جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انطباق پذیری » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Family formation begins with the union of a man and a woman, and one of the manifestations of a successful married life is the establishment of constructive interactions between husband and wife (1) Marriage plays an important role in the mental health of individuals, and if married life does not meet the needs of couples, not only will mental health not be realized, but it will also have negative consequences (2) Evidence shows that dissatisfaction in marital relationships and emotional breakdown between couples leads them to divorce or divorce (3). The goal of couples participating in family and couple therapies is to improve exchanges, increase trust, resolve conflicts and strengthen intimacy between themselves despite the persistence of problems (8). When the family is considered as a system, the processes of this system such as communication, exchange patterns and boundaries, hierarchy, adaptation and family functioning are better understood. Families and couples change their growth path in response to stressful situations, and Olson's complex circular pattern can well illustrate these changes. The complex cyclical pattern of family and marital systems expanded to fill the gap between research, theory, and practice in systems theory. This model focuses on communication systems and integrates three dimensions of the family. These three dimensions have been repeatedly discussed in family therapy perspectives and models. These three dimensions include cohesion, adaptability, and communication (9). Consistency addresses the issue of how systems strike a balance between separation and coexistence (5, 6). Adaptability refers to the degree to which family members or couples are able to change relationships, plans, and rules (5). Communication The third dimension is a complex circular pattern that is considered as a facilitator dimension. Using positive communication skills helps couples and families change their levels of attachment and adaptability so that they can meet their situational and developmental needs (11).
Different theories and perspectives have been proposed on marital and family conflicts and the intervention methods have been developed based on these approaches, one of which is the structural family therapy approach. The emphasis of family therapy is on the family as a whole, which consists of subsystems within the family (12). The effectiveness of this approach has been shown in research in solving couples' problems (14, 15). Another approach to couple therapy is Guttman couple therapy (16,17). The effectiveness of Guttman couple therapy has been shown in several studies, including in solving couples' problems (23-25).
Given the importance of Olson's Circumplex Model, it seems necessary to use approaches that can bring the couple's cohesion, adaptability, and level of communication to a desirable level, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the compare the effectiveness of Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy on the cohesion, adaptability and communication of incompatible couples.

The population of this study includes of non-adjustment couples referring to Behbahan Education Counseling Clinic in the first half of 1398, sample of 45 couples from this community was selected by available method and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The quasi-experimental research design was pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. First, pre-test was taken from all three groups and then the experimental groups were exposed to Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy for 8 sessions and 90 minutes each session (one session per week). At the end of the sessions, all three groups underwent post-test and 1.5 months later underwent follow-up test. Participants completed the family adaptability and cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-III) and the Communication level subscale of the ENRICH Scale. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate covariance analysis.

The results showed that Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy significantly improved the cohesion, adaptability and communication of non-adjustment couples, Also, comparing the effectiveness of the two approaches shows a significant difference in favor of Gottman couple therapy group in the variables of cohesion and adaptability, and structural family therapy in the variable of communication. The results also showed that the effectiveness of these two approaches continued until the follow-up stage. The results were discussed in detail on the effectiveness of these approaches.

The results showed that both approaches improved the cohesion, adaptability and level of communication in the experimental group. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (23،24،30). From the point of view of structural family therapy, changing the organization or structure of the family leads to better communication between family members and the construction of family boundaries, one of which is the pattern of marital communication, leads to healthy family functioning (13). Explaining the effect of structural family therapy on couple cohesion, adaptability and communication, we can say; Structural theory, by creating harmony between family members, especially the sub-system of marriage, creates a suitable structure and increases the closeness and cohesion of couples (13). This approach contributes to the health of couples and makes them feel better together by influencing family boundaries and making the boundaries within the family healthier. Structural family therapy helps couples to have a sense of individuality and a sense of belonging to the group by teaching them sufficient flexibility within clear boundaries and with proper functioning. In proper demarcation, the couple forms a stable system that helps them to show greater flexibility in making decisions and changing relationships and patterns.
On the other hand, the findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research that have proven the effectiveness of Guttman's approach in solving couples' problems. (23،24،30). Explaining the significance of the effectiveness of Guttman couple therapy on cohesion, adaptability and couple’s communication, it can be said that according to Guttman, expressing interest, admiration and respect helps couples to get closer to each other and to Perform joint activities together on a daily basis. In a lasting marriage, the couple usually compromises and gently resolves their issues in favor of the parties (31). Also, teaching couples common sense leads them to establish a relationship with each other and to support their spouse's rules and suggestions. The effect of Guttman couple therapy on couple’s communication can also be said; Communication is a vital and important dimension in a couple's functioning, training in positive communication skills helps couples to meet their developmental needs. One of the things that hurts a couple's positive relationship is conflict. Conflict is inevitable in marital relationships. Guttman's theory teaches how to resolve conflicts and targets negative emotions during conflicts. Also, the results of comparing the two approaches showed that Guttman couple therapy has a greater effect on couples' cohesion and adaptability than structural family therapy. This difference in effectiveness can be related to the nature of Guttman couple therapy approach. On the other hand, the results showed that structural family therapy has a greater effect on couples' communication than Guttman couple therapy, which is also due to the structural emphasis on concepts such as family structure, interactions between members and family reconstruction (12). The statistical population, available sampling, and the design of the present study present limitations on the generalizations and interpretations that need to be considered. According to the results, it seems that structural family therapy and Guttman couple therapy can help to improve the psychological and marital characteristics of couples seeking divorce.

One of the abilities that seems to contribute to the success of people in their occupation is the flexibility of career path. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of career path counseling based on hope on career path adaptability.

This research was a quasi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The study population included all unemployed job seekers with a diploma grade who referd to technical and vocational training centers for receive training and skills in Tehran. Sixty people participated in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 30, including an experimental group with a hope-based career path counseling approach and a control group. Data were collected using a career path adaptation questionnaire. