جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « place » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The cultural landscape, as a subsystem of the landscape, is influenced by rural development as a process towards village advancement. In recent years, the villages of Kuhdasht County in Lorestan, as villages caught between the duality of city and countryside, have been damaged by colonial development plans that, although adopted with the promise of rural improvement, have led to the destruction of the village identity. This article examines three villages—Khosrowabad, Pai Astan, and Abolvafa—in Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, through field observation. It appears that the development plans, without consideration of the village’s cultural landscape or merely objective attention to cultures, have undertaken actions under the illusion of development but have gradually altered or destroyed the heritage, values, and identity of the people. To protect the cultural landscape of villages as a form of development, it is necessary for development plans to be place-based and to consider the diversity and differences of cultures, with actions tailored to each specific area.

The Hadi plan, referred to as a plan for change and transformation in the physical-structural of villages, is part of the rural development process, the preparation and implementation of which is within the framework of the planning system, with criteria and regulations that affect the structure of villages, especially the value of land. Determining and establishing a legal boundary for the village, as well as the necessity of construction and development therein, has led to changes in land prices in villages, turning the village into a capital commodity guided by government organizations with a policy of concentration-based development, undergoing fundamental changes and transformations. Under the government’s focus on Rural Guide plans (such as Hadi plan) and its agentive and linear perspective to their formulation, which has led to the standardization of most plans, as well as the lack of public participation in development plans, numerous problems have risen from the planning stage to implementation in the projects. This study is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected through library research and field study, which is the result of a four-day trip to Kohdasht region of Lorestan province. This study seeks to find out why the present society, despite rural guide plans, is witnessing the lack of environmental quality in the physical and non-physical fields and lack of satisfaction in the development of the village? During a field visit to Pay-e Astan village in Lorestan’s Kohdasht region, it seems that the failure to realize development plans in the action stage is mainly due to the inability to understand and identify the environmental characteristics and territorial values of the village in the stage of developing the plan. The realization path of Rural-Guide plans requires a detailed knowledge of the location and attention to the landscape layers in the planning process. The requirement for this is the inclusion of a stage in the description of spatial planning document compilation services under the title of reading landscape layers, in which landscape layers are discovered with the help of a landscape expert and the participation of the local community, after which, territorial values are identified. This process will lead to the preparation of a Place-based program that guarantees the sustainable development of the village.

The environment around people can affect the formation of their behavior. If the environment does not play the desired role, a part of the chain of moral guidance of the individual and consequently the society will be disturbed. The question of this research is about what are the physical characteristics of the environment that supports ethical behavior. The purpose of the research is to provide physical examples for the environment that can provide a suitable platform for moral actions from the perspective of Islamic thought. This research has been done with qualitative approach and analytical descriptive method and using library resources. In order to answer the research question, the nature of behavior and types of ethical behavior were investigated first. Then the influencing factors on behavior were studied, one of which was the surrounding environment. After that, theories related to how the environment affects behavior were discussed. By examining the environment at three perceptual, behavioral, and physical levels, some of the moral orders found in religious sources at two perceptual and behavioral levels, under the title of religious anthropology and religious sociology, were identified and the factors causing disruption in these orders were identified. Finally, relying on the enabling nature of the environment and the theory of The Holistic Sacredness of Space, physical examples related to each of the perceptual and behavioral parts of the environment were presented in public spaces. With the realization of the physical characteristics presented regarding each of the levels of the environment, we can hope that the environment will become a platform for moral affairs.

In the urban landscape design process at Tehran University, one phase is dedicated to the “design imagination” (see A Landscaped Approach in Urban Design, Mansouri & Farzin, 2016) Students are supposed to read the place of the design and functional planning of the project and then conceive a single and integrated identity for the final product. In addition to the actual requirements for the design of an area such as geographical and functional conditions, historical monuments, and the transportation network, they incorporate citizens’ understanding of the area. The outcome of such integration is a narrative of the design that is reminiscent of fantasy which preserves the design’s spatial identity while maintaining the area’s actual and spatial capabilities. This method is the product of a new approach to place and landscape, which plays a fundamental role in the process of space restoration by helping to understand the target area for design.
By highlighting this point of view in the reading space of city restoration, landscape, architecture, and related arts, the journal of “Revitalization School” hopes to contribute to the development of scientific literature, highlighting the significance of using modern knowledge in the process of development and progress of society. In doing so, this journal intends to get the support of academic specialists while also enlisting the involvement and help of young scientists in their ongoing research and the use of novel techniques to address societal issues. This journal  declares that it is prepared to accept and present research findings within the journal scope from Iranian and foreign scholars.
The picture on the cover of this issue was prepared by Alireza Afzali, who designed the surrounding environment of Toghrol Tower in Ray city to create a communal space. His depiction is a fantasy-like and surrealist narrative, like a nightdream of reality, whose characteristic elements can be distinguished.

