on Schwartz's theory, have been presented based on five concepts of security, tradition, conformity, altruism and redemption.

Human has values that can play a role in the formation of Iranian Islamic house architecture. Ignoring the hidden values in the experiences of our past is becoming more visible every day. The question that was raised was: How are human values manifested in the architecture of Iranian Islamic houses? The purpose of the research was to identify the human values governing Iranian-Islamic houses, to explain the relationship between human values with the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle, and its manifestation in the architecture of the historical houses of Yazd City as the case studies. This research was qualitative and practical in terms of purpose, and it was conducted by combining logical reasoning methods, descriptive-analytical and historical studies, and based on library documents and sources. We analyzed human values based on Islamic culture in house architecture in 5 axes: human relationship with God - human relationship with self - human relationship with society and others - human relationship with nature - human relationship with history. After extracting Islamic teachings, 6 examples of historical houses in Yazd City were selected and analyzed in terms of Islamic teachings in the field of human values. The results of the study showed that human values in the form of respect for the elderly, guest rights, good neighborliness, avoidance of extravagance, hierarchy, etc., were manifested in the historical houses of Yazd city. Iranian-Islamic buildings are a dynamic collection that must be constantly evolving and adapt to the needs of the residents, Iranian-Islamic concepts, principles, and human values. Therefore, by extracting human values from the pure architecture of the past, updating and restoring it, and updating and spreading it, the architecture of contemporary houses can be shaped in sync with human values.

Gustavo Giovannoni theory in architecture, urban design and urban conservation is famous for its brilliant effects on the physical quality and increasing the identity of neighborhoods, and guiding the design action to improve the "quality of historical setting". The purpose of this research is to explain the opinion of people and experts about the theory of Gustav Giovannoni. The hypotheses of the research tell about the applicability of the opinions and thoughts of Gustav Giovannoni to respond to the needs of the old and ancient context of the historical city of Tabriz.

The research at the beginning of the work in a descriptive way, the opinions and thoughts of Gustavo Giovannoni in five axes including 1- solidification, 2- re-china or anastylosis, 3- liberation, 4- completion and 5- innovation; It is analyzed and then people and experts are asked about it using a questionnaire. research in terms of type, applied; And it is a combination of descriptive and analytical methods.

The survey of 385 citizens (the number of respondents was selected with Cochran formula) and 37 experts (the number was selected based on snowball) shows significant results.

The results of the research emphasize that the five priorities identified from the opinions and thoughts of Gustav Giovannoni have been approved by both people and experts. It is noteworthy that experts emphasize these priorities more than people to guide the urban restoration process for the future of the old and ancient fabric of the historical city of Tabriz.

Problem Statement:

The category of identity first includes areas such as Philosophy, Logic and Psychology, gradually, due to the fundamental developments in science and technology, the scope of identity topics was also extended to man-made environments. In simple terms, identity is a set of features and characteristics that distinguishes a place from other places. Identity includes the physical characteristics of the appearance and landscape and the vitality of the environment, which is understood from the environment with the presence of social activities and behaviors, ecological quality, natural environment, behavioral camps, collective memories and other effective contexts, and this non-fixed concept is formed and finally according to the inclusion of the mentioned dimensions, it includes a more complete conceptual dimension.Graphic tools can have different applications such as advertising and beautification, etc. Sometimes these applications are combined with each other and at the same time, in addition to being a suitable advertising tool, they also play the role of beautification and urban identity. The alignment of these goals causes the city to take on a proportionate image, and in this case, it can be said that graphic tools are involved in the narration of text and images and have been able to take a positive step in this direction. Sometimes graphic tools are used just to beautify and identify a part of the city so that the image of the city can be prepared according to the desired space; This space may be event-oriented and run for a short time in the city. Sometimes, a symbol based on the city's identity and narration is designed and implemented permanently in the city. Like urban furniture, which is another graphic tool, and if it is created according to the identity, art, culture, climate and weather, it can be very effective in narrating the city. In another case, these tools are only placed in the environment and have no role in the specific narration of the city, signs and boards which are the tools of advertising and their role is only as a place for various advertisements in the city environment, and as it was said, their visual role in the city is not taken into consideration and are only a place for advertising. In the sample under study, it can be seen that graphic tools are formed regardless of the identity of the city; Graphic tools that do not fit with identity, art, culture, localization, etc., do not play a role in the narration of Bojnord city and are only tools for advertising, in such a way that they don't even pay attention to the appearance of the city, the created disturbance and visual pollution.The recent developments of Bojnord city and sometimes lack of attention to the use of identity issues in it have caused the historical and cultural identity of the city to receive little attention and the new developments of the city, alien to it, continue to grow. The development of these traditional values sometimes continues as a point in the historical places of the city (such as Mofakham complex), while the spread of cultural and historical values can flow throughout the entire fabric of the city. Understanding the current situation and people's understanding and experience of it, along with the traditional and past concepts of the city that still exist in the minds of many citizens of the city (even if the narration of text and images in the contemporary city does not correspond to it) is a subject that has gained the researchers’ attention.  In this way, the identity, culture and values and the role they can play in shaping the concepts, meanings and somehow "heterogeneous perception of the past, present and future" of cities will be the main topic of the present research.

Research questions:

Apart from what is mentioned under the title of "concepts of identity" in the context of our cities with the aim of avoiding the uniformity of the development of cities or distance from the categories of "non-identity" of cities, the present research tries to make the use of graphic tools in the Bojnord downtown a basis for investigation to pursue a central question: To what extent have the graphic tools used in Bojnord downtown (between the Mokhaberat intersection and Shahid Square) been useful in reflecting the city's identity with an emphasis on text and image narration?

This research has been conducted through a survey study and it tries to explore the way of manifestation and reflection of the city's identity in Bojnord downtown (between the Mokhaberat intersection and the Shahid square) with the descriptive-analytical method and based on the observation tools.At the same time, the emphasis of the research is specifically on graphic tools effective in this manifestation, focusing on covering the discussion of the specific urban identity of Bojnord city. 26 graphic tools (including signs (guide signs, street names, provision of regulations, etc.), fences, hedge, murals, benches, etc.) have been examined, and at the same time, it has been tried to consider these elements by the researchers in the creation of identity. In addition, five core questions about the "narrative of text and image" have been asked by a random method and available samples, from a total of 50 people present in the study sample.In general, according to the descriptive statistics of the research participants, out of the total number of 50 participants in the research, in terms of education, 37% have a diploma, 54% have a master's degree, and the rest (9%) have a doctorate or higher. 95% of the activists have admitted that they have repeatedly used or referred to the space. The average age of the majority of respondents is between 15 and 65 years old (86%). Finally, 93% of the respondents are natives of North Khorasan province.

The results of the application of Kristeva's theory of intertextuality, along with the researcher's field observations and the results of the citizens' questionnaire, showed that in the investigated area, according to the researchers' field impressions, while there are some of the 26 graphic tools under investigation, predominantly, a unique identity of the application do not exist in space creation, identity creation and beautification (except for the limited use of statues and murals) and secondly, the citizens who use the space (repeated use of the space) have acknowledged the lack of inducing a specific identity from the graphic tools available in the city center. Meanwhile, it seems that the development of Bojnord city and especially the downtown, regardless of the cultural values of identity, cannot reflect the special narrative of Bojnord city over time, and the result of this is the physical development of the city uniform with other cities and far from the specific identity of the city. The continuation of such a trend will result in the development of the city becoming alien day by day to "Bojnord" and its cultural factors; what will grow the "new" Bojnord city against the "old" Bojnord without paying attention to it. According to the field impressions and observations made in the sample under study, out of the total of 26 graphic tools examined, 14 items are within the available range, out of which, only two items are "murals (in some cases)" and also "statues, Symbols and monuments (to some extent)", have a special identity. It is worth noting that many graphic tools are selected and placed in the environment according to environmental requirements. The design of these tools in accordance with the identity of the city can strengthen these existential needs, but the harmony and proportion between the set of graphic tools that are placed in a combined environment is another issue that deserves more attention and investigation. As mentioned in this article, since cities have a social and cultural identity and each city has its own values and traditions, preserving these things in the narration of the text and image of the city can be very effective. Therefore, paying attention to the issue of value and especially the values emanating from history and culture, which directly play a role in creating identity, remembering civilization and narrating, should be taken into consideration by urban planners and should be considered in urban development policy making. Also, environmental graphics with the aim of guiding, informing, beautifying, increasing communication and interaction and ultimately creating identity in this process (by emphasizing the adoption of an intertextual approach in order to highlight identity-making subjects and new and attractive narration) can facilitate many affairs.

