جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آلاینده های هوا" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 Air pollution has been widely established as an important risk factor for heart and respiratory diseases and mortality. The aim of this study was to compare the relationships between short-term exposure to air pollutants and hospital admissions, cardiovascular and respiratory deaths and total deaths in Ahvaz and Shahrekord, Iran.

 In this ecological and time-series study data were collected on hospital admissions, cardiovascular and respiratory deaths and total deaths between 2012 and 2018. For data analysis Quasi-Poisson regression combined with linear distributed lag models were used and adjusted for trend, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, weekdays and holidays.

 Data analysis showed that in Ahvaz there were statistically significant direct correlations between PM10 exposure and respiratory admissions, PM2.5 exposure and total deaths and cardiovascular admissions, O3 exposure and total deaths, and CO exposure and cardiovascular admissions. As regards Shahrekord, there were statistically significant direct correlations between PM10 exposure and respiratory deaths, PM10 exposure and cardiovascular deaths, PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular and respiratory admissions and respiratory deaths, O3 exposure and total deaths, and CO exposure and respiratory deaths.

 It seems there are statistically significant relationships between air pollution and hospital admissions and deaths in Ahvaz and, to a lesser extent, in Shahrekord.

The current study was designed to investigate PM2.5 status in Tehran from 2011 to 2022.

Hourly data of particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in the air of Tehran city were examined from all air quality monitoring stations belonging to the Department of Environmental and the Air Quality Control Company. The health effects of this air pollutant were estimated, including the number of attributed deaths, using BenMAP-CE and the latest version of AirQ+ software. Additionally, the economic costs associated with health impacts were calculated using the Value of Statistical Life approach.

During the 12-year period under study (from 2011 to the end of 2022), PM2.5 concentrations in of Tehran city consistently exceeded the established standards by a significant margin. The annual values were approximately 5 to 8 times higher than the new guidelines of the World Health Organization and 2.5 to 3.5 times higher than the national standards. As a result, the citizens of Tehran have been exposed to a considerably high level of this cancer-causing risk factor. The number of deaths attributed to PM2.5 in the year 2022 reached around 9,241 (with a range of 8,583 to 9,647) in individuals over 25 years of age. Furthermore, the economic loss resulting from these deaths due to PM2.5 in the ambient air of Tehran in the year 2022 were estimated to be around 2.5 billion dollars.

Considering the undesirable air quality in Tehran city, planning and implementing scientific and practical programs to reduce air pollutant concentrations in this city are considered vital necessities.

Increasing of air pollution in cities seriously threatens the health of its inhabitants.  PM2.5, PM10 and volatile organic compounds are amongst the air pollutants that their existence in the air in excess concentrations, leads to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, cancer and mortality. Therefore, the concentration of these pollutants in the air of Gorgan city was measured and zoned.

The present study is an observational and cross-sectional descriptive work during which the concentration of mentioned pollutants were measured at 8 stations in different parts of the city for 12 months between June 2016 and May 2017. The obtained results were zoned in the Arc View ver: 10.3.

The results showed that PM2.5 emission is higher at the square of the shahrdari, mazandaran and jahad depot and the maximum emission of PM10 and volatile organic compounds were found at the Sayed Masoud station. Generally, the average monthly concentration of each pollutant during one year, was higher in the cold seasons. The average annual amount of PM2.5, PM10 and volatile organic compounds was 30, 41 µg/m3 and 0.81 ppm, respectively which amounts to PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds according to the EPA standard and the clean air was more than limit standard.

Therefore, regarding the adverse effects of these pollutants on human health and the environment, and in order to reduce the release of these chemicals into the air, policies and control measures should be taken.

Annually about 7 million premature deaths occur due to air pollution in the world. Nitrogen oxides are among major air pollutants. Although many foreign exposure assessment studies have been carried out, Iranian studies are limited to primary analyses. Hence, in this research, we studied spatial variation of nitrogen oxides using spatiotemporal modeling in Tehran 2014.

The concentration of nitrogen oxides was obtained from 21 air pollution monitoring stations in Tehran. There were 8760 records for each pollutant in each station. Holidays and land elevation were the predictors implemented in the spatiotemporal model. The D-STEM software was used for analyses and mapping.

Nitrogen monoxide significantly decreased (P<0.001) over holidays and with an increase in land elevation (coefficient: -0.070 and -0.169, respectively). Moreover, the concentration of nitrogen dioxides decreased in holidays (coefficient: -0.630) but increased with with an increase in land elevation (coefficient: 0.155) (P<0.001).

