جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « building » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Following figures, buildings are the second most efficacious visual element in Persian painting. Even in the oldest paintings in which landscape was not expressive of the space, there used to be a building to organize the space in three dimensions. In the historical path of Persian painting, buildings had this role in all periods because Iranian artists used to illustrate stories in some of which a building, such as a royal palace, garden, fortress, castle, an alcove, or aula was a location of the fictional events.
In Persian painting, buildings are not only locations in which the stories take place, but they also narrate the unwritten parts of stories or as Stephen G. Nicholas (1989) argues, they uncover “textual unconscious”. Having some features such as being crowded or vacant, having one or multi floors, and simple or complicated plans, buildings can inspire viewers with different perceptions of spatial structure, some of which do not proceed with the written texts.
Based on the three-dimensional Cartesian coordination system, representation of buildings can expand the picture space along the three dimensions. It increases the height by depicting multiple floors. It opens the field of view through arrangement of the rooms and halls side by side, and enlarges the width of the scene, as well. In addition, it develops depth of the scene by placing the represented figures inside and outside the buildings. By doing so, several picture planes are formed in the scene; so a viewer understands the depth clearly.
While representation of buildings provides many visual facilities for painters, it also troubles them in case of displaying the 3rd dimension on the sheet. Since a building is a hollow and polyhedron geometric volume (especially cubes or cuboids), and since it needed to be displayed on the two-dimensional paper, painters were in need of applying some methods to create visual errors for the viewers, so that they could perceive the third dimension. Persian painters used to untangle the troubles of these methods since the medieval era.
This research, based on the idea about buildings’ roles and visual facilities, probes the functions and consequences of representations of buildings in Persian paintings, and shows how Iranian painters used to fabricate the illusive 3rd dimension to place the visual elements on three axes: height, width, and depth. Although some scholiasts believe that Persian painting is a two-dimensional art and Persian painters used to avoid displaying perspective deliberately, scrutiny of master artworks reveal Persian painters’ endeavor to display picture space, especially the 3rd dimension. As it were, same as we know about efficiency of three-dimensional representations based on the coordination system, Persian painters were experienced in efficiency of the buildings’ representation to expand the three-dimensional space. Clearly, it does not mean that Persian artists used to adopt Cartesian coordination system to organize the picture space. However, it can be argued that they could understand it either intuitively or based on their contemporary scientific achievements.
As it has been mentioned before, Persian painters, similar to the renaissance guild mates, used various methods to display the picture space; these methods were not the same as those used by the renaissance artists. This difference should not cause modern viewers to assume that Persian painting was two-dimensional art. Persian painters never established the vanishing point. Therefore, the modern viewers fail to perceive a three-dimensional space in Persian painting. As a result of this many questions emerged, some of which arise from the fact that modern art researchers have neglected to compile the history of Persian painting’s evolutions of methods and techniques, especially about picture space. The present research tries to address some of these questions that are listed below.

When did the first attempts of displaying the picture space take place in Persian Painting and which manuscripts contain them?
What were the roles of different Persian painting schools in legislating, changing, and confirming the rule of representation of the picture space?
What were the main challenges in establishing the methods of displaying the three-dimensional space?
What visual facilities were produced as a result of the establishment of these methods?

To shed light on Persian painting’s rules and styles in representing the picture space and to answer these questions, I analyzed around 100 illustrated Persian manuscripts, created between 12th to 16th centuries and selected more than 400 paintings each including a building (e.g., a castle, palace, mosque, etc.). To analyze the picture space in these paintings, I focused on the expansion of the space along height, width, and depth, based on which I answered the research questions. The results of this research are as follows:
The Expansion of Height: Displaying multistorey buildings is one of the most reputed methods to expand the height. Persian painters used to draw a two/three-storey building for this purpose and sometimes break the picture frame to continue the picture, especially since Ilkhanid era onwards. By doing so, the view could be stretched to the top of the paper, and beyond the frame.

In addition to the expansion of height, multistorey buildings had other functions in Persian painting. Two of the most frequent functions are inspiring symbolic concepts and presenting inverted height. In some paintings, dating back to the 15th century, several angels can be seen on roof-tops and other creatures arranged on the lower floors. Based on the verses surrounding these painting, viewers could recognize this arrangement as a symbolic representation of the chain of beings. Similarly, some multistorey buildings in the 15th-16th century paintings do not represent height. Buildings in these paintings which have been drawn based on the plans of the old hammams (bath houses), were arranged vertically in a way that the top floor (i.e., an apodyterium) represented the proceeding room and the entrance to the building. In this type of arrangement, drawing one room (i.e., a tepidarium) under the other does not represent a basement, but a sequential order. Therefore, in these paintings two-storey buildings do not show a real height.

The Expansion of Width: Since pre-Mongol period, to give viewers a sense of width, Persian painters used to display several rooms side by side. Other innovative methods were added/created during the following eras. One of the most creative methods was placing a building at the far right/left side of the picture frame, as if the picture frame was interrupting the continuation of the sight and preventing the viewer from seeing the rest of the building. This way, the width of scene could be recognized wider than what the painter actually had drawn on the sheet.
The Expansion of the Depth: Persian artists used to display the depth of scene based of two principles in painting that are as follows:Arranging Picture Planes: The oldest illustrated manuscripts reveal that their painters knew organizing picture planes and adjusting the distance between them will display the depth clearly. Having multiple sides (i.e., outside/inside and back/front), buildings provided great opportunities for the creation of depth. By placing some figures behind a window, through which those people looked at the main scene, Persian artists could communicate a sense of depth to their viewers.
Representation of a Building's Volume: Persian artists, especially since Ilkhanid period, started the first efforts to draw a three-dimensional building. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, Persian painters gradually overcame difficulties in displaying buildings’ volumes. The most important achievements and methods in this path are as follows:

Lateral, vertical or climbing staggering;
Multidirectional walls;
Interior space of buildings;
Hexagonal and octagonal plans;
Trapezoidal façades inside the buildings;
Separated interior space created by non-load bearing walls;
A combination of all methods.

The sense of security is one of the main human needs, and the sense of insecurity violates the first condition for human presence in the environment and makes it impossible for humans to do their daily activities. This research considering the importance of the topic and the need to categorize the research literature for future research have been investigated and analyzed the components affecting the sense of security in built environments. The research method in this article is qualitative and related information has been collected in a documentary approach and the analysis of the resulting information has been done based on content analysis. The classification of the components affecting the sense of security in built environments (non-urban scale) based on the frequency of repetition shows that the most frequent components affecting the sense of security in people are respectively control and monitoring access to space and readability and penetration and the least repeated components include service delivery view and landscape, cultural factors, furniture and centralism. Also, in order to use the results in a more practical way, the related components have been analyzed and categorized based on residential, educational and commercial uses.

Increasing energy consumption in buildings has result in environmental issues and have led many researchers to explore ways to reduce fossil fuel consumption. One of the most cost-effective and logical ways to use energy resources in residential buildings is to use passive solar systems such as sunspaces.Sunspaces are passive systems that can easily be integrated into the structure of a building, whether it is under construction or already completed. The primary role of passive sunspace systems is to collect solar energy, accumulate it inside, and transfer it to other living areas. In addition, sunspaces also serve as buffer zones, protecting the indoor space from excessive heat loss.The design of building with a sunspace can be improved if the method of energy performance simulation is accompanied by optimization algorithms. Building optimization can include a variety of goals, such as energy, environmental, economic, etc. Use of passive systems in residential buildings can provide a substantial portion of passive solar heating, but the degree of efficiency of sunlight depends on numerous parameters, such as climatic parameters. In this paper, the effects of sunspaces on energy gain and reducing energy consumption are presented. The best known stationary methods, such as those used in the EN ISO 13790 standard do not yield sufficiently accurate results. Dynamic simulation methods that can determine energy needs of buildings more precisely require computer support and more time for the simulation to be performed.The energy performance of the sunspace was calculated using parametric modeling in Grasshopper software and Rhino software and energy simulation was carried out using Energyplus. Simulations were performed according to the climate of the city of Sanadaj,which is located in a cold climate area, Meteorological data considered in the model represent a meteorological year.The proposed method of performance optimization utilizes various tools and technologies including parametric design, building simulation modeling, and Genetic Algorithms. To achieve simulation goals, different models of sunspace with different dimensions and orientations in Sanandaj have been studied. Modifications of the the models included different proportions of sunspace dimensions, orientations, , and the use of different thermal insulations.The orientation, towards the south, receives the highest energy, and with a ,20 degrees rotation to the west or east, the highest amount of energy can be gained. Examination of sunspace models with 3 percentages of window-to-wall ratio: 40%, 50% and 60% showed that the 50% percent WWR is more desirable compared to other models. The highest increase in energy absorption to help reduce the heating load during the cold season occurs when the sunspace has the longest length, ie 5 meters, because in this case, the southward is increased and the desired depth is 1 meter while by reducing or increasing this amount, solar energy gain is reduced. Also, to improve the performance of the sunspace, the use of conventional thermal insulation has been investigated. Polyurethane with a thickness of 10 cm has the lowest efficiency in terms of reducing energy consumption in the sunspace, while other insulating materials with similar thichness are more effective.

