جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Yard » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The yard is one of the most important elements in a person’s residence which goes way back in history. The presence of a yard provides features like shading, natural ventilation, lighting, etc. for peoples’ houses, it can also affect one’s performance as an environmental factor. But in today’s residences, the presence of a yard or Vegetation has been somewhat neglected and this neglect of these elements has caused some mental disorders and has jeopardized the resident’s physical and mental well-being. Therefore, the purpose behind this project has been to monitor the influence of yards and vegetation on the resident cognitive performance which has been carried out in descriptive-analytical style.

For this purpose, three of the most crowded areas in the core center of the city of Ilam were monitored from the beginning of Tir till the seventh of Mehr. Alongside academic study, Physical presence in these places, and conducting field studies, at the same time the responses of 502 passers-by to the questionnaires were recorded. The collected data has been validated in a new way and through logistic regression fitting, the role of influencing variables in predicting the probability of being placed in the acceptable cognitive performance of people (standard) has been determined with 24SPSS software.

The findings showed that people living in houses with yards that have vegetation can improve people's cognitive performance. Also, the presence of vegetation in people's residences and living in villa houses (with a yard) can predict the probability of people's cognitive performance up to 0.967%.

Examining the cognitive performance status of people based on gender also showed that there is a significant difference between the cognitive performance of women and men, Women's cognitive performance is stronger than men's in terms of verbal, time and place awareness, memory and visual-spatial/executive variables, and they had weaker cognitive performance in terms of abstraction and attention variables. Finally, it can be said that the yard and vegetation affect the performance of people, especially women.

Residence is in the field of typology. Man needs an architecture that reveals his position on the world in order to achieve an existential foothold that fits with things, others and himself. This includes both the direct understanding of what is general and the knowledge of what is detailed. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the role of the physical elements of the yard in order to increase the satisfaction of the residents in eco-oriented housing, which was carried out in the city of Tabriz. The real method is a survey and one of the data collection tools includes library and documentary studies. The face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability have been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. The questionnaire is in the form of a Likert scale. In order to analyze the data through SPSS software and descriptive statistics, the level of satisfaction has been used. The results of the research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the ten criteria such as the percentage of green space in the yard, children's play area, water pond, the direction of the yard, etc. And the indicators related to it have the highest level of satisfaction and importance of the residents. It is suggested that these criteria, which are effective in increasing the satisfaction of the residents of the housing, should also be used in the design of the courtyards of new houses.

The concept of vernacular architecture for humans has always been subject to climatic conditions if health and comfort were of concern. For this purpose, it is necessary to assess the constitutive component thereof. One of the basic components of vernacular architecture is the open spaces or courtyards with different dimensions subject to the climatic conditions of the reign. The rational spatial orientation of these spaces determines the architectural nature of vernacular structures and highly contributes to the axiomatic aspect and the identity of such structures. The existing general patterns of these spaces are assessed in two, hot and humid, and arid climates in the two cities of Yazd, located in central, and Bushehr, located in the south-west regions of Iran. In each city, four structures of the Qajar era (1796-1925) constitute the subjects of this article. The subject structures belonged to the wealthy and elite, where the courtyard was located in the middle of summer and winter dwellings. The method adopted in this article is comparative-qualitative. An attempt is made to compare the findings of the subject structures through field observations and library documentation. The objective is to answer the following this question : " How is the climatic performance of the yard in two arid climate and hot and humid climates ? " . In general, the findings indicate that the shape and dimensions of each courtyard are proportionally subject to the geometry and physical characteristics of the entire structure. As to the proportion of the structure height, Vertical component to the dimensional horizental components of the courtyard in Bushehr, with an average depth-to-height ratio of Z at 1.24 is evident, indicating a standing position . Consequently, the airflow in the courtyard follows a circular pattern, something essential for this unique climate in providing natural vertical ventilation. This phenomenon is reversed in Yazd where the airflow follows a flat pattern, with an average depth-to-height ratio of Z at 0.51 is evident, something essential for this unique climate in providing natural horizontal ventilation. In both climates, the courtyard orientation is N-S to control temperature rise with an average of 16% and 29% of the entire structure area, respectively. It is found that in Yazd the existence of a water pond area with a 73 m2 average and a vegetation area at 56 m2 in the courtyard provide the required humidity for the area. The courtyards in Bushehr are covered with less vegetation with an average area of 5 m2, and the existence of a water pond there is an almost new phenomenon with an average area of 7 m2 because in the traditional architectural plans water pond non- existence. The courtyard area in Bushehr is square with an average of length to width ratio1.07 and smaller than the rectangular courtyards of Yazd with an average of length to width ratio1.43. Therefore, the yard has also had a climatic approach in both cities. The findings of such studies can contribute to the planning and construction of modern buildings with vernacular architecture if necessary.

