جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Zoning » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The first step in developing the prevention and safety plan for cities is to identify the existing hazards and crises and to prioritize the risk factors according to historical records and scientific studies to explain the probability of danger. Flood is one of the most high-risk natural hazards that should be given particular attention in crisis management. The study aims to model and predict flood hazard according to the characteristics of Nowshahr port city in Mazandaran province using machine learning models. The criteria and indicators affecting flood hazard, including climate criteria (6-hour rainfall indicator), hydrological criteria (surface runoff height indicators, drainage density, and groundwater depth), topographic criteria (slope and altitude indicators), Soil science criteria (soil type indicator) and land use criteria (land use type indicator) were identified based on the literature review. The indicators were then converted into raster data in the ArcGIS environment and finally standardized by fuzzy method for using in models. K-nearest neighbor models (Fine KNN, Cubic KNN, Cosine KNN, Weighted KNN), decision tree (Fine tree, Medium tree, Coarse tree), ensemble learning (Subspace KNN)) and WLC were used in the present study for flood risk zoning. ROC method was used to validate the models and choose the best one based on assessing the accuracy and area below the diagram of the flood. The layers were prepared in the ArcGIS environment and transferred into MATLAB to perform the modelling process and define the coefficients. The results show that the ensemble learning model with an accuracy of 0.96 and the area below the graph of 0.90 is the best and the WLC model with the accuracy of 0.61 and the area below the graph of 0.62 is the weakest model of flood hazard prediction in Nowshahr. Therefore, the output result of the Ensemble (Subspace KNN) algorithm was chosen to present the final flood risk map.

Iran’s urban planning system has undergone many changes in recent decades. An issue that has had a significant impact on the development of Iranian cities has been that of building density in urban development plans. In order to address the issue, the present article was aimed at specifying the density of residential buildings in comprehensive plans of Iran’s provincial capitals since the preparation of the first plan so far and providing a typology thereof and explaining its features. This original descriptive-analytical article adopted a documentary data collection method with direct reference to access the data, analyzed simply through description of the relationships between them. The findings indicated that five different types of residential building density specification method could be identified: Traditional Method (with three subtypes: Reduction, Incremental, and Three-Level), Floating Method, Strategic-Structural Method, Combined Method, and Other Methods. On that basis, a historical trend was identified in the proposed typology, where each type or subtype in a certain period of the timeline has the greatest impact in specification of the density of residential buildings in cities. Moreover, the study of the historical evolution of such types demonstrated that laws approved by the upper hand and regulations concerning the issue of building density have functioned as turning points for application of these methods in Iran’s comprehensive urban plans. The adoption of the Regulations for Increasing Density and High-Rise Buildings by the Iranian Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Planning in 1990 turned the inverse relationship between the two variables of parcel size and building density into a direct relationship. This resulted in the development of open spaces and increase in building density in the municipal rules and regulations for construction and urban planning, considered particularly in the theoretical foundations and development patterns in plans. Another important factor in the shift from traditional to three-tier subtypes was the Rules and Regulations for Cities’ Residential Zoning to Apartment Complexes, Multi-households, and Single Units to Preserve Neighborhood Rights in Residential Units, ratified in 1992. Along with the earlier regulations, these induced a lasting change in the approach adopted in the plan to the issue of specifying building density. This approach causes the increase in the density of buildings to be conditioned upon increase in outdoor space, decrease in the level of residential infrastructure, avoidance of segregation, and observance of neighborhood rights through provision of light and sun and avoidance of overlook. Another influential factor that has led to the creation of a strategic-structural type involves the (Comprehensive) Strategic-Structural Plan of the city of Tehran, ratified in 2007, which was followed by nearly all the subsequent plans. Finally, the comprehensive plans of Tehran in 1969, 1991, and 2007 have played an important role in specification of density in other plans, where the widespread zoning of building density began from the comprehensive plan of Tehran ratified in 1969. In general, the study of density specification experiences in provincial capitals can provide urban planners and designers with guidelines for specification of the density of residential buildings. Thus, they can pathologize the existing methods and provide optimal density specification methods based on the requirements of each city and the internal and external advantages, so as to achieve the correct forecast in the use of resources, lands, natural environments, and infrastructures according to population capacity and upper-hand rules.