In the subject of climate and architecture, the most impressive element of building against climate factors is the roof of building. The energy received by the roofs in summer is much more than other building walls which leads to increase the energy consumption of the cooling system in the space under the roof. On the other, the major of energy consumption in cooling, electric energy is considered as more expensive energy that will have a large share in household consumption costs. In winter, the heat loss of the roof from inside to outside leads to an increased in energy consumption of the heating system. It affects the residential energy consumption significantly. One applicable recommendation for decreasing heat transfer is to use green roofs. In green roofs due to vegetation, soil and various layers, the heat is converted to moisture through evaporation, and generated cooling leads to cooling of buildings. In other words, green roofs help reduce heat fluctuations, shade and increase heat capacity to cool the space under the roof in the summer and winter heating On the other hand, all effective parameters on the thermal performance of green roofs must comply the climate conditions of the region.

these two questions arise: What are the effects of green roof layers on optimizing the thermal performance and energy consumption of residential building as well as thermal comfort of the people living in the climate of Dezful city? And what are the best details of the green roof in terms of reducing domestic energy consumption in the geographical location of Dezful? Research Aimes: This study is aimed at investigating the effective parameters of green roofs on improvement of their thermal performance as well as proposing a suitable green roof design for of Dezful city, Iran.Research

For this purpose in initial studies and by proving the needs, the present study is based to complete the basic knowledge about various aspects of green roofs and the principals of their design and implementation via a qualitative study and comprehensive investigation of literatures. followed by investigating the influence of various indexes and effective parameters on thermal performance of green roofs for residential building is modeled in the climate conditions of Dezful via an experimental research method and transferring the data obtained from resources, statistics given by the weather station of Dezful as well as “Dview” and “Climate Consultant” software to the simulating software of “Design Builder”.All results were compared with an ordinary roof and Finally, the most optimum situation for the layers composing the green roof of this region was determined.

Measurements have revealed that the thermal performance of green roofs in the climate conditions of Dezful is affected by herbal species containing wide leaves with high cover have the greatest impact on reducing the cooling and heating load of the building and reducing its costs. After than, low growth and low depth of growing media can also reduce the cost of cooling and heating. The effect of the green roof with air layer, insulation layer and use of rubber crumbs as drainage layer is lower than the previous three factors, but its use is valuable. In general, the modification of green roof layers has resulted in 8.42 kWh/m2 energy reduction which is equal to 29.2% of the total energy consumption of the simulated building and consequently results in an annual saving of 1291.037 $ from the energy consumption costs.