In the pattern of traditional courtyard houses, the courtyard forms the vital core of the house And based on material and spiritual needs and observance of hierarchy, traditional courtyards have been formed. It seems necessary to study the impact of geography and climate, society and culture, intellectual insights of the family system on the structure of buildings. Most of the textures of Iran's historic cities are traditional courtyard houses. These houses are in danger of being demolished, so it is vital to study the body of the yards. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the environmental and cultural impact of traditional courtyard houses on the main house space and entrance in the residential architecture of the cold and dry region of Hamadan. The importance of research is that the traditional courtyard houses of Hamedan have been part of the historical architectural identity of the country. Therefore, for conservation and modeling, their study is essential. Given the prevalence of cold climate in Iran, considering the design of buildings, which are significant consumers of fossil fuels, can reduce a large part of energy consumption. They are also considered for the preservation of culture and their realization in today's homes. In this research, the content analysis method and, with the help of data theory, open, axial, and selective coding method has been used. In sample analysis to produce meaning, descriptions are performed in open coding, comparison through axial coding, and pattern determination through selective coding, respectively. The strategy of this article in the analysis and judging stage is a quantitative and qualitative method. Climate Consultant climate software, Ashri 55 thermal comfort model, and Iranian climatic zoning studies have been used in the quantitative method. The main results show that in the study of climate change over 40 years, the number of months in which the comfort conditions have been established is less, and the months in which heating and cooling measures should be considered have reached their maximum duration. Two general categories of components in the field of culture, including Iranian architectural methods, cultural elements are considered effective in forming the architectural pattern of traditional courtyard houses In order to achieve climatic goals, it can be seen that Qajar and eclectic introverted species have a more favorable situation in terms of  receiving solar radiation, protection against adverse wind currents in the halls.

The absence of children in the community and the lack of skills in communicating with each other is an issue that has caused many behavioral problems in the community today. How students communicate in school as a second home has been one of the factors influencing their social behavior. Inadequate conditions in the school environment and the lack of coordination between the environment and students' personalities double the need to pay attention to educational, behavioral, social and environmental issues. Research Question: How does flexible architecture affect student social behaviors?

This research uses an integrated method (qualitative-quantitative) to find the effect of flexible architecture on social relations and the relationship between these two components among students in different situations, so that initially 8 schools with the method Multi-stage clusters were randomly selected and collected before and after the test using descriptive-analytical and quasi-experimental methods based on detailed observations and library and field studies. One school was considered as the test school and the other schools with almost the same conditions as the unequal control group, and the other schools were studied because of their flexible environments. Out of 32 components obtained from theoretical foundations and interviews with experts, 7 components were obtained after scoring. Pre-test and post-test data were collected using observations and 220 questionnaires, and finally in SPSS software data were analyzed using t-test and Sheffe test.

The results of this study indicate that the dimensions of social behavior, which according to Altman, is divided into four categories: "crowding, privacy, territory and personal space"; Among students, the physical dimensions of the environment are affected, including flexible architecture, which includes the components of "diversity, variability, and adaptability." There is a significant difference between students 'social behavior before and after making changes in the yard and corridor. Changes affect the quality of the educational environment and as a result, students' social behavior changes their behavioral range. Finally, it allows students to participate directly in the creation and operation of a multifunctional collective environment as well as individual group activities. On the other hand, active interaction in the environment along with maintaining privacy and personal space provides the possibility of students' social development.