Zoning, which is considered as an approach to guide urban development, was brought up in the early twentieth century. Although the rules resulting from zoning have had positive consequences, there have a number of drawbacks such as urban sprawl, urban fabric disposal, inner city travel increase etc. In the meantime, appropriate forms for development and connection between public and private spaces have been disregarded due to consumedly concerning land use. The form-based code is an approach which was presented for solving this issue. The present study is regarded as applied research due to its external purpose, and as descriptive research due to its internal purpose. The transact approach has been applied in order to organize the case study, and data collection has been done through interviews, questionnaires and participatory meetings. According to the research purpose, which is to codify rules for urban development of the case study, namely district two of the city of Babolsar, the district was at first divided into T-zones on the basis of the defined criteria. Then, the Rules and Regulations were developed by analyzing large-scale and small-scale elements of the case study, and also by investigating the application of visioning findings by the rural-to-urban transect approach. Based on the results of the analyses, three zones (T3, T4 and T5) were defined in district two of Babolsar; The Rules and Regulating plan, which is a detailed equivalent to the Illustrative one, has been presented according to these T-zones. The results of the present study indicate the fundamental differences between traditional zoning methods and form-based code, most notably are as follows. Attention to future developments according to requirements; which explains that the emphasis of the form-based code method is to determine the important and influential generalities in the form and shape of the environment by using these rules. Accordingly, suggestions will be made in the form codes of the proposed foundation for future developments and the characteristics of these developments. For example, due to existing features, shortcomings and potential ones, the type of possible development is identified in the upcoming plans (traditional development, business center development, transport-centric development). Zoning mode; which emphasizes on the zoning of the city based on existing and proposed accesses in the zoning of Babolsar city, as discovered in its detailed plan. Accordingly, the city is divided into 3 districts and these areas into 11 neighborhoods. In the proposed zoning of this area, based on the form-based codes, factors such as population density, construction, residential, open space, usage, etc. are considered. In fact, emphasis has been placed on the zoning formation based on the extent and severity of the urban areas, so that the proposed laws and regulations for the zones are more coherent and coordinated and the possibility of realization is provided. Preparing the terms; which include the common zoning rules that are in fact the output of comprehensive and detailed plan, while the rules for zoning the form of its foundation in the form of a project are sat and developed. It defines the criteria according to the cognition performed in the three phases of the region. In this plan, there is no need to take a long time such as what happens in preparing a comprehensive plan, and detailed plan. The average time for the process of preparing, approving and communicating both comprehensive and detailed plans of the city was about 4 years, because studies of both plans are based on the status quo, and normally the presentation of a project with more than one year of existence is inadequate. Group participation; which includes attention to participation in the formulation of rules and regulations in form-based codes. While in the standard terms and conditions emphasizing that the writing of the rules and regulations should only be done by the experts, the use of stakeholders and stakeholders is reduced. Coordination with future plans, that explains that in fact, the foundation codes are guides for future development in the form of projects and plans. Utilizing and emphasizing the prospect sector in formulating the terms and conditions of form-based codes act as a guide to future development within the scope. The perspective of this approach will determine the general framework and future development framework, and next projects and plans will be based on the participation of different groups in the vision of the region. Differences in development control practices; which controls building regulations from the height of the building, the occupancy level of the building, along with the density of residential units per unit area. Whereas, in conventional zoning, emphasis is more on occupancy and construction density. Flexibility; which ultimately explains that increased flexibility in terms and conditions considering the prediction of zoning flotation rules for some buildings that these terms are less relevant in conventional zoning.

Land as a non-reproducible commodity is of an incontestable value. Zoning or urban land division known as practical urbanization is one of the important measures of urbanization to protect land values. The main impetus behind this study is to know whether the checked zoning pattern can be optimized for new residential areas using the experiences from traditional residential textures Iran and the world. This analytical-comparative study attempts to develop an optimal zoning pattern and a new conceptual-operational model by comparing the dominant zoning patterns in Iran with those in the world. The results of the comparative research show that the zoning patterns that are widely used in new residential development suffer from some major problems and the proposed new pattern can be a suitable alternative.