Village and city are the only official categories in the classification of human social life. This division includes the period when early humans stopped wandering and living in caves and settled down. The name of this period has been given as the agricultural revolution, which is based on settling and living in a fixed place. Since then, the stability of the place of residence has been recognized as the essence of human and societal growth, and its product has been named civilization. Civilization means the achievements of the Madinah, referring to the array of manners that the urban man adopted by dividing work and having more spare time to foster his culture and relationships. Given that compared to villages, customs were higher in the cities, the term civilization was selected to reflect supposedly the product of his urbanization. Comparatively, the village connoted a kind of backwardness and lack of development, which was documented by his place of residence. In naming, any manners originating from the city are superior to rural manners and customs because they reflect a higher level of knowledge and mastery over nature. Neither the divider nor the essence of division in this naming can be said to echo integrity but is the locus of occurrence. As the application of civilization to every movement of urban dwellers is against common sense and general human understanding, its accuracy makes it clear how important "place" is in the classification of human understanding of perfection and transcendence. So instead of providing a single spiritual criterion to explain perfection, he used an index that leads to a material criterion (city or village). In this approach, every act arising from urban life is a sign of superiority and a manifestation of civilization, even if it is not in line with rational and moral standards. In contrast to this naming, the Qur'an's approach is to separate the village and the Medina, which, instead of depending on the population or the type of production, has defined the characteristics of integrity as a criterion for the separation. "In the Qur'an, the word Medina has been used 14 times and village 60 times... In the Qur'anic terminology, all settlements on earth have been identified with the sign of a village, unless they are compatible with special criteria... The criteria of the Qur'an in identifying a city include the cultural competence of individuals and the presence and residence of a prophet from God's prophets" (Rehbari, 2008).In the logic of the Qur'an, a place is addressed with the two titles of village and Medina at two different times. When the event violates human development and integrity standards, the name of the village is used, and when there is a perfect event in that mentioned place, the name of Medina is used. Therefore, the Qur'anic division in the classification of the place of human life is not based on the location or the size of the place, which is based on its moral status. This implicit conclusion can be arrived that two different addresses to the same place for two different actions prove that the "place" is spiritual and, in today's interpretation, is a "place." The way today's knowledge recognizes the place and landscape as a living, soulful phenomenon that carries the meaning that the observer gains from the simultaneous interpretation and perception of "outside". So far, two opposing logics have been proposed to describe the terms city and village: first, the size and type of economy, and second, the action of the community living in. Although this discussion is per se attractive and important, limiting the place of human social life to the village and the city means neglecting an important and common group in Iran and many other lands. The result of this mistake is adopting plans and taking actions that are against the natural, human, and national rights of its inhabitants. Moreover, in the contemporary period of Iran and from the time of Reza Khan onwards, such a mistake has been repeated under the name Takht Qapu, or nomad settlement.Nomadic life is the third type of human social life, which, unlike the city and the village, is not only dependent on living together, but the condition for its realization is the fluidity of the "place" of the life of this society. Nomads have based their way of living and production on the dairy production economy rather than agriculture, which is dependent on land and its forced results requiring settlement and production dependent on a fixed place. They have set up their social system based on migration, benefitted from wide and dynamic pastures in the territory, and made a living by producing dairy, meat, textiles, and handicrafts. They have organized their social relations by defining the tribal and clan systems as described in various studies, and they have built a great civilization based on two specific social and livelihood systems, whose immaterial manifestations outweigh their material aspects. The traits of chivalry, freedom, chivalry, naturalism, patriotism, and many other social and moral traits are present in nomadic society. With this description, due to the occurrence of such mistakes in the classification of human habitations into cities and villages and the neglect of nomadic places, a large group of Iranian society has been eliminated. The calamities that have been imposed on this society under the title of development but caused by power-oriented motives or ignorance have caused great human and natural losses. The increasing unemployment and poverty in the nomadic areas of the country, which has led to the appearance of a strange figure of 20 thousand people awaiting death sentences for drug trafficking in Delfan city (Ebrahimi, 2023), is the result of these policies. For a nation that has established a nomadic civilization for thousands of years and lives in a positive interaction with its natural and human environment, the burden of monotony and customs that it does not know has no meaning other than the destruction of its existence and civilization. The way to improve the lives of nomads is to recognize their civilization and address their needs with regard to their living conditions. The nomads are the people of the place who have experienced and know the place to its vast extent, and unlike the nomads, they have a deeper understanding of the land and the place. What is the desire of man today?

The functional layout of student residences holds significant importance as these spaces serve as a collective ‘second home’ for their residents. Many students living in such complexes have left their hometowns and are adapting to a new city, often encountering individuals from diverse backgrounds and varying social behaviors. This adjustment period, especially in the initial months, highlights the crucial need for ensuring residents’ privacy within their living environment. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the functional layout of these residential spaces and their ability to safeguard residents’ privacy. By focusing on specific criteria tailored to meet the privacy needs of student residence occupants, this research seeks to address the challenges posed by the transition to communal living in a new environment. To understand the role of spatial organization in student residences, this study focuses on the spatial thresholds that define boundaries between interior and exterior spaces, emphasizing the creation of solitude and personal territories. The category of solitude and the creation of privacy and personal territories have been addressed in order to able to determine the desired solitude for the residents through the evaluation of the effective components of threshold that are resulted from the spatial organization of such residences. Drawing upon David Canter’s theory of place, the study examines the physical-environmental, functional-activity, and perceptual-semantic components of student residences. Specifically, it evaluates two residential complexes—the Imam Khomeini International University and the Islamic Azad University of Qazvin—to analyze their centralized and linear structural configurations. In addition, the study incorporates theories of environmental perception, such as Gibson’s ecological model of perception and the theory of environmental affordance, which emphasize the role of movement in acquiring environmental information. It also considers Barker’s ecological theory, which suggests that changes in behavior result from changes in the environment. These theories inform the extraction of research indicators and variables in the theoretical model, providing a framework for understanding the relationship between spatial organization and resident behavior.

The research questionnaire consists of two main sections. The first part assesses the quality of spatial organization in student residences regarding privacy, focusing on independent research variables. The second part gathers social data related to the dependent variable of privacy, covering two components: environmental affordance and attachment to the environment. Both questionnaires utilize a 5-point Likert scale to categorize residents’ responses regarding privacy in student residences. To evaluate the theoretical models and determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables, a multivariate method of structural equation modeling was employed. This approach, facilitated by AMOS22 software, combines factor analysis and path analysis. Through logical reasoning, survey data and structural equations are analyzed to draw conclusions.

The analysis reveals that physical-environmental characteristics apply the strongest influence on spatial organization, with a factor loading of 0.83. Following closely, functional-activity characteristics rank second with a factor loading of 0.7, while perceptual-semantic characteristics rank third with a factor loading of 0.56. In terms of evaluating privacy criteria based on the dependent variable questionnaire, environmental affordance demonstrates a higher impact with a factor loading of 0.71 compared to environmental attachment, which has a factor loading of 0.66. Furthermore, the significant correlation between privacy and spatial organization is evidenced by a factor loading of 0.62, indicating that spatial organization plays a pivotal role in shaping privacy, with internal components interacting synergistically.

The results highlight the significance of inner courtyards as an in-between space, particularly in student residences, as they enhance productivity and spatial dynamics. Unlike linear designs, incorporating courtyards into residence spatial organization increases spatial thresholds, facilitating spatial selection and permeability. Additionally, the hierarchical arrangement of spaces within courtyards fosters privacy and territorial definition among residents. Overall, survey results underscore the importance of creating conducive atmospheres in student residences through a balanced integration of physical-spatial and perceptual-behavioral factors. These factors not only influence the desirability of residences but also contribute to resident satisfaction and the establishment of stable behavioral patterns.

This article examines the meaningful experience and perception of place among the technical characteristics of Yasujiro Ozu's cinema in "Tokyo Story" and works in the framework of Martin Heidegger's phenomenological approach due to the centrality of "meaningful experience of place." It is assumed that the meaningful experience of place in the technical characteristics of "Tokyo Story" is in accordance with the resulting components of Heidegger's phenomenological approach to place. As a result, the formation of this correspondence is raised as the research question. The current research is a qualitative type and is carried out by phenomenological method due to the importance of experiencing the place. Data have been collected based on reading books, observing the examined sample, and drawing a sketch of the understanding of the spatial relationships of the movie locations.The result indicates that in Ozu's mise-en-scene style, features such as repetition in the design of the graphic pattern of the backgrounds, repetition in the display of key locations, selecting nature in accordance with the mood of the characters, precision in the use of objects, uniform, and focused lighting, emphasizing the movement of the characters and creating spatial depth have caused the place to be defined based on Heidegger's phenomenological approach by fixing the place in the memory, evoking the imagination and allowing the characters to reflect on their position, perception in a broad environmental context concerning the elements and components of the surrounding environment. Furthermore, in mise-en-scene style, by expanding spatial connections between inside and outside, giving identity to places regarding social, cultural, and environmental contexts, defining limits, paying attention to the emotional aspect of the experience, perception of place in the context of daily life and human activities, direct experience of place, the variety of perceptual experience, and the possibility of interaction with others, the phenomenological approach to the place is adapted. In cinematographic features (low camera height and long take), considering the variety of perceptual experiences in viewing the place due to the low height of the camera, the perception of the place in the context of a comprehensive environment, the possibility of tactility experience, and fixing the location in the memory through the long take, the connection with the phenomenological components of the place is inferred. In the film editing style (shot-to-shot relationship by the establishing shots), by defining the place through the elements and details of the surrounding environment, man and his activities, the expansion of spatial communication between inside and outside, and the possibility of fixing and perpetuating the place in the memory, linking with the phenomenological discourse becomes obvious. Lastly, film sound (environmental sounds specific to each place and sounds outside the frame) with the possibility of perceiving the place in the auditory sensory experience, the experience of the place regarding the surrounding environment, the expansion of spatial communication between inside and outside, stimulating the imagination of the audience to visualize the spatial reference of the sound and the estimation of the size and scale of space, justifies the affinity with Heidegger's phenomenological approach to place.