The most important step in planning and designing the urban green space is the sustainable development and improvement of the productivity of the city's green spaces. It is for this purpose that nowadays urban green spaces are designed with multiple functions. In this regard, one of the neglected functions of urban green spaces is the defensive uses of plants in the form of protecting key city buildings and even public spaces against accidental and intentional explosions, including terrorist attacks. In this research, first, by using library studies, materials related to this field were collected, and in order to obtain a survey from the community of experts, consisting of 26 people, a questionnaire for weighting the effective indicators and also giving points to each of Options are provided. In the following, using the SWARA method, the opinion of the experts was analyzed and the importance and weight of each of the influential indicators was obtained, and finally, the types of tree arrangement were examined using the COPRAS method. The results show that the best arrangement of trees to reduce the effects of explosions on buildings is a dense arrangement, followed by the topographical arrangement of the area. Vertical and linear layouts are known as the worst layouts for reducing blast effects on buildings.

Urban growth is a vegetative process that crystallizes as an accumulative process, shaping the city spatial structure over decades. In this way, current activities are deposited on the urban fabric through construction, and improve and develop the urban form in response to the changing needs of its time. Since the construction manager at the city level is the city management; and governance is a central issue on the path to sustainable development; the research’s problem is "How to perform a governance system for the management of Tehran’s urban development". In this regard, the scientific descriptions of the country's experts on the realities and desirability of the urban construction management system are considered as a face of truth; and the researcher, in order to understand it, uses the thematic analysis strategy as one of the qualitative method. In this regard, out of 789 sources updated in the country's scientific databases, 65 were methodically sampled. The results of this fundamental research showed that according to Iranian experts, the urban construction management system of Tehran can be considered as "Tehran’s urban construction governance", when it has a respectable, reliable and significant nature. In other words, by pursuing "fair, balanced and empowering growth", it has sought to "solve the physical and spatial problems of the city of Tehran" in order to achieve "sustainable and affordable product"; and follows this path by "relying on endogenous capacities based on local values" by a "cooperative, efficient and collectivist organization" and in "facing the legal-executive challenges of Tehran’s urban management

High energy consumption in human settlements has increased environmental pollution. More than 40% ofthe country's energy is consumed in buildings, most of which is spent on heating, cooling and lighting of indoor spaces. This process can be reduced by taking measures such as optimizing the thermal insulation of the exterior shell of the building. This is especially important in cold climate residential buildings, which have the highest temperature fluctuations.

What effect does the use of polystyrene in the shell have on reducing energy consumption in the cooling and heating sections of residential buildings in cold climates?

Eleven residential units in the city of Hamadan were selected as a sample and the thermal insulation information of their outer shell, which was based on the use of polystyrene layers, was recorded. The samples were observed for one year in the operation period in terms of the actual amount of energy consumption. Then, a model of each sample was constructed in Design Builder software and energy consumption analysis of each was performed. The results obtained from the software outputs were compared with the actual energy consumption of the samples and the deviation of the software reports from the real state was determined. Then, in the software models, changes were made in the physical shell and by removing polystyrene, the usual materials without thermal insulation were replaced and the energy consumption of the samples was simulated again in the latter case. After applying the deviation due to actual consumption error and simulation to the outputs of the new model, the energy consumption of each sample in the state without thermal insulation was normalized and compared with the consumption in the state with thermal insulation.

The results showed that the use of polystyrene in the outer shell of the building leads to a 43% increase in cooling load and a 27% decrease in heating load based on the conditions of each sample during different months of the year. The combined effect of cooling and heating loads in total indicates a decrease in the thermal load of the building in general during one year. This decrease is 25.9% equal to 34802.9 kWh for the first sample units and 32.6% equal to 30648.3.3 kWh for the second sample units during one year.

The sun is one of the two most important sources of energy that should be addressed because it does not require advanced and expensive technologies and can be used as a useful source of energy in most parts of the world. The impact of climatic elements on residential environments is one of the practical topics of meteorology. In recent years, it has been important to harmonize buildings and residential environments with the prevailing climatic conditions and due to the high cost of energy in the world. In this study, hourly data of climatic parameters (humidity, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and sundial) have been used. Using Squre one software, Ecotect data analysis was performed and also the amount of energy received by the building through indirect radiation (absorption through walls and ceiling) was calculated. The results of the study of these calculations show that the peak Energy is between 16-16 hours. This is the time when materials with thermal delay are used in the building for an average of only 6-7 hours. The amount of energy from solar radiation for the building (penetration through windows, entrance doors and openings) was calculated for all three parts of the sample building designed for Tehran. The section plays a very effective role in reducing the internal energy of the building and cooling the air inside the building.