Since authenticity is one of the most fundamental concepts in the philosophy of conservation-restoration and conservation-restoration intervention, it is affected by the type of approach to authenticity. Moreover, authenticity is related to other concepts such as value, integrity, and intention of the artist in the history of conservation. In this article, we study this concept during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by reviewing and analyzing the history of conservation and restoration and expert views of authenticity to determine different approaches to it through a qualitative research method and content analysis strategy. Different approaches to authenticity, regardless of their historical course, can be classified into three main groups. The first approach considers the authenticity of fixed components in a work—those that persist through time. This persistence gives them value and authenticity and justifies the work for conservation. The second approach considers authenticity with the historicity of the work, which can be called process authenticity. Finally, the third approach is an observer-centered (audience-centered) approach that prioritizes the observer as the basis for judgment about the authenticity of a property.

The name is one of the components of the identity of any phenomenon. On the other hand, there is a two-way relationship between the name of each phenomenon and its other components. Also, each name, as a signifier, belongs to a specific meaning and creates a distinct mentality in the human mind. This issue is of special importance in urban spaces. The discrepancy between the signifier and the signified, ie the names of urban spaces and the mentality imagined by them, can lead to an identity crisis to some extent. Naming of urban spaces can be derived from its identity and manifested in its spatial and functional dimensions. This has not been achieved in many contemporary urban spaces or has no effective relationship with the dimensions of spatial and functional identity. Therefore, with the above problem, the purpose of this study is to study the naming indices of urban spaces with emphasis on urban identity. The research method in this article is analytical method and interdisciplinary studies and has been studied on a case-by-case basis in four important fields in Tehran. The results of this study show that the name of urban spaces as an identifying factor can be manifested in the dimensions of spaces and physical, functional and objective and perceptual perspective. Also in naming urban spaces, themes derived from social, cultural, political and natural concepts and contexts are most used in the past and present. In general, the criteria for naming urban spaces reflect the values that govern that community, which are applied by the city administration or informally by the people. In the studied fields, the naming criteria are focused on Iranian-Islamic values, which are associated with Iranian-Islamic concepts and teachings. Among them, only Tehran Revolution Square resembled the name of the square to some extent in terms of events and ceremonies, and the rest of the squares have almost no adaptation. This adaptation can be achieved through physical form, the use of symbols and signs, dominant uses and activities, and rituals and events that reinforce meaning.To strengthen the identity dimensions of place names in the profession and field of urban planning, it is possible to take action at different levels:1) Studying the history, nomenclature and naming philosophy of the desired place: this section should have a key position in urban planning and design. At this stage, ways to implement and strengthen the names of places will be studied and reviewed and practical solutions will be presented.2) Recognizing and investigating patterns that improve the identity roots of geographical names: for example, studying, compiling and optimizing architectural and urban planning patterns; construction pattern; the pattern of houses; the pattern of mosques; road network pattern; pattern of streets and squares; The pattern of inputs for the region, city, neighborhood. By strengthening the feature of being green in the houses through home gardens and the design of the central courtyard, the green feature of the whole city is strengthened. Also, through the use of the Iranian garden model, the characteristic of being green in the city is enhanced.3) Reinforcement of events, memories and events related to commemoration and consolidation of the name: this can be realized in various forms through officials, experts and people. media activities; educational, promotional; Competitions between children, students and residents of neighborhoods and villages with the aim of raising awareness and deepening the identity dimensions of the name; Holding ceremonies and events centered on people and new generations are examples of these solutions.4) Registering and writing geographic names in public and public places and spaces: This work is well accomplished by media registration, writing in public places, official spaces, virtual and international databases.5) Using monuments, signs and symbols to strengthen the name: this can help to create works of art and memorials related to the name with the help of experts and artists through holding a design and idea contest. For example, the memory of a neighborhood, city, region; Remembrance of the Persian Gulf; The memory of a great personality; The commemoration of a national-religious and ritual event, such as the commemoration of the martyrs of Shlamcheh, etc., are examples of this artistic strategy.6) Regional and local museums: These museums can be a good place for research, study, recording and writing and depicting geographic names in various ways. Scales and replicas, paintings, books and pamphlets, documents and tablets, paintings and statues are valuable examples of the research and exhibition works of these museums. In these museums, in addition to familiarization and activities of new generations (children, students), it will be a place for research by domestic and foreign tourists and enthusiasts.

The main goal of the research is to introduce tea factories and to recognize their architectural patterns, which are considered to be an exclusive example of industrial architecture in northern Iran. Therefore, the research takes into account 6 components and analyzes 4 selected examples of factories, and separates the architectural pattern of each one.