Human has always been in interaction, one of its aspects is the communication with himself. In this relationship, on one hand, human is placed as a self- aware being and on the other hand, as the real self. In such a way that common sense is affected by his existential nature and affects the quality of life. The goal of the research can be considered to evaluate the biological aspects affecting the internal relationships of self- knowledge between human and the architectural body. Biological quality is created at different levels and shapes the environment in interaction with humans. The method of this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative factors. So that, in the qualitative review, the topic is addressed using descriptions, observations and library studies, and in its quantitative aspect, it benefits from numerical data and analysis using the scientific method of Codas. The findings of the research show the formation of an internal relationship that has affected the quality of life and architectural environment. so that in each of the senses affecting self- awareness, Different quality levels are created. In this regard, it can be concluded that the purposeful design of architecture in order to shape the quality of life is influenced by the common senses of faith and time with the greatest impact, the sense of unity, presence and place with an average impact, and the sense of safety and awareness with the least impact. So that it is formed in a direct relationship between independent components (spatial physical perception, collective behavior, psychological) and connected components (common senses) and is a platform for achieving a desirable life. Therefore, this issue can be considered as a result of the internal relationship between three aspects of self- awareness, common senses and architecture, which is formed according to the relationship between independent and dependent components in architecture.

Problem statement: 

Insecurity has been one of the most enduring concerns of urban life over time, and security is one of the most important indicators of the quality of life in urban spaces. Meanwhile, the fields of criminology, environmental criminology, and place-based crime prevention approaches have undergone various changes. Place-oriented and micro-centric analysis of urban crimes is one of the new operational strategies to prevent crime. At present, concepts such as “place” and “place management” have found valuable roles in criminology. Despite their roles, they have been less considered. In the current readings of the concept of place, it has been reduced to its traditional macro- and meso-scale readings, and on the other hand, the technique of place management lies in the isolation of theoretical introduction and empirical application among domestic texts.

This article aims to analyze these two key concepts theoretically in the form of a correct epistemological classification system in line with the knowledge of environmental criminology and the criminology of place.

This study is qualitative and based on library studies and document analysis. Also, this study focuses on the systematic use of secondary documentary data for discovery, extraction, and classification in three basic conceptual areas, including “the concept of place,” “the concept of place management,” and “the approach of criminology of place.”

According to the results, the concept of place in specialized and interdisciplinary criminology literature has two levels: traditional reading and modern reading. Also, in modern readings, “place” has jumped significantly in at least three areas of “conceptual growth,” “knowledge growth,” and “utility growth” and requires a coherent reading. Therefore, place and place management are scientifically traceable from at least three angles: “criminology of place theories,” “crime prevention theories,” and “theories of policing.” In sum, through the theoretical positioning technique, both the semantic-conceptual system of “place” and its objective network were analyzed and interpreted.

One of the primary challenges of landscape knowledge is to develop practical strategies to use the landscape approach on the scale of operational projects. One of the most controversial scales of the project is the intermediate scale which is defined as the common border between the architectural project and the landscape, which has not received much attention from experts in either field. In the meantime, “continuous architecture” as an approach based on the “landscape approach” of the project, moves on the border of architecture and landscape. By carefully studying the landscape components of the project, through the two principles of “ time continuity” and “place continuity” of the project platform, the continuous architecture seeks to create a work that, while carrying historical memory, is a harbinger of future prosperity. In addition to these two, it also displays the spirit of his time. Apart from responding to the plan, the work must be formed in interaction with the surrounding natural landscape and express the aesthetics of the geography of its context. This research seeks to analyze the main campus of Koç University, one of the most significant projects formed based on this approach, based on the three-part system of meaning, function or use, and aesthetics. This study also attempts to evaluate its different dimensions and discuss the success of the applied strategies in compliance with the project perspective. On the one hand, considering that the “continuous architecture” approach, despite its relative success in reflecting the landscape approach on the intermediate scale of architecture and landscape, lacks a theoretical background to discover practical strategies to achieve the project’s landscape goals, this research aims to recognize and categorize these approaches through re-reading the project. Finally, the analysis of this work shows its remarkable success in expressing landscape concepts on the intermediate scale of architecture and landscape. The most important strategies in achieving the goal of the project are “Semantic unity”, “Integration of users”, “Flexibility of users”, “Form consistency”, “Form continuity” and “Form reference”.