The overall goal of research is to explain the factors influencing vulnerability zoning district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability in the face of natural disaster flooding. According to the study, the criteria for the vulnerability of cities through previous studies, library studies and Delphi method, interviews of experts will be identified. And then fits the criteria, through the digitization process navigation data to the appropriate format to be imported into GIS. To identify relationships between the standards and the structure of the techniques used DEMATEL. The structure can be obtained through questionnaires completed by experts. Because of the importance of parity is not the way to gain weight ANP criteria will be used. In this study, the MATLAB software for the calculation of the benchmark (DEMATEL techniques) and the application of the criteria used to calculate the weight Super decision. For spatial modeling and vulnerability mapping in Tehran from model-based sorting option is based on profiles that it has removed some restrictions on former methods. This model through the design and incorporation of an extension (extension) using the Python programming language to ArcGis software will be operational. At the end of the six different areas of Tehran in terms of vulnerability to natural disaster will flood zoning. The results showed that a sector with high vulnerability in areas with population density and urban fabric, with an area in the South East is on. Without access to areas after flooding in the vulnerable urban fabric is very important.

During the last decade, upon formation of the design-led planning approach, the necessity of simultaneous and interactive consideration of urban planning and design was proposed. Since organizing the physical form of the city is one of the main elements of urban design, the recognition of city's physical features and the design of the built form became a focus towards the elevation of the urban environment's quality. The implication of this paradigm shift in zoning, as the strongest planning executive tool, was the introduction of the transect approach in which, other physical elements of the built environment -as well as the land use- are taken into account. In Iran, all the efforts towards preparation of design-oriented urban development plans and realization of this quality-oriented approach are neutralized by the dominance of the conventional land use-led and quantity-oriented zoning approach. The present paper, aiming at explaining the concept of transect zoning and introducing it as an approach for Implementation of the design-led planning, applies the urban morphology analyses as an analytical method to determine transect zones and describes the defining elements of the zones according to local circumstances. Such defining elements of the zones can be prescribed for more appropriate and aware allocations on the basis of the objectives of the urban development plans. Finally, the transect zones of the study areas, in District 1 of Isfahan city, are determined on the basis of the above mentioned elements.

Providing appropriate rural housing in the country is a critical and ever- increasing demand. Solving current problems, in the rural housing prospects of the country requires essential research and planning. The first step in any type of planning towards improving or rehabilitation of rural housing conditions in Iran demands comprehensive and macro level information and an overall correct classification in the territorial rural geographic zone of the country. This paper has been pursuing to introduce geographical district classification (or territorial zoning) across the country (i.e. the rural settlements network) in order to identify zones in which similar types of rural housing are located.The classification intends to recognize and highlight rural settlement zones in terms of district classification of similar spatial areas and similar types of rural housing. This research study has been pursuing the following - Identification of the basic (or lead) housing formation “types” across territorial zone of the country, cognition of the occurrence central point and the authority area of each major “housing type” and explaining how each of these types interact with environmental factors. - Determination of the role of each geographic, natural, climatic, social, economic, political, and … factors on formation of indigenous housing across territorial rural geography of the country. In line with the above two objectives, the following basic information has also been formulated and prepared that may be mentioned as notable achievements of the plan: - Brief and harmonized introduction of “transformed types” emerged from “basic types” and classified by province. This part of the work has uniformly collected the country’s available rural housing typology information from all provinces and classified in a predefined structure: - Information layered map of all parameters influencing rural housing formation, classified by different provinces - Basic ethnical zoning map of the country, in accordance with linguistic information Rural housing in Iranian territorial zones is classified into eight “lead types”, with “transformed types” located within each “lead types”. Since no clear and definite boundary can be defined to breakdown or classify “types”, in many cases, distinct boundaries have not been defined. This discussion focuses on “basic types”’ formation center (or concentration point) and on spectral study of their area of authority. Accordingly, rural housing formation zones of the basic (or lead) “types’” in Iran are as follows: Zone 1: The Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf littoral Zone 2: Caspian Sea fringes Zone 3: Mountainous Kurdish settling areas of West Zone 4: Azari settling areas in North West Zone 5: Mid Alborz district and eastern Zagros plains Zone 6: Settled Nomads and permanent residents of the western Zagros foothills Zone 7: Central and eastern plains of Iran Zone 8: Central highlands and plains in the central and eastern mountainous fringe areas In continue, effective environmental factors in rural housing in identified zones have been studied.Sstudies show that somefactorshave adecisiverole, based on whichthehousing formationis up built. The factors determinethehousing formation “types”, in a monopolistic appearance forsome “types”.