This research is based on quantitative-qualitative method, relying on descriptive-analytical strategies and studying the architectural features of tea factories built in Northern Iran, during the Pahlavi period. Historical studies have been done by referring to historical documents or referring to the archives of Iran Tea Organization and Tea Research Institute.

The analysis of the architecture of tea factories based on 6 components shows the plan, volume, roof structure and type of covering, materials, facade, openings and decorations.  In the 4 examples of tea factories, two are the first Pahlavi examples built by European architects, and in the other two examples from the second Pahlavi period, a combination of modern and traditional architecture is evident in the body of the buildings.

The predominant pattern of tea factories in Iran is an axial plan with a central projection, a sloping roof, row openings and a simple view. It was first performed by German architects in Iran. In the examples of the second side, with the presence of traditional architects and the use of materials such as bricks, the facade was reduced.

Modernization theory today, as one of the newest theories, suggests the application of contemporary architecture in the process of action in valuable cultural and historical contexts. The most challenging issue among these is to identify the differences and similarities of this theory with other competing opinions and analyze its strengths and weaknesses. The main goal of the research is to reread the theory of contemporization for adding quality to the old textures through the experience of creating value for the heritage of contemporary architecture.

The current research strategy is logical reasoning strategy. It is a descriptive-analytical research method that uses the tactic of comparative comparison to advance the research process. The theoretical framework of the research is a combination of the master architecture theory and the theory of contemporization. Hence, the research analyzes and rereads the strengths and weaknesses of the theory of contemporization by comparing competing theories.

The analysis of research findings in two fields including the field of formal system (physical-structural system) and content system (1- economic, 2- social system and 3- environmental system) shows that the theory of contemporization can be better than the theory competitors such as reconstruction, renovation, improvement and regeneration; In the category of quality, it acts as a part of historical and cultural contexts and increases the quality of life of the residents.

The results of the research show that the theory of contemporization by emphasizing the design approaches and values of contemporary architecture increases the quality of historical and cultural contexts; Along with simultaneous emphasis on formal system and content system.

Problem statement:

 Iran has myriad valuable rural fabrics. Today, discussing the “value” of rural fabrics is of great importance. Their diversity and dispersion based on biodiversity, natural location, and cultural characteristics have prompted entities to make efforts to identify their values with the help of environmental teachings. Given the limited funding and necessity to create equal opportunities to improve villages, the custodians are tasked with formulating the appropriate criteria and indicators to determine the values and evaluate the samples based on these to arrive at adequate samples that can be used as universal models for similar locations. The present research asks the question of how to define “value”, find suitable interpretations of it in a range of valuable rural fabrics, and present a mechanism to assess these to pave the way for both conservation and development.

The first aim of the research is to classify values for the rural fabric. In the next stage, it will review the criteria and indicators that impact their selection and present a new understanding of the concept of value in conservation, development, and restoration. Finally, it discusses the mechanism for measuring samples based on these.

The library research method was used for the comparative analysis of various values introduced in the relevant literature on the topic, then values were defined, described, classified, and analyzed by reasoning.

The first step in setting up a mechanism to measure values was to identify the valuable samples by pinpointing the inherent values of every single rural fabric for conservation. The next step was to prioritize the attributed values and restoration goals to define a development plan.

During the Corona pandemic, many architectural design classes were held virtually, and during this time, visiting the site as one of the most important parts of preparing students for architectural design was also done virtually. The main purpose of this article is to compare and analyze the positive and negative points of virtual site visit among architecture students.

the virtual site visit is known with 360-degree model. The participants (N=14) were asked to visit the site and then invited for a post-test to examine the motivation and emotions of the participants on the one hand, and the usability of the model on the other hand.

The experience of a virtual visit to the site brought significant points, which led to conduct qualitative interviews with each participant additionally. The results show the trustworthiness of virtual site visit while show some drawbacks. The results support virtual site visit during the corona pandemic and its acceptable results.

The results of the research confirm the virtual visit of the site as an exploratory method of the 360 model; But it also shows many shortcomings. In examples such as the Behranz Building of the Academy on Ray Street, Tehran, in the field of tangible values, the virtual visit of the site was very successful, while the intangible values of the common industrial heritage of Iran and Germany have not been very successful, and in these cases, it can be done with an in-person visit. There is no comparison.