The experience of architectural space and place in cinema takes place in different dimensions. The technical characteristics of the film have been the subject of more research since they are more objective. Nevertheless, there is another dimension in which the experience of a place is reflected in the screenplay's structure through the scene's description and the characters' dialogue. In such a context, regardless of the technical norms and limitations of converting words into cinematic images, the characteristics of places and the relationships between characters and those places are freely and profoundly described and emphasized through words. This research examines the narration of place in the screenplay of “Tokyo Story” by Yasujirō Ozu and Kogo Noda. Because of the centrality of the experience of place, the significance of the subject's (Man) relationship with it, and the narrative's focus on the effects of modernity on human life and relationships, a phenomenological interpretation of place based on Martin Heidegger's philosophy is considered. This article aims to provide a phenomenological comprehension of the architectural elements that influence how the place is narrated in the “Tokyo Story” screenplay and then explain the subject's relationship with the place based on this interpretation. Since it was significant to know how to describe and experience the place, the research was conducted using the phenomenological method, and the screenplay review was also performed using the text content analysis method.In the phenomenological understanding of physical and non-physical components in the description of a place, its characteristics are revealed regarding the surrounding environment and the context of its placement, daily life, people and their work and activities, the natural atmosphere of the place, direct experience, and auditory sensory perception. In the relationship between the subject and the place, also different relations, such as the feeling of dwelling or homelessness; emotional dependence or distance, incompatibility, and alienation towards place; reflecting upon the state of dwelling, attempting to establish the place in the experience, and connecting the inner feelings, emotions, feelings, and memories of the characters with the place are all understandable. Beyond these, the findings of the research show that places can play a role independently in accordance with the content of the narrative regarding the effects of modernization on the disintegration of family relationships and reflect this break.

The weakening nature of the place is one of the most important challenges facing contemporary cities. The contemporary citizen faces spaces without meaning and identity that have not yet turned into places. This is more important in new urban settlements, due to the lack of historical, identity, and existence backgrounds. The subject of this case study, the Qods district, located in the city of Qom, Iran, which suffers from disturbances in various aspects, is an example of new urban developments that require attention. The purpose of this research is to measure and analyze the importance of the components of the sense of place in the Qods district, to answer the following questions: What are the indicators of achieving a sense of place in the Qods district as a new urban development? How can one evaluate the effects of each component of the sense of place on the Qods settlement residents?

Theoretical Framework:

The term sense of place denotes people’s attachment and relation to the place, or the structure of feeling, as some have put it (Agnew, 1987, cited in Arefi, 1999: 180). Experts have held relatively similar viewpoints regarding the components of the sense of place and its indicators. In large part, most of these opinions have confirmed the physical environment, activity, and perception as the three main components. According to Shamai (1991), the sense of place consists of three phases. The first phase concerns belonging to a place, the middle phase is attachment to a place, and the final phase is commitment to a place (Shamai, 1991: 349). Hummon (1992) describes five levels of the sense of place, or place attachment, as follows: uncommitted placelessness, relativity, place alienation, divided rootedness, and cohesive rootedness (Cross, 2001: 10). As a result of the interdisciplinary nature of the concept of sense of place, numerous experts and schools of thought have offered various perspectives that can be said to have a lot of similarities and few differences. Different experts such as sociologists, geographers, environmental psychologists, anthropologists, architects, and urban planners have addressed the concept of sense of place in different ways in their studies. Among the numerous kinds of research conducted in different countries in the past half-century, most of the academic studies have been focused on conceptual analysis and formulation of theoretical models on the one hand and on evaluation of this category in different scales on the other.

This research was conducted through a mixed paradigm and a descriptive-analytical method. The data collection tools were library-documentary studies, and the population included 245 residents of the Qods district. The data analysis tools involved two descriptive and inferential analyzes using the statistical methods of Structural Equation Modeling and Pearson correlation test, implemented in the SPSS 23 and Amos Graphics 26 software. The conceptual model of this research consisted of 3 main components, i.e. form, activity, and perception, 12 indicators, and 45 sub-indices.