Spatiotemporal exposure assessment of nitrogen oxide pollutants was done for residents of Tehran for the first time in this study. The results of this study, which are estimation maps for daily nitrogen oxides, could benefit future epidemiological studies in evaluation of the effect of air pollutions on health of Tehran citizens

Air pollution can harm humans and the environment. To reduce the effect of these parameters in the emissions of air pollutants known to the local topographical features and climatic conditions are factors. The purpose of this study, monthly and seasonal variations are contaminants and their relationship with meteorological parameters.
the present study, synoptic meteorological data from weather stations and air pollution data from environmental pollution monitoring stations have been provided during 2015. How changes of parameters, solidarity, environmental pollutants linear model based on meteorological parameters were obtained using statistical SPSS software.
The results of seasonal changes to emissions of pollutants such as CO, PM10 represents the highest one in summer and one in winter. The highest average concentration of all pollutants PM10-CO-NO2 occurred at more than 30 ° C but the highest concentration of SO2 pollution is at a temperature lower than 10 degrees.
Discussion and Given the significance of the relationship between meteorological parameters and meteorological parameters can be determined that pollutants in the air pollution Bojnurd be effective.

Introduction and Long term exposure to air pollutants can result in the development and acceleration of various conditions, such as cardiac and respiratory problems, reduced lung function, chronic bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary cancer, and even death. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to perform a spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Isfahan, Iran.
In this ecological study, the spatial analysis of particulate matter 10 μm (PM10), PM2.5, ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was performed using the geographic information system. Additionally, the evaluation of the premature deaths attributable to these pollutants was carried out through the AirQ software version 2.2.
According to the results of the spatial analysis, the eastern part of Isfahan had higher concentration of air pollutants, compared to other directions. There were 481, 493, 117, 102, and 54 mortality cases attributed to PM10, PM2.5, O3, SO2, and NO2, respectively. In addition, PM10 was found to have the highest health effects among other pollutants.
As the findings of this study indicated, PM10 had the highest concentration in Isfahan city. With respect to the fact that air pollutants accounted for almost 15.8% of the total mortality rate in this city, there is an argent need to adapt some strategies to reduce the emissions of air pollutants.

Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world and the result is the incidence of different diseases. In this study data on the number of heart attacks, air pollutants and climatic factors during 2007 to 2011 were gathered to analyse the association between air pollution and heart attack.

In this analytic-descriptive ecological study the effect of mean daily concentration ​​of CO, O3, NO2, SO2 and PM10 on the daily number of heart attack admissions was investigated. Emergency admission data for heart attack was obtained from Tehran Emergency Center, pollutants data were inquired from Tehran Air Quality Control Corp and data for climatic factors were inquired from Tehran Meteorological Organization. Statistical analysis was performed using negative binominal regression and through Stata 12.

Results showed significant correlations between the number of heart attacks and daily concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, O3 and PM10. Air pressure and mean minimum temperature were also significantly associated with the number of heart attacks admissions.

With regard to the relationship between elevated air pollution and number of heart attacks in Tehran, immediate measures to control air pollutants in Tehran are recommended.

The air pollutants such as CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and particulate matters have harmful effects on public health. Determination of the actual concentration of the pollutants and description of air quantity and quality contents in comparison of standard conditions and timely informing people to regulate control programs is essential. Kashan is exposed to the winds contain-ing the suspended particulate matters due to the proximity of the desert. Moreover, the growth of population, factories and industries in the city are artifical resources of the air pollution. Hence, assessment and monitoring of air pollution standard condition in kashan is crucial. In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, the concentration of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and suspended particulate matters less than 10 microns (PM10) measured according to WHO standards in Panzdah-e-Khordad station of Kashan in 2011. The annual mean and maximum rates, the mean and maximum rate of summer and winter, and annual percentile 98%, determined for each pollutant and used in AirQ software. Then, the number of death and disease attributed to each pollutant was calculated. The results demonstrate that the cumulative number of deaths attributed to PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 was 100, 22, 82, and 54, respectively. In total, the suspended particulate matters have the most effects on death and disease resulted from the air pollution. Hence, managing the resources of particulate matters and SO2 pollutants has many effects on reducing the adverse health effects of air pollution in Kashan.