Today, the overwhelming consumption of energy has become one of the most critical concerns of human life. The implementation of solutions to reduce energy consumption in buildings is becoming increasingly important. One of the most important factors determining the amount of energy received by a building is the general form of a building and the amount of its porosity. Considering the self-shading as an efficient passive cooling solution in hot and humid regions, the present study investigates the effect of porosity on self-shading and heat absorption amount.

The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical, and simulations are conducted by Ecotect 2011 to explore self-shading potential and the amount of received solar energy.

Investigations indicated that the modification of terrace depth does not influence the amount of received solar energy significantly. A comparative study of the porous models revealed that the U-RL models have the best and R-RL models have the worst performance from the viewpoint of self-shading and solar heat absorption.

The implementation of porosity into solid models does not always improve the shading potential. Optimization of building self-shading depends on the comprehensive study and essential simulations that subsequence the design period.

Despite of its important and widespread ethical dimensions, architecture has long been studied and considered as aesthetics, rather than ethics. Any free and autonomic action of human is subject to moral observance and judgment. To build is the most fundamental activity in architecture and has many effects on human, natural environment and built environment. Therefore, it should be a subject of moral judgment. On the other hand, the relation between theory and practice is unavoidable, and ethical theory, which is essentially “prescriptive” and refers to “ought” and “ought not”, has a profound connection with acting and building. The philosophy of ethics, is the study of justifying the ethical positions and reasoning behind our moral beliefs. Normative ethics is a main branch of philosophy of ethics that generally examines good (right) and bad (false) affairs, and examines how to determine morally right and false actions. Three types of theories can be identified in the normative ethics, according to the type of attention to the results of the acts: 1) “Consequentialist theories” (includes Egoism and Utilitarianism), in which merely the result of the acts determines goodness and evil of the acts. 2) “Non-consequentialist theories” (includes Natural law theory, Divine command theory, Kant theory), in which the result does not determine goodness and evil of the acts. 3) “Virtue ethics”, in which the concept of ‘virtue’ is vital and central. Each of the normative ethical theories has some particular general position and criteria. Special opinion of these theories about ‘building in architecture’ can be deduced and inferred from their basic and general principles and viewpoints. This research is developmental, in terms of purpose; and its approach is qualitative. The research method is descriptive-analytic and it is based on rational reasoning. The purpose of this article is to study the perspectives of two important theories of normative ethics (virtue ethics and Kantian ethics) about building in architecture. How does define the desired and acceptable building in these two moral perspectives, and what kind of architecture will be result from these two theories? In the first part of the article, that is descriptive, it has been tried to identify and introduce the principles and criteria of two theories of virtue ethics and Kantian ethics through referring to the technical texts of ethics. In the second part of the article, which is analytical and argumentative, it has been tried to infer the basic instruction and their point of view on the acceptable building in architecture through reflecting on the basics and criteria of each theory, with logical reasoning method, and it has been tried to provide some evidences and examples in confirming the inferences. The Research results show that, firstly, there are several deep and serious differences between these two ethical theories; and, second, there is direct relationship between virtue ethics and traditional architecture and between Kantian ethics and contemporary architecture. On the other hand, each of us, often subconsciously, follows rules and maxims in our actions, that can be considered as kind of moral theory. If everyone be aware of his/her ethical position and reasoning for his/her ethical rules that governing his/her actions, he/she can criticize, deepen and transcend them. This paper can also be helpful in this regard.