The results obtained from the second-order factor analysis model in this research indicate which of the components affecting the sense of place in the residents of the Qods district has a greater weight and effect in the induction of this concept to the residents. Based on the research findings, among the 3 identified components, 12 indicators, and 45 relevant sub-indicators, the functional-activity, perceptual-semantic, and physical-visual components, in that order, exhibit greater weights in the evaluation of the sense of place from the perspective of the Qods district inhabitants. Among the variables observed in the assumed model of this research, the factors of invitation, social participation, motivation, land use, and activity have greater weights in the specification of the residents’ sense of place. Moreover, the correlation between the conceptual components of the research indicates that there is a significant relationship between the three components of the sense of place in the residents of the Qods district. Furthermore, the measurement of the fitness of the conceptual model of the research, according to the indicators of structural equations, demonstrates that the model is desirable.

The following can be stated in response to the first research question as the indicators of achieving a sense of place in the Qods district as a new urban development: indicators of identity and authenticity, motivation, and mental image (in the perceptual-semantic component), indicators of land use and activity, accessibility, urban furniture, invitation, social participation, and safety-security (in the functional-activity component), and indicators of visual coherence, construction form, and visual richness (in the physical-visual component). In response to the second research question, the greater importance and weight of the functional-activity component than the perceptual and visual components indicates that if urban management pays more attention to the residents’ functional and social needs, the indicators of this component, as the most important factor in the induction of a sense of place, will have a greater impact. Moreover, the inferential analysis of the structural equation modeling in the evaluation of the indicators confirms that many indicators have received less attention in the Qods district, while these indicators can be effective on the residents’ continuity and satisfaction, their sense of attachment to the place of residence, and fulfillment of their mental expectations.

The present paper seeks to provide the basis for the persistence of city dwellers in their new cities by promoting their place attachment to their residence. It explains the relationship between the physical criteria in residential complexes and the place attachment in new cities. This research is a fundamental-practical one and relies on library studies and qualitative research strategy. The practical part of the research used a correlation strategy to discover the relationship between variables. To collect information in this section, a questionnaire has been used. The Pearson correlation test and linear regression model has been used to determine the nature of the relationship between the idea of place attachment and physical criteria in the units of residential complexes. SPSS software is used to rank these physical features. From the residents' point of view, 8 key criteria are important in making place attachment in residential complexes. The results of the study, while confirming the significant correlation of these physical factors with the idea of place attachment, showed visual richness as the most effective physical factor in inducing place attachment to their residence and the need to pay attention to high human needs such as the need to the beauty. It was also found that in cases where individuals did not find the physical factors of their residential unit suitable, they showed a greater tendency to leave their place, which is determined that by improving the physical criteria related to the residential unit, we can expect from people to stay there.

Human life is full of various and frequent activities and events, occurring in time and space with different rhythms. This description of human "life" emphasizes the crucial role of rhythmanalysis for architects and urban designers, who’s creative job is to organize and pattern their "living" built environment.In the present article, while exploring rhythms of everyday life, designers' attention is drawn to the importance and necessity of recognizing these rhythms in development of architectural design knowledge. Therefore, first, an overall view of the day to day life rhythms in architectural spaces is presented, using logical reasoning and based on the research precedents. This overall view shows a hierarchy of rhythms in space, from natural rhythms to human-based ones including biological, personal, socio-cultural and physical-spatial rhythms.In order to corroborate the necessity as well as the mechanisms of rhythmanalysis, an educational complex was selected for a case study, in which non-interfering close observations, in-depth interviews, and qualitative content analysis, were applied, as methods of inquiry.The results indicate that in many spaces, more than one activity and event occurs. Thus, users have to constantly change the furniture in each space, or move from one space to another, to be able to accomplish their intended activities and/or to provide suitable venues for events to take place. The results also connote that it is not sufficient to draw merely upon established design standards, but also the frequency of activities and events in time and space must be taken into account.

Place is an intermediate layer or level as the urban-relational. This ontological conception of place which has a capacity for encountering complicated relationships and and contentions requires critical scrutiny for more elaboration. That aspect of critical urbanism is needed that embeds the redefined ontology in political and socioeconomic realities and explain place as a concrete abstraction.. Political economy is an approach to this achievement through a critique of the mode of place production and also related productive forces and relations.  In this way, lessons in Critical Theory could be as contributions to better understanding.  Based on this and the examination of the evolution of the political economy concept, some essential ideas can be proposed in the critique's framework of the political economy of urban places. An effort will be made to analyze the spatial manifestation of the main productive forces in eight sectors under the capitalist mode of production and to investigate the relationships between them, which have specific consequences on urban places.

The research paradigm focuses on an integrative post-positivist and interpretations schemata and analyses social realities, following normative values of the place and mediating political and socioeconomic relations.The current study adopts a normative-critical epistemology and applies a deductive strategy and a qualitative method to peruse a coherent critical formation of place concept through the review of library documents and the description, analysis, and extension of various theoretical ideas and approaches.