Introduction & BTEX compounds (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene iso-mers) are among the most consumed and dangerous volatile organic compounds which can cause adverse health effects in humans. The water pipe smoke contains numerous toxic compounds such as BTEX compounds.The aim of this study was to evaluate the personal exposure to BTEX compounds at traditional restaurants of Hamadan. This cross sectional study was descriptive- analytical. To sample the BTEX compounds in the air inhaled during smoking of 25 people at 12 traditional restau-rants, the NIOSH 1501 method was used, and the samples were analyzed by gas chromatog-raphy. The mean duration water pipe per serving was 52.23±9.28 min. The mean tempera-ture and relative humidity at the traditional restaurants were 33.24±1.72° C and 35±0.095%, respectively. The mean concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene,O,M and P-xylene in the exhaled air ofthe subjects were 1495, 2806, 2559, 810, 932 and 1146 ppb, respec-tively. The concentration of Benzene, Toluene and Ethyl Benzene in subject's inhaled air during smoking was more than the limit determined by Environmental Protection Agency. In this study we found that water pipe smoke can cause absorption of high levels of BTEX compounds through inhalation and can be considered as one of the main sources of exposure to these compounds which is followed by the increased risk of adverse health ef-fects. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2014; 21 (3): 231-239)

Today, air pollution is one of the most important problems of urban and industrial life and naturally the life of all people are affected by this subject. The aim of this was to determine air pollution in different areas of Mashhad in 2011and to compare it with standards. This cross-sectional study was designed to determine and compare air pollution in different parts of Mashhad city in the winter of 2011. Totally 12 stations were selected in Mashhad city. In each station pollutants such as CO, NO2, NOX, O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 were measured. Data were collected analyzed by SPSS16 software and presented with Oneway ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Finally, AQI levels were calculated and air quality was determined. The results of this study showed that according to AQI, 52% of the total measurements in Mashhad stations had a medium range air (51 to 100) in winter and the maximum value of it (52%) was in march. 26.6% was unhealthy for sensitive groups in winter and this amount was highest(35.8%) in January. The highest air pollution days was observed in January. Sakhteman and Resalat stations AQI values were the highest and lowest respectively. Therefore, it seems attention to sensitive groups in these circumstance can be helpful to keep their health.

The phenomenonof air pollution is a major environmental problemwhich threatens people’s health. Urbanization and industrialactivities increaseair pollution، which cause cardiopulmonary diseases. The aim ofthis study was to investigate the correlation ofShiraz air Pollutants with the referring patients due to the cardiopulmonarydisease in Shiraz educational hospitals. This is an analytical-descriptivestudy. In our study the correlation between major air pollutants includingcarbon monoxide (CO)، sulfur dioxide (SO2)، ozone (O3)، and particle matter with diameter less than 10 micron (PM10) and hospitaladmission to the hospitals due to the cardiopulmonary disease overa period of six months in 2012. Then we used SPSS statisticalversion 16 methods using Poissonregression and t-testto analyze the relationship betweenthe impacts of air pollutants on the hospital admission in Shiraz selectiveeducational hospitals. Significance level is equalto 95% confidence and =α0. 05 The findings show that the mean concentrations of CO،SO2 and O3emissions were lowers than standard، while the mean PM10 concentration was more than standard limit. In addition،uni-variate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between carbon monoxide and thenumber of referral patients to thehospitals (p>0. 05) but therelationship between the other air pollutants and referral patients were not significant (p>0. 05). The studyrevealed that PM10is one of the most important air pollutants in Shiraz. The significantrelationship between hospital admissions and the cardiopulmonary disease is related to CO. There was a significantrelationship between air pollutantssuch as SO2 and NO2 concentrations with asthma attacks inTehran. In Australiathe main reason for admission to hospitalfor respiratory problemsis related to particulate matterPM10 and ozone، but in Americaand Europe، ozone is the most important pollutant in referring patients tothe hospital.

Regarding negative effects of air pollution on health and athletic performance، this study was run to determine the trend of hourly changes of air pollutants in Tehran (2004 to 2008) and recommend exercise advices for athletes and patients. After getting data from 7 air pollutant monitoring stations، the hourly means of air pollutant concentrations were measured and converted to Air Quality index (AQI) values. To find the cleanest and the most polluted hours in exercise places (parks and stadiums)، map of Tehran air pollution was created using data from monitoring stations and Arc GIS software. Exercise advices were recommended according to latest American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) standpoints. Fine particles less than 10 micrometer (PM10)، carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) were major air pollutants in Tehran. Hourly concentration changes of PM10 were minimal and beyond the desired level. Overall، the cleanest hours were early morning (before 7 am) and then 17 to 18. ‍ It is better to perform physical activities in early hours of morning (before 7 am) in Tehran. Regarding the existence of air pollution in all hours of day and night، efforts to reduce air pollution are critical.