Cultural industries play an important role in increasing employment, and economic growth, strengthening national identity, and achieving sustainable development. Cinema, as one of the components of cultural industries, can lead to the prosperity and strengthening of art-industry and related arts, and consequently, the special capacity and capabilities of this communication media can also be used in Iranian cinema. Henry used it for economic gain. This will be the case if the economy of Iranian cinema can become what we know as the "cinema industry". Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the formation of the value chain in the Iranian film industry and the qualitative research method, the data method of the foundation. The statistical population included all experts in the field of cinema economics, university professors, producers, etc. The Research sampling method is theoretical. In this study, 15 experts were interviewed. An in-depth and unstructured interview method was used to collect information. Data were analyzed by collecting, coding, and analyzing the collected data. Data analysis and coding have been done through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. To validate the research data, four GABA and Lincoln (1989) validity indices have been used. Some of the causal conditions mentioned in the research include the need to reform the current economic system in Iranian cinema, lack of economic view of the value chain in Iran, lack of knowledge and comprehensive local theory framework for the value chain in cinema, the need for market formation in the value chain and attention to marketing, the need to localize value chain issues in Iranian cinema, the need to localize value chain issues to determine the scope and classification of the film industry, the lack of soft and hard infrastructure in the Iranian value chain, the need to create a healthy economic platform and artery to operate in the chain The value of cinema is the important and reciprocal impact of the cinema value chain market on each other, market building as the main factor of power and expansion of the value chain in the film industry.

 Value and recognition of values are influential topics that have entered various fields of knowledge and have brought many changes. The field of urban studies and urban planning is no exception to this rule, and the discussion of urban values in city interventions, especially the central and historical contexts of cities.

 The present study has also identified the values of the Iranian-Islamic city in a qualitative-quantitative (combined) way to study the place of values in the contemporary city. According to the purpose, the research method is descriptive-analytical. The logical reasoning approach (cultural-discourse) and the structural analysis approach are combined, using library and documentary studies and a questionnaire to use structural analysis and scenario writing. The case study's structural analysis section should form a cross-matrix of effects (impact and effectiveness) before presenting the four urban scenarios. Therefore, fifteen (15) experts developed and distributed a questionnaire. Mick Mac structural analysis software collects the answers. After presenting structural analyzes and determining the gender of each value regarding the impact and effectiveness in the historical context of Tabriz, urban scenarios were written.

 The inference of the values of the Islamic-Iranian city is based on the theory of derivative perceptions of Allameh Tabatabaei. According to the studies, the values of the Islamic-Iranian city were explained in the form of eight (8) axes. Then using the structural analysis technique, the type of impact and the effectiveness of the values in the city's future were determined. Then, the values of the Islamic-Iranian city were analyzed in the form of four future urban scenarios. The orientation of the current situation scenario in the historical context of Tabriz toward the pessimistic scenario, shows the need for a serious review of urban intervention policies and historical contexts.

 Ignorance of urban values in the city project, and insistence on previous routine approaches, inflict irreparable damage on the historical fabric of Tabriz. Therefore, accurate identification and exceptional attention to the values of the Islamic-Iranian city and value-based approaches lead to a change in the attitude of the urban management system. This conscious view provides a favorable context for the city's excellence and man.

Protecting and improving values is among the major purposes pursued by cultural heritage conservation and requires a proper understanding of cultural heritage. The Persian Qanat is a valuable heritage inscribed on the World Heritage List. Because of their close ties with human settlements and the environment, Qanats have many values associated with them. Although there are different classifications of heritage value in national and international documents and research findings, little or no research is yet conducted on the values of Persian Qanats, a comprehensive classification, and a theoretical framework that could be applied to conservation practices. This research aims to identify and classify the values of the Persian Qanat and develop a theoretical framework. Three questions were posed in this study: a) What are the principal values of the Persian Qanat? b) How are these values related to the classification of values in national and international literature? c) What are the relationships between these values in the theoretical framework? This study adopts the qualitative approach and content analysis strategy to explore existing research. It later draws on logical reasoning to develop a theoretical framework.  The Persian Qanat was nominated for inscription based on two of the six criteria of the World Heritage Center; however, its true values excel well above those and are associated with the sociocultural context of Iran. Optimal conservation of Qanats calls for an understanding of all these values. According to the findings of this study, seven value groups for the Persian Qanat are presented and defined: aesthetic, sociocultural, economic, technical and engineering, ecological, and functional, and their related sub-categories are also explained.

Beauty is related to experiencing beauty events, which has different beauty experiences among people due to different circumstances, however, understanding beauty is incredibly difficult. On one hand, the public agree that beauty is considered a value as far as its particular manifestations are pleasing, on the other hand, as it is worth studying, it is considered an educational issue. Moreover, as it is a living object of social development, it is also regarded as a cultural topic. An artistic work, whether a result of one's work or a product of the artistic innovation of a group, appears due to inspirations or advices of a society and necessarily resembles the color of society. Undoubtedly, features of artist's life and even his/her physical features are reflected in his/her artwork, but reflection is not direct, and indeed it can be recognized and measured after passing through filtering of society. The beauty of urban environment as a living space, experienced by a wide range of people every day, is one of transcendental needs of human and functions as a stimulus for his flourishing. Therefore, in forming and designing the environment, category of art and its relation to aesthetics is of high significance and becomes a valuable and purposeful phenomenon in the society. Although aesthetic values differ between various cultures and communities, if these values are in conflict with cultural issues of society, they will create rational, accepted, and emotional norms of society. In addition, considering undeniable relation of any designing and shaping human life environment, like designing environment with art and also the relation of this reformulations with spiritual concepts of beauty, the concept of "aesthetics" which is in fact basis of philosophical and theoretical designs, becomes of great importance. On the other hand, urban buildings and spaces as an identifier of Iranian cities, have been shaped under the influence of Iranian-Islamic artistic and thought patterns over many years and have provided opportunity for public cooperation and interactions and in present era, with evolution of architecture and urbanism, process of designing and creating urban spaces has declined and a defective role of national identity and Iranian-Islamic culture is manifested, which indeed, ignoring these issues in designing has led to lack of originality and validity of the design. Therefore, this study attempts to consider the mentioned importance and answer vital questions of " what is the theoretical position of fundamental aesthetic values in two views of the West and Iranian-Islamic world?! What is practical application of an overview of the fundamental aesthetic values in Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism?", Thus, the current paper investigates theoretical concept of fundamental aesthetics values, to identify Iranian-Islamic fundamental aesthetics values and explain functional status of fundamental aesthetic values in creating Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism as well. As this paper attempts to deepen fundamental aesthetic values in creating Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism, it is considered basic research. Since urbanization is an interdisciplinary field, subject of aesthetics can be examined in the humanities and school sciences (theoretical and practical wisdom) and in science (physical dimensions).
This research is developmental and functional in terms of purpose and approach (characteristics and nature of data) and qualitative nature and methods; it is a description of type of content analysis and in the section of theoretical framework is interrogative. The information is collected by generalizing to field of Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning with method of deductive reasoning seeks to explain basic values of aesthetics and provide a new classification appropriate to principles of creating Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. The collection of data and qualitative information in this research is also using written scientific documentary sources and libraries in order to explain conceptual model of research.
In a general conclusion, it can be said that today in Iran, beauty is either imitated by Western models or there are many shortcomings in applying the principles of Iranian-Islamic aesthetics.
This is due to the lack of a true understanding of fundamental values of Islamic Iranian aesthetics.
Therefore, a suitable framework should be created for architects and urban planners, who can extract desired criteria by considering basic values of aesthetics. For this purpose, studies have been done in previous studies and theoretical basis to assess direct relationship of aesthetics factors. These factors show relationship between fundamental values of Iranian-Islamic aesthetics and types, criteria and sub-criteria of aesthetics. Therefore, findings of research on fundamental values of aesthetics in Islam include four main categories:1. Reasonable aesthetics 2. Sensible 3. Reasonable based on sensible, and 4. Sensible based on reasonable. Furthermore, in order to evolve the fundamental values of aesthetics, types of aesthetics are needed, these include: 1. Logical values, 2. Meaning and codification values, 3. Aspirations and logical ideas respectively and 4. Emotional and moral contexts values. These values which are directly related to fundamental values of Iranian-Islamic aesthetics and Iranian-Islamic aesthetic criteria, are related to practical application of an overview of fundamental values of aesthetics in Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. Since aesthetic criteria are basis for assessment, to identify and select t fundamental values of aesthetics, these criteria include; Harmony (purposefulness, proportionality, balance, order, symmetry, correspondence), meaningfulness and perception (spiritual influence, equation, contrast, free will, disinterestedness), absolute self-existence of God (hierarchy, unity, ideal of embodiment, concentration, harmony, peace, vicinity, sophistication), emotional pleasure (relationships between shapes and forms and colors, pure manifestation of emotions and feelings) and stability and identity (piety, inclusion, freedom, connection with past and future, emergence of nature) and are directly related to types of aesthetic values. Thus, architecture and urban projects can offer new patterns in terms of Iranian-Islamic culture and employ creativity of designers. This was done by creating a logical relationship between aesthetic values and application of values in theoretical field of architecture and urban project.