Critique of political economy within  an urban context includes eight rubrics: place as commodity and use value versus exchange value; consumption, spectacle, and commodity fetishism (a two-way conflict between use value and exchange value and the conquest of the latter over the former that occurred because of  the commodification of the city's real estate and collective consumption); private property versus the commons in urban places (a place that has a balanced content as an intermediary layer, and the micro level has a balanced role against the pressures from the macro level, can be a place for the establishment of shared ownership); capital accumulation, right to the city and inequality (The role-playing of the place as the urban-relational between the macro and micro levels leads to a conflict between the stronger and weaker subjects of these two levels. The balance or imbalance between these two levels of role-playing is directly related to the right to the city, the increase or decrease of inequality, and the stratification of the urban society.); state versus private sector; academy and market; and finally, dialectical nature of the place (Place as the urban-relational is in its essence a synthetic phenomenon and a product of the dialectical relationship between distant and close order).

The scrutinizing of place as the "urban-relational " is the main goal of this research, and in this direction, the main challenge is to examine the most important concepts arising from the previous efforts of the authors by passing through the sieve of political economy as a critical approach. For this purpose, an effort is made to calculate the intersection of various and multiple aspects in view of the most advanced thinkers and commentators on political economy and its urbanized version. The review of the literature in political economy in order to find out what this concept is and then the examination of its evolution from the time of its creation in the late 18th century until today revealed its content orientations and trends in different periods. Then, with the help of the formed theoretical framework, and by taking advantage of a comprehensive review of the opinions of some of the most prominent urban scientists, an attempt is made to establish a connection between the theoretical framework and urban issues and to provide a relatively comprehensive analysis of the issues affecting urban places from the perspective of political economy in the sections emerging from the theoretical framework.

It should be acknowledged that the "urban-relational" can only have an active mediation in order to improve the level of placeness in cities when it can have an effective function in the production method that governs it, which is associated with specific production forces and relationships. Place as the urban-relational rests on productive forces and relations by which a mode of production is explained and elaborated. The efficient function of place as the urban-relational within the influential mode of production is conditioned by some potentialities and impotentialities interfering in the scrutinization of place.

The word "Imagination" has been introduced in different meanings in different sciences. Imagination is one of the special abilities of human beings, which includes a significant field in Islamic philosophy and wisdom. And can play an important role in the analysis, cognition and creation of many phenomena; To guide man to the land of the unknown and truths with imagination and mental abilities.Also, in relation to the subject of the place of research, many different psychological, phenomenological, etc. angles have been done;Place is the mathematical space that has meaning. The place derives its identity and validity from the meanings and concepts that the observer and its user cultivate in their minds. These concepts include several factors such as: physical and physical factors of the place, human behaviors formed in it and finally the mental events of observers and users. Imagination is one of the most important human abilities that with its abilities, it can create many mental events in order to identify the place. In connection with the word "fantasy" in philosophy, valuable topics can be found in various ways. It has been researched with various approaches such as Eastern and Western views as well as views of various religious sources and sciences. Man's presence in space, his data and sensory perceptions, his experience of space, his fantasies and imagination, his presuppositions and presuppositions, and even his mental myths and legends are discussed. By examining the past works of architecture and urban planning, one can see the traces of the manifestation of the world of illusion and imagination in works of art.in this study, the "Domnareh" mosque from the valuable and old buildings of the Afshari period in the ancient city of Saqez was selected as a case study in relation to the subject of research and was analyzed and evaluated.In this article, we want to answer the following questions: What is the role of imagination and fantasy in identifying and giving meaning to a place? And to what extent can the imaginative minds of designers before design, and users after execution, be effective in giving meaning to a place?The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of "imagination" in identifying space in architecture. The research method is mixed. The number of samples in the qualitative section is 15 articles and 9 experts in urban architecture and experts were selected from the method of targeted sampling of resources and snowballs. Samples were selected in the quantitative part for the Demetel technique based on the snowball method. For interpretation in the qualitative part, the content analysis method was used to extract the themes from MAXQDA12 software. In a small part of the Demitel technique, Excell software was used. The results showed that the place derives its identity and validity from the meanings and concepts that the observer and its user cultivate in the mind. Imagination is one of the most important human capabilities that with its abilities, it can create many mental events in order to identify the place.