Any substance in the atmosphere that changes its physical, chemical and biological properties causes air pollution. These contaminants can enter the human body through nose, skin, mouth and digestive system and threaten human health. Vehicles produce contaminants like lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The purpose of this research is to evaluate changes in TNF-α and IFN- due to smoke in rat's serum.

Totally 24 female Wistar rats in 3 groups were included in the study. 8 rats in each group, considered as case, were exposed to exhaust smoke from cars, for 5 minutes, 3-5 times/day for 4 weeks. Blood samples were then taken from the experimental and the control groups and the cytokines, TNF-α and IFN- were measured by using ELISA kit according to the Booster company instruction manual. To compare the mean values of variables, ANOVA was used and Post Hoc test was used for comparisons within groups.

Changes in cytokines levels were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. The reduced cytokines level in smoke group indicate that smoke from car exhaust can suppress the immune system. Short-term exposure to exhaust smoke also enhanced proliferation of lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Car exhaust smoke affects the immune system. 

Air pollution is one of the most important problems in industrial cities and has affect on the lives of all people. In order to set the control programs, air pollution monitoring and determination of air quality are necessary. The aim of this study was to compare health quality of air in Tehran and Isfahan cities. This was a descriptive–analytic study. The moment concentrations of Tehran and Isfahan air pollutants was gathered through Direct reading method and referring to the Environmental protection organization, respectively. Then, Pollution Standard Index (PSI) was calculated based on the five criteria pollutants levels (O3, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO) for Tehran and Isfahan cities through linear interpolation. Based on these levels and with regard to the National air quality standards for each pollutant air quality was categorized as good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and dangers in 2008-2009. Data were analyzed using t-test and SPSS software V.16. The results showed that in 2008-2009, with attention to Iran environmental protection organization standards, in 43 and 67 days, PSI was lower than 100 and in the other 323 and 299 days, PSI was higher than 100, respectively for Tehran and Isfahan. The critical pollutant was ozone and carbon monoxide in summer and carbon monoxide and Particulate Matter (PM10) in winter, respectively for Tehran and Isfahan. T-test between PSI mean of two cities showed a significant difference (p-value <0.0001). The air quality of the two cities was unhealthy in 2008-2009 and was in the very “serious situation” with regard to public health, especially for sensitive groups.

Introduction & Methyl methacrylate (MMA), as a monomer of acrylic resin that has a wide variety of usages in denture fabrication, is considered as an air pollution indicator in the laboratories. Occupational exposure to these compound vapors can cause respiratory hypersensitivity, occupational asthma, eye and skin irritation and Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD). Therefore control of MMA exposure may promote the personnel’s health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spirometric disorders and methyl methacrylate in dental laboratories personnel.. In this case control study, exposure of time-weighted average (TWA) and short-term exposure level (STEL) were measured with MMA vapors in 39 randomly selected male employee (case group) in 25 denture fabrication laboratories in Hamadan city. The air samples were collected by sorbent tubes containing chromosorb (XAD2(and analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with FID detector based on NIOSH method. In addition 30 men whitout occupational exposure to air pollutants (control group) were selected to compare the variation of spirometric parameters. Spirometric parameters of the case and control groups such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75 were measured by Vitalograph spirometer (model: 2120) on ATS method, after the standard questionnaire of respiratory diseases had been completed during an interview and medical examination.. The mean of MMA concentration was 132.87 ± 220.67 ppm for STEL and 1.95 ± 3.59 ppm for TWA.The relationship between MMA concentration in the STEL and TWA exposures was significant (P<0.05) and the relationship between MMA concentration and ventilation was significant just for STEL. In this study no relationship between MMA concentration and spirometric parameters in both STEL and TWA exposures was found. Also there was no significant difference between spirometric parameters of the case group and normal values of the control group. Only two cases of obstructive lung function decrease (5.13%) one case of macula (2.56%) and five cases of xerodermatitis (12.8%) were observed among the dental laboratory personnel. The results showed that spirometeric tests are not enough to screen respiratory diseases in dental laboratory personnel as a measurement in prevention and health monitoring program. In order to control the exposures, specially in case of STEL, this study emphasizes, like the other studies, on biological monitoring, installing local ventilation systems in the laboratories and educating the personnel to correctly use suitable personal protective equipments