One of the main issues in social psychology is the study of values. “Value as a guide of behavior” is a fundamental principle in social psychology. The history of this principle is almost one century. The study of values has also been incorporated into other disciplines, one of which is architecture. Since the 1970s, in the architectural realm, “design as a reflective practice” has represented this view, nonetheless, the discussion of values is yet to be studied in Iran’s architecture. This research sought to answer the following question: “What are the main values of the experts of Iranian Architectural Design Society and What are the origins of these design values and what is the dominant value paradigm of this society”.Research

This study aimed to identify the prevailing pattern of values and intellectual and practical frameworks of the designers of the Iranian Architectural Design Society. This article seeks to clarify and examine the values, origins of values and ideas and practices consistent with the values of expert designers in society.Research

The current research was a qualitative field study, in which the data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviewing and analyzed using the grounded theory. “MAXQDA 2018” was used to analyze the data.

Results indicated “Novelty” is the core value of expert designers, after which “environmental, historical, traditional and social values” is of high significance to these designers. “Contextual Futurism” is the term used to introduce the final set of values in its paradigm form. Designer values are shaped by the personal endeavor, academia and work in the profession. The acceptance of the elite is more important than the satisfaction of the users and the general public.

In the non-European world, especially in the Middle East and Iran, the process of formation of new social sciences was such that no serious foundations had already been formed for it. That is, the transfer of science to it, and especially in the realm of the Persian language, has been without regard to the necessary principles. The development and planning of housing and its guiding science and knowledge are no exception to this rule and have sometimes been used without localization and following the values ​​of the Islamic society and its specific culture. However, urban housing planners have always been looking for a suitable and desirable model of urban housing, and have found that this model is nothing outside the value concepts of the consumer and the supplier of housing and always seek to identify these values ​​that are interactively reflected in the preferences of the consumer and the producer in the purchase and sale of a housing unit. "Values" are actually considered to be rooted beliefs and opinions according to which society behaves about what is known as good, bad, superiority, or perfection. At the same time, the concept of "value" is a construct that every society is conceived in accordance with the essence of the society, so in this case when it is in accordance with the essence of the society, the content of "value" guarantees the guidance of society to human transcendent perfection which is desirable. In this regard, the present article carefully examines the concept of "value" in urban housing planning and tries to redefine the concept of "value" in housing planning in Tabriz under the essence of the Islamic society and culture. The epistemology used here is Islamic realism based on Allameh Tabatabaichr('39')s E’tebariat theory with an emphasis on his constructivism theory. In this regard, using the research strategy of post-mining, the conceptual model of value in housing in the city of Tabriz is tested in the form of three study samples. To test the samples, the theoretical foundations of the hedonic method have been considered in the text. Findings show that the most explanatory power of the variable "value" of Tabriz urban housing is related to the category of "structural-physical" building and after that, the category of "environment" about access to land uses is important and this has happened while, in none of the studied examples, a complete construct of the concept of value has emerged. Finally, since "value" is a cultural issue, it seems that to realize a comprehensive concept of value in urban housing planning, it is necessary to consider the process of localization of housing development, under Islamic culture and consequently the values derived from it by urban planners. Also, the redefinition of the concept of "value" in housing planning in Tabriz showed that its planned and developed housing does not meet the conventional expectations of values ​​from an Islamic perspective. Therefore, by recognizing the concept of value in this city and applying these values ​​in macro and micro strategies of housing development, a basis for objectifying it, will be provided. Thus, it is expected that Islamic culture will be preserved and strengthened in parallel, and in addition to the growth and development of the individual at home (individual benefit), the growth and development of society (collective benefit), will occur and so undoubtedly, the society will be guided under Islamic teachings and the values ​​of collective life.