The importance of local decisions and their effects on different corporations and services is best known. Selection of suitable places makes it easier for the corporations to find and catch more customers، and hence، credit and financial institutes are always seeking the most proper locations for their activity centers. Achieving this goal depends mainly on identifying the effective criteria and effectiveness of each of the mentioned factors. This research is up to introduce a model in order to identify the optimum zones for installation of banks and credit and financial institutes'' branches using objective and subjective methods. In the first step، after identifying effective criteria and economical factors based on the pattern of customers and managers spatial behavior، spatial data were collected. In the subjective method، weight of each criterion was calculated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) after fulfillment of a paired comparative questionnaire by the expert. For spatial modeling and zoning the Grey Clustering Analysis (GCA) was used. Also، in the objective method the RBFLN neural network was used for spatial modeling. The Boolean combination function «AND» was used to combine the results of the two former methods. The results of combining the optimum classes constitutes of primary proposed zones. This process was conducted on each of the 22 regions of Tehran. Finally the model was evaluated for both objective and subjective methods، which suggest the significant performance of the model.

Urban planning and design evolutions in United States of America are coherently related to its special characteristics including federalism, private land ownership, liberal economies, dominance of car and sub urbanism, various social and political movements etc. In United States of America, state and local governments generally are responsible for public and welfare services and local planning plays as an essential tool in supporting people needs and requirements. There is strongly held belief in participation of all effective forces in the process of development limitation to authority in the decision taking is the most important characteristics of American urban planning and design systems so plans and regulation enactments have their legal process which official and chosen legislative organization like responsible councils do it. Local governmental administration of urban planning and design is responsible for regulation implementation.The title of responsible administrative organization may be different in each states from another and there are different patterns for managing cities in American urban management system. After tending to qualitative subjects and methods in American urban planning and design system, many positive and negative changes have happened in the land use and zoning regulation systems. This paper puts urban planning and design system of New York City under consideration. New York is one of the most important cities of United States of America and has a hexalayer urban planning and design system which each layer supports another one. A world city which different councils and related committees have key roles in it. Specific urban planning tools besides flexibility in programs, Plans and regulations comply urban planning duties.

While there are some successful hillside architectural patterns in rural areas of Iran which have been adapted to surrounding environment through the time, no special design regulations have been pre­sented locally to tackle with new hillside developments. In Tehran, developing urban texture towards hillside Alborz (northern mountains) together with threatening the existing rural settlements are con­sidered as future challenges for next generations. This article is presenting development regulations for hillside areas from viewpoint of a new approach. This research aims at conserving hillside identity and landscape by means of introducing new method for classification and codification in such areas. Presenting a comprehensive and smart process in managing and developing of hillside areas is cen­tral to this paper. Therefore, the main goals of this research would be: (i) protection of hillside areas as natural identity of human habitats and (ii) provision of spatial linkage between urban and natural areas. To achieve proper knowledge, the literature review has been done based on investigating exist­ing local rural and urban hillside areas of Iran. These types of settlements are mainly located in north and west mountainous part of Iran and their architectural typology considered as “out-arrangement” in contrast with “in-arrangement” which is more popular in central and desert parts of Iran, which both have been developed in response to climate and so called cultural characteristics. At the very first stage, the research process starts with investigating steep site areas characteristics together with de­sign principles of residential complexes. The next step would be dedicated to analyzing urban design guidelines particularly on hillside areas. In this step a conservative approach has been adopted in order to define how to protect the natural views and hillside landscape through investigating regulations and codification process in New York and Isfahan. Then there would be a comparative study of Tehran and New York guidelines which leads to presentation of local hillside development framework. Finally there is a pilot study to apply the research results in one of the urban hillside areas of Tehran: “Bagh Shater”. This area is a former rural and country-side settlement which has been surrounded with new urban development and now can be considered as a part of urban sprawl in north of Tehran. While exceeding the limits on highland development (land development in areas higher than 1800 meters) is threatening the environmental assets and landscape of Tehran, lack of proper regulations has tend to be inefficient and disharmonized building types can be seen in the area. The applied methodologies of the research are based on investigating capabilities and obstacles of hillside settlements, comparative study of various design guidelines, collaborating them with local land characteristics, and presenting local standards for hillside areas which leads to land developing regulation for hillside areas in north of Tehran. Finally, GIS has been used widely as a major technique to classify different urban typology of “Bagh Shater” hillside area, and to present it with new zoning regulations and design guidelines.