Today's human is facing many cultural, social, and environmental crises. Each of these crises can be investigated from different perspectives and opinions. One of the essential factors in creating these crises in architecture and urban planning has emerged due to the undesirable human dwelling on the planet, which has been discussed under the general concept of "dwelling crisis". The beginning of human dwelling can be seen as primitive people settling in caves and trying to meet several needs, such as security and environmental comfort. However, as long as the human presence on the earth has passed in different ages, the dwelling has become more complex and extensive. In different civilizations, the dwelling has undergone many changes in terms of concept and has become more complicated. The unbreakable, strong relationship between the dwelling and concepts such as place, space, and environment has made architecture one of the essential fields in defining the concept of dwelling. The concept of dwelling consists of different aspects, such as physical dwelling, mental dwelling, and imaginary dwelling. Considering the philosophical aspects of dwelling to achieve a deep understanding of the dwelling is crucial given the correspondent relationship of these levels with humans and the environment. Looking through Western philosophy, many philosophers and experts have expressed their opinions and thoughts about dwelling directly and indirectly. Therefore, accurate knowledge and understanding of the concept of dwelling and its influential components, including physical, mental, and psychological factors, is crucial in improving the quality of human life. To this end, this research aims to compare and categorize the perspectives of a selected number of experts in terms of the dwelling concept; it then provides a conceptual framework for a better understanding of the components of dwelling in architecture from the perspective of experts in this field. Looking through Western philosophy, one can find few philosophers equal to Martin Heidegger, who directly expressed his thoughts about dwelling. Also, Christian Norberg Schultz has generally reflected Heidegger's insights in architecture, emphasizing his thoughts' importance in understanding the concept of dwelling. Thus, based on the thoughts of the mentioned philosopher and those of several prominent contemporary architects, this study will seek to understand the components of the dwelling. The current research was conducted using a qualitative method and logical reasoning strategy. First, information has been collected through library and document studies based on selected experts' perspectives (Martin Heidegger, Christian Norberg Schultz, Amos Rapoport, Richard Rogers, Christopher Alexander, Charles Jenks, Robert Venturi). By focusing on the native dwelling, Amos Rapoport has written explicitly about the dwelling and proposed solutions to achieve the ideal settlement in the contemporary period. Richard Rogers has explained sustainable dwelling on the planet by proposing architecture and urban planning compatible with nature through clean energies. While criticizing modern architecture and urbanism, Christopher Alexander has found the timeless way of building in a non-linear and non-tree dwelling. Charles Jenks has been the representative of Postmodernism in architecture and compared the architecture influenced by the role of people and their characteristics with elitist architecture in achieving an ideal settlement. Along with Charles Jenks, Robert Venturi has also explained the ideal settlement in the context of Postmodernist Architecture with features such as contrast and complexity and bringing back the decorations to Postmodernist Architecture. Through a qualitative content analysis, the components of the dwelling were then extracted from the perspective of the experts; based on logical reasoning, perspective comparisons, and categorizing the extracted components, a conceptual model of the dwelling was also presented. In this research, fifty-four essential dwelling components were extracted based on the perspective of experts; these components were then compared and categorized into six main groups. These perspectives are placed in a range of topics from "conceptual/ theoretical" to "physical/ practical," They show that the levels of dwelling begin with quantitative and objective needs and finally end with reflecting the most transcendental needs representing the qualitative themes. All these components have a complex and unbreakable relationship and are steps that, without each other, cannot become the basis for the transcendence of human settlement; therefore, the more aspects of these components are considered together in the design process, the higher the quality of architectural design and human dwelling.

Problem statement: There are certain historical and social ties between architecture and cinema, the seventh art, which is the outcome of other arts, including literature, painting, and architecture. Among them, architecture plays a more active role in cinema. Cinema granted the man’s ability to experience a new world from a fresh view and a fresh landscape. This possibility that movies (cinema) could reveal a direct experience of the relived space is an issue that is worth being examined from the point of architecture. The medium of cinema especially autobiographical movies for representing the living space and the memory of experiencing that space from the view of the director to understanding the mechanism of spatial memory in the mind of addresses (viewers) and architecture attaches great importance. Andrei Tarkovsky’s movies, have been based on the biography of the director and express the poem of his existence; Nostalgia Movie, have been put forward as a case study. The query of the research is how the meaning and spatial memory have been transferred through the medium (movie as a visual representation of the place of life) of the autobiographical movie of Andrei Tarkovsky.
Research

This study attempts to investigate the meaning and spatial memory and living spaces in the Nostalgia autobiographical movie from the phenomenological view.
Research

The method of research is qualitative and also descriptive-analytical and phenomenological. Phenomenology deals with the animation of cinematic films rather than interviews. The present study of films is based on studying “descriptive-visual phenomenology” of the experience of the space.

The studies show that from the point of phenomenological, architecture through the medium of cinema in Andrei Tarkovsky’s autobiographical movie, when the producer has a deep understanding of space and architecture, and the space of movie is the outcome of his life, these meanings would be understood, decodified, and experienced by the addressee. The subject of the Nostalgia movie is homesickness and eagerness for a childhood home. The house is the first place that contributes to experience in the first years of life and stays in human spatial memory. The way of evaluating other spaces somehow depends upon this early view. With a glance at this movie, Tarkovsky’s shining pure poetical architectural images are a solution to the stammering language of architecture in contemporary era, which ignores the expansive man’s emotions.