In the architectural and physical design of many schools and other educational spaces within the country, the psychological aspects of students and space users are highly neglected. However, these spaces and environments have the highest level of contact with children and teenagers, thus bearing long-term psychological and emotional effects on them. According to experts in the field, the school's educational environment should be designed so as to make learning easy and enjoyable. The ever-growing need to expand educational spaces along with the increased student population and the weakness of open spaces, and lack of suitable green environment in schools, is one of the main problems of today's society. In the meantime, the design of green space in these environments and the way of organizing the elements and integrating the occupied empty spaces with the desired capacity in the school space, both the interiors and exteriors such as courtyards, should be more flexible so that it can yield positive results in the teaching process. The arrangement of the elements together can create different-looking courtyards with various capabilities for relaxation and rest, exercise and the exploitation of green space, just as children and teenagers want a plethora of green spaces with different functions in school. Establishing a close and direct connection with the environment and outdoor nature makes the school a manifestation of the student's second home and at the same time. When space is in direct and close contact with such courtyard, it is possible to use both spaces simultaneously for both functions of learning or leisure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the desirable design of open spaces and outdoor educational environment at all educational levels, as shaping a sense of interest towards the educational environment and the subsequent interaction with green spaces and roaming space of the yard are highly contributing factors in the desirable attitude of students towards their learning environment and their resulting educational progress. The desirability of such spaces is also very effective in reducing the stress of the teaching staff and educators, thus forming constructive steps in the process of education and training.

The research method in this paper is qualitative that employs descriptive (retrospective causal-comparative) indicators. The statistical population of this research includes all-girls high schools in Isfahan. According to the standards offered by the General Directorate of School Renovation of Isfahan Province, the schools of the four educational districts were divided into two groups of desirable and undesirable. In this research, a simple random sampling method was used to select subjects. Hence, 208 students from both school types (desirable and undesirable) were examined. Then, four high schools (one school from each district) were randomly selected from the list of schools. Two classrooms were subsequently randomly selected from each school. From each class, all students responded to the questionnaire items. In addition, students from both groups of desirable and undesirable schools were homogenized and compared in terms of intelligence quotient, education level of parents, economic and social status of the family, and lack of inflicting disorders. This self-report inventory consists of 32 Likert-scale items and is designed to examine attitudes of students toward educational spaces and the perception of the open environment and green space. In developing this questionnaire, a prototype questionnaire (preliminary design of the design scale) was used. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this inventory was estimated to be higher than 0.7, and the reliability of the data was thus confirmed.

The results show that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the open space design of the yard and the green environment of the school from the students' point of view in two groups of schools. As such, the students studying at desired schools had a positive attitude towards the school and the educational environment in terms of exploiting the open spaces according to the students' psychological characteristics. The learning process in interaction with the open space, owing to the formation of gathering spaces, provides the possibility of group work practice and higher student participation.

Overall, this collective learning and the relationship between the internal body and the external space positively affect students' intellectual activity. Also in consolidating the sense of place, this study explores the concepts of socialization and interpersonal interactions of students, learning and attractiveness of learning and promoting indirect education in the interaction between open and closed spaces (as well as the connecting semi-open spaces), softening the environment and appropriate landscaping and positive psychological effects of students and creating thermally comfortable seating space to be used in the outdoor environment, controlling the reflection of disturbing lights and sheltering rain or other climatic conditions in certain environments, strengthening students' sensory and visual communication with the environment and educational-oriented communication in the open environment and providing space for relation, rest, interpersonal interactions, observing others and creating creativity through research strategies and achievements, which requires appropriate design and careful application of the principles of architecture and environmental psychology.

According to the remains of ancient historical houses that have existed in many parts of Iran since the sixth millennium BC, each house typically consisted of two parts - one built and enclosed, and the other open (courtyard). The role of geographical and environmental phenomena is clear in the formation of open space or yard of the houses, however, the architecture of housing in every period changes due to the demands and needs of the residents, and these changes significantly affect the aspects and spatial relations of the house. These transformations have led to the change in the closed and open spaces of the houses.
The current research has been conducted with the historical approach using the analytical-descriptive method. Documentation of the architectural features is based on gathering the library sources and field study. To achieve this purpose, some traditional houses of Ardabil dating back to the Qajar to Pahlavi eras have been considered in terms of physical elements and yard patterns. To do this research, 23 samples of traditional houses of Ardabil in the historical area of this city have been identified and then classified. The results obtained from the classification strengthened the idea of the dominance of rectangular form in the design of the houses. Houses with a yard built in a single front have the most frequency among the research samples. Also, due to the location of the Ardabil province in the mountainous regions, most of the days of the year have cold weather, and most of the daily activities are done inside the rooms. Therefore, due to the obtained frequencies, the ratio of open spaces was less than 40% of the site’s area on average.