Conservation and development are the significant challenges in the field of cultural heritage which exist in every conservation practice on any scales, including interior architecture. In this regard, the main challenge is that how much the interior architect has the right to interfere with the components of the interior in the process of reuse of the heritage. This article is intended to provide a functional answer to the concept of managing the change in the process of interior architecture redesign. Then the concept of value is studied. Because it is in fact the value which specifies what kind and amount of changes can be made to the interior architecture in the building and what changes should not be made. This reveals that the task of the interior architect, after determining the extent and modifications of the interior architecture based on the values of the building, is to manage the changes to maintain and enhance the meaning of building. To achieve this goal, the qualitative research method is selected. In the first step, with the strategy of logical argumentation and content analysis technique, the main documents and theories are analyzed in the subject of value; in the second step, a theoretical framework for recognizing the values of a building on the scale of interior architecture is suggested that has the potential to be used in the evaluation of the redesigns.Accordingly, the values of a building in eight types are "Age", "symbolic", "narrative", "spiritual-religious", "Aesthetic", "spatial characteristics", "activity - Use," " Evidential" and space The interior architecture was described in three categories of "fixed-Feature Space", "Semi-fixed Feature Space " and "Informal Space". The purpose of this theoretical framework was to provide the values and spaces of interior architecture with the shortest path to the design language, and, as far as possible, the path to various interpretations. In addition to helping the design team to recognize values, this provides a framework for evaluating changes in user experience in terms of success rate in maintaining and improving the values of the building on the scale of interior architecture. On this basis, we can evaluate the approach to them in terms of the weight of each of the values. In the following, the proposed framework was evaluated in a case study in the Garden of the Qasr Prison Museum by qualitative method.The evaluation of the case study of this paper showed that with the help of this theoretical framework it is possible to take into account all the values of the work and to reveal how much they have been considered and promoted to each other. On the other hand, it is possible to examine all the spatial capacities of the manifestation of values. The study also revealed that the focus on Informal Space, including human activities and relationships, as part of the interior architecture of the project, has remained largely neglected. The application of this theoretical framework will assist in the process of regeneration of the interior architecture of the reuse of valuable monuments.

The current research aims to identify the housing attributes and the components of each one of these attributes based on the stated preferences of the housing in the meaning structure and means-end methods. Since the attributes are the basis of most of the analytical methods and techniques of the housing preferences, therefore, it will not be possible to achieve the latent meanings and values in the preferences of the residents without recognizing them to provide high-quality housing. To achieve this purpose, first, a list of the studies conducted on the housing preferences, the research method of which had been the meaning structure, and the means-end chain was provided using the systematic review and purposive sampling method. The qualitative information was analyzed using the descriptive method, and then, using the content analysis method, the inferential analysis was explained, providing the purpose-content tables. The presented theoretical approach in the current study provided this opportunity to consider three constituent levels of the conceptual models of the meaning structure (attribute, manifest function- latent function), and means-end chain (attribute-consequence-value) as the attributes of housing in various people. The results showed that the main constituent housing attributes could be divided into seven main groups, including meanings and values, behavior settings system, constituent components and elements of space, physical attributes, function, quality, and affordance. Based on the implemented analysis, the physical characteristics (23.2%), constituent components and elements of space (16.2%), behavior settings system (16.2%), meanings and values (14.1%), quality (12.1%), affordance (10.1%), and function (8.1%), had the maximum and minimum frequencies among the housing attributes, respectively, indicating the relative attraction and importance of most of these attributes for the residents, based on their stated preferences (respondents in the selected studies).

A cemetery refers to a special place with a narrative landscape reminiscent of many historical events, and most importantly, resurrection and death. Neglecting old cemeteries will gradually lead to its transmutation. This has caused these places to be forgotten in the identity structure of many contemporary cities and their role to be diminished in the minds of citizens and given a change of use. This study mainly aims to investigate the significant role of human components in the revival of abandoned cemeteries. This study seeks to answer the question, "What are the human layer components among the different layers of the cemetery landscape?" And how to facilitate the revival of the cemetery landscape and strengthen the position attached to it in the city identity structure using this layer by reading and improving its quality. Accordingly, the concepts and layers that make up the urban landscape, especially the cemetery landscape, as a part of the urban landscape with its constituent layers were studied. More attention was paid to one of the layers (i.e., the human factor layer) as the anchor layer using descriptive-analytical research and desk research. Then, the effective components in the human landscape layer (collective, semi-collective, and individual) were prioritized. Finally, the effect of this layer on other layers was investigated for application by analyzing the obtained data using field research, especially interviews with students of Landscape Architecture (those specializing in designing such places), Tarbiat Modares University. The Results section introduces several strategies to effectively revitalize and strengthen the narrative landscape of abandoned intra-city cemeteries.