Different preferences of people related to the selection of favorite home are affected by type of needs and amount of supplement of them in their desired home. Now, if the environment of a house is organized that can be supply some of the needs of its inhabitants, they feel satisfied and their intentions are increased for staying in it. While on the contrary, if the person is not satisfied with the environment in which he/she resides eventually it leads to leaving that place. So it seems that, there is a mutual relationship between the type of residential preferences of individuals and their degree of satisfaction with their living environment. It means, by knowing the factors that can increase satisfaction of a residential environment one can find things that affected on people selection to choose a place to live in. On the one hand, because the dominant pattern of living in contemporary cities in our country is the apartment pattern and on the other hand, because the place of residence of a human is not limited to the framework home in which it resides. Therefore, in this research, the analysis of preferences of individuals in the three scales of home, building and neighborhood was studied. On the other hand, given that tenants, due to their livelihood, constantly face the issue of choosing housing and preferring one to another, therefore, these individuals were selected as the target community in this research. Research spatial domain, is the city of Mashhad and the statistical population of the study was estimated 384 people that they were randomly selected from residents of all neighborhoods of the city. Data was collected through a questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions. Then data were analyzed by SPSS Software. In data analysis, F-test and Freedman test were used. The obtained results indicated that, in the three investigated scales the residential preferences of the people are as follows: Choosing the neighborhood in the first priority, selecting the home and its characteristics in the second priority, and finally selecting the building in the third priority. Moreover, among the indicators related to the above levels, indicator of spatial characteristics in relation to home, Security indicator in relation to building, city accessibility and position indicator in scale neighborhood are at the highest level of importance in ranking the preferences of individuals relative to their different scale of residence.

Iran is a vulnerable country to natural disasters which has experienced different disasters during the time. Lack of reliable information and documentation of post-reconstruction experiences is mentioned as one of the main weaknesses of the reconstruction programs in Iran. For instance, after the Ferdows destroying earthquake in 1968, any documentation has not yet been presented in reconstruction. It is obvious that the documentation of previous reconstructions programs and surveying them can be useful and prevent similar mistakes. But, it should be declared that most of this information or evidences which can be used for the similar future programs are not gathered and also not available.
In late August and early September 1968, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck Ferdows town. Subsequently, survivors were divided into two groups in order to reconstruct the city. One group led by one of the religious leaders started reconstructing in the area-currently named Islamiyeh town a few kilometers above Ferdows. The government reconstructed the east of the old town for the other group who stayed in Ferdow. However, some of them didn’t utilize the governmental buildings and started to construct their own houses in Ferdows. Presently, according to the author’s research, life exists among both Islamiyeh and Ferdows towns after 48 years of construction. In the current research, it has been tried to accomplish the procedure of the reconstruction, carried out by both the government and native people based on the recognition of the reconstruction process and the final outcome in macro level (i.e. City) and micro level (i.e. Housing).
The research is an analytical documentation of the qualitative methodology that qualitative analysis completes it. The main methods of data collection in this thesis are observation and its documentation, depth interviews with at least 65 years old people and documentation review. These sets of data are collected from written and non-written sources, like newspapers, journals, books, articles, and interviews. After this step, the data are categorized and analyzed with methods that applied in qualitative methodology.
Ultimately, according to the research, it could be concluded that both of governmental and native reconstruction after 48 years is sustainable. It means people and authorities knew how to accomplish reconstruction. But in governmental reconstruction, the major consideration pertains to promoting the quality of buildings and retrofitting. On the other hand, the native reconstruction paid special attention to indigenous cultures and customs. I.e. in governmental quarters of Ferdows, it has been given excessive consideration to improve the strength of structures and performance of the town and building. Consequently, lead to neglect indigenous cultures, customs and the needs of the survivors in designing the town and structures.
In the native built regions in Ferdows and Islamiyeh, It has been paid special heed to the house and urban development in accordance with cultural, social and economic needs of the people. Therefore the lack of knowledge in anticipating the development of the town in the future, urban facilities, and reinforcement of buildings resulted in neglecting urbanization and architectural aspects in reconstruction.

Building is related to the city in every respect. They are a natural response to the accumulation of population and cost of land. Building will be resulted to justify his answer to the concept of the design and building results. Buildings in the city in terms of resistance and stability need to take advantage of structural systems are appropriate. Steel sheer wall system is interesting to researchers for the good performance in absorbing lateral forces such as earthquakes and for this reason used in normal and high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone countries is used. In few cases, it is unavoidable to make openings because of applying architecture and beautification’s needs and also nonstructural considerations like position and path of installation systems. Requirements openings in Steel shear wall system like all structural systems are necessary to the terms of architecture and design considerations. In these cases openings must be large enough in size and number so they can be used in the cases cited. The creation of such large openings could severely change the stress distribution within the wall and often the failure mode affects the behavior of the wall loaded. The main question of this article is the causes off multiple openings and the behavior of steel shear wall system with multiple openings. In this article the effect of the position and arrangement of multiple openings on the behavior of this type of wall has been studied in terms of performance by using nonlinear dynamic analysis. For this purpose a set of seven earthquake ground motions were appropriately selected and applied to the systems and the results were analyzed.

Today، «city identity» problem (city identity crisis) is one of the fundamental issues in Iranian cities، often in developing countries. Iranian cities are expanded، however، their appearance is unreadable، lacking city identity and generating all kinds of crises. City with no identity loses its power to leading “citizens'' public unconscious«. Facades as one of the components in city landscape and urban landscape include symbols and identifying signs that are affected by factors such as climate، culture، history، economy and etc. In recent years، constitution of facade design''s terms and holding design competitions has been occurred to revive the identity of Islamic- Iranian architecture actions such as modeling in time-worn textures، leading to the acceptance of common shares of public and private areas on facades. However، disproportionate use of these two areas on different facades continues to cause a chaotic perspective view of the city. For instance، during renovation of worn-out textures، under the pretext of facilitating the renovation due to residents’ weak economy، municipality has failed in its duty to defend the public''s right. In spite of enhancement in safety and interior spaces quality in renovation process، vulnerability will occur: “identity-less and place-less“، in the absence of regulations and by Architects’ neglect and overcoming economic aspects. This article studies the pathology of new building facades and reminds the necessity of the presence of professionals and the need to improve the role of public area for leading identity of facades، by using the experience of renovation of worn out textures in district 17 Tehran. NAZAR RESEARCH CENTER CONSULTING ENGINEERS during years 2013 and 2014 has emphasized on the forgotten rights through the renovation policies of the municipality by using observing and study library data collection method. One of the key policies of the renovation organization is to increase public participation. Entrust the renovation to public sector makes it dynamic and sustainable. Nevertheless in the absence of experts، necessary public training and efficient rules، such urban textures will reflect cultural and identity problems of its residence. There is a direct connection between “townscape and city landscape” and “the life style and knowledge of its citizens”. But the cases in which unresponsive appearances of dilemmas and Social vulnerabilities intensify these problems and lead to new crises، the public sector and experts’ contribution is to be intensified. This can be achieved through constituting clear and efficient rules even simple، specialized trainings to designers and public education.

The surfaces made of natural and artificial elements such as stone, brick, soil and non-arable land has are called, "hard landscape". In Persian Garden pattern, soft and hard surfaces are clearly separated from each other and this is visible in distinct areas. Although the gardens constructed in Indian Mughal kings era have followed the manner of Iranian gardening in terms of design pattern, building blocks and elements, and they can be called a species of Iranian gardens, but there exist some differences between them with the main examples, which can be observed with presence in the garden. The difference in hard landscape is one of these occurrences. In Indian gardens with Persian pattern, hard surfaces and floor-building are more extensive compared with those of Iran and more extensive garden and this significantly influenced the garden landscape in an obvious and perceived way. This study attempts to challenge the hard landscape difference, investigating the elements and characteristics of the garden environmental design and examining Indian examples. Accordingly, it is determined that the extension of hard surfaces and their geometric order based on straight lines and orthogonal angles in the absence of dense vegetation cause that Indian garden be perceived as more regular than Persian garden and its hard landscape find a double manifestation. In order to prove this, the hard landscape elements and qualities obtained by using them in Indian garden design are examined for the visual and perceived impact of proportionality change between the hard and soft landscape of garden to be specified in viewer’s look.