Airflow in buildings is limited by walls, floors, and building roofs and it is possible to slow down unpleasantly, this slowdown, in addition to the imposition of an energy load, can have a harmful health impact on residents when there is energy shortage. Natural ventilation helps architects to minimize the cost of energy needed to create comfort conditions in the right way. In buildings with a central courtyard layout, the shape and proportions of the yard affect the pattern of flow and wind speed, and the size of the openings affects the volume and speed of the wind entering the building. Therefore, the present study has been carried out with the assumption that a significant relationship between openings and yard proportions of local residential houses can be found. Hot-arid climate has been chosen since it’s highly dependent on ventilation and Shiraz has been chosen as an example of cities in such climates. In search of the existence of recurring ratios in existing houses, case studies have been selected in a historical period with similar characteristics and minimal intervening factors. The descriptive-analytic research methodology is chosen using documentation, photography, field surveys, and software analysis. Finally, these relationships have been extracted from four-sided samples with courtyards by calculations of volume airflow, the proportions of courtyards, openings, wind-facing façade, built area, etc. The obtained ratios have a specific pattern in these studied cases, and the proportions have limited numerical range based on the characteristics of the buildings.

A study on the foundations of the formation of residential houses in different cities of Iran shows that there has always been a direct relationship between the climate, nature and residential architecture of Iran. Water element is one of the important elements of nature that has a special place in the architecture of traditional Iranian homes. In this research, it has been attempted to study the impact of climatic factors on the quality and quantity of water in the yard by examining the proportions of the pool and the yard in the residential architecture of various climates in Iran. The research method of causal correlation is comparative with deductive reasoning and its information is collected and documented. The systematic random sampling method was used and the statistical population consists of 32 houses of traditional Iranian homes in four different climates of the country. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the fact that climatic factors play an important role in determining the proportions of the pond and the courtyard in traditional Iranian homes. Climatic factors, independent variables, and pond and yard proportions are dependent variables of this research. The results of this research show that the formation of pond and yard proportions in traditional Iranian homes has been influenced by the climatic factors of the region.

Environment is one of the most useful terms in various issues such as architecture. Since the ultimate goal of architecture is to design the environment, explaining the existential-semantic nature of environment (which has turned out to be discussed less, having become a problem) can play a significant role in making the path of design and criticism purposeful. Hence in its highest level, the present paper scans the nature of environment in Iranian Islamic architecture. Conducted with rational arguments and relying on existence rating of phenomena in Iranian Islamic wisdom, the present article intends to study the meaning of the term “environment” as well as its equivalents in Persian, Arabic, and English, and extract some aspects of its nature. In addition, referring to Iranian-Islamic wisdom (and above that Quranic teachings), the scanning of semantic implications of environment will continue. Afterwards, the paper extracts the meanings of yard in Persian language, Islamic view, and Iranian Islamic architecture. Results show that material confinement is the first level of environment, wherein environment is an object that surrounds an emptiness, keeping other objects in itself. In this level, environment appears as a material position. The second level of environment is awareness of it as an area, distinct from the surrounding areas, whose audience are human minds, and lifestyle, events, and distinct behaviors along with distinguishing natural elements are contributory factors in distinguishing this area from its surrounding ones. Since life and awareness are considered two semantic layers of this level, environment reveals as a behavioral perceptual foundation. The third and highest level of environment is realized through acquaintance with surrounding of a better existence. Realized through symbols’ role, environment implies a spiritual settlement that consoles human soul. Obviously, these levels have been determined credibly and in reality, one can imagine a continuous spectrum of environment levels. In addition, results show that semantic implications of yard are closely related to those of environment. This confirms that the yard is like a synonym of environment, as a man-made space, being a sample or pattern of an Iranian-Islamic environment, in which all three levels have been epitomized.

Mosque, as one of the most prominent buildings of Islamic architecture has been influenced by constant subsystems and temporal as well as spatial variables and has passed its trend of formation and evolution or decline. As the architecture of Shiraz’s mosques finds their way at the very preliminary sanctuary pattern, different from many Iranian mosques, the paper tries to investigate the order and organization of it in the interaction with different and influential subsystems by focusing on the main body of this architecture, i.e. the sanctuary. Accordingly, the major question is how the sanctuary in historical mosques of Shiraz is organized and ordered. For this purpose, through studying the number, location, and proportion of the sanctuaries.  In every mosque, their order and organization can be analyzed. The results of this research contribute to recognizing the architecture of Shiraz’s historical mosques and the strategies of architects’ designs in the face of various issues. It can also be proposed to make some of these fixed principles applicable and perpetuate it in the architecture of contemporary mosques especially Shiraz’s mosques. The research method used in this study has been of descriptive-analytical as well as field study type. Data collection method has been of library and field observation type and use of sketches and maps. To this end, twenty-four historical mosques of Shiraz have been investigated. Considering Shiraz’s mosques, through studying three main parameters which have remained constant over time, the system of sanctuary organization has been examined. The most important parameter in the architecture of mosques is the direction of Qibla. It is followed by the site plan, based on which and through investigation of the policy of the designer in face of the two mentioned variables, the way it affects the variable of geometrical system and the proportions used in the sanctuary  locating in the architecture of mosques has been investigated. Therefore, first the literature review is presented. Then, having analyzed and investigated the mosques, eventually two types of sanctuaries organization within the architecture of mosques are recognized, for which Vakil and Nasir Almolk mosques are introduced as the examples of these two types.
However, in the investigation of the organization of sanctuary in Shiraz’s mosques, it is found that the organization is heavily influenced by two subsystems including cultural (the Qibla direction and no use of dome) and environmental (the ground shape and the neighborhoods) subsystems. At the end, with the centrality of the architect in the design policy, two distinctive organizations have been developed.
A key point evident in the studied issues imply precedence of following a certain system of proportions in the design and location of the sanctuaries of mosques, where the yard enjoys suitable proportions. Indeed, the sanctuary organization is highly related to the proportions of the yard, where in both types, there exists a dependence of the sanctuary organization on the proportions of yard suggesting the specific influence of the skeletal subsystem, i.e. the significance of proportions in the design.
Design, in the first step is initiated by determining the direction of Qibla and plotting the largest rectangle along with the Qibla direction. The other side of the yard is determined in proportion with the allocation of space to the sanctuary. In the next step, given the elongation of the plotted rectangle and its proportion with the Qibla direction, two states are developed. If the mosque elongation is along with the Qibla direction, the sanctuary is organized in the southern side, and in 65% of cases, with approximate proportions of one to two (the sanctuary depth to the yard ratio). 
However, of the yard elongation is vertical in relation with the Qiblah direction, then according the fact that the entire width of the plotted rectangle would be allocated to the yard, the mosque would lack southern sanctuary and the sanctuaries would be located at the east or west or both.
However, in similar cases (such as the Imam Mosque in Isfahan or Naein Mosque or even mosques such as Damascus Mosque) the priority is to locate the sanctuary at the south side, but this is different in the organization of sanctuaries in Shiraz’s mosques in the light of priorities including the yard proportions or existence of a number of limitations (access, the ground dimensions, etc.).

Limitations of metropolitan cities encourage developing residential complexes instead of small houses and on the other hand, neglecting the importance of the private yard in the contemporary architecture. In addition of providing accessibility to the sun light and natural ventilation, Open space affords an opportunity of direct connection to nature and creates a place for social interaction. According to the limited size of dwelling units, and based on the history of Iranian life relayed on the private yard; Open space provides an opportunity to develop and connect the internal activities to the exterior open space. Investigating contemporary open space is a base of successful design of residential open scape in a future. The aim of this research is exploring and making the typology of residential open space in order to increase concentration to the space between building and notice architects to design interior and exterior place simultaneously. Hence all residential complexes in the eight districts in the north of Tehran, allocated more than 65% of the site to the open space, were detected by satellite image and then were investigated by field survey. At the last stage, according to the block’s height, complexes’ scale and the style of open and close space arrangement, the dimensions of typology were molded. Result shows in Tehran designing open space does not have the priority in the design process, and main considerations are drawn toward interior space. In some cases open space is as a negative space between buildings. Due to existing intensive municipality law, designers have faced a lot of limitations to arrange residential blocks in the site. Therefore, creating a variety of open spaces and committing to the traditional courtyard are impossible. Analytical results indicate that tree dominant types of arrangement are free standing, linear and centralized blocks. Free standing blocks are the common type in the Tehran macro scale residential complexes. This type allows designers to create different space quality, for instance, hierarchy of private and public space. Linear arrangement is a conservative method founded on the existing context of the city. The paper concludes with some suggestions for the future researchers to create guidelines in order to increase the quality of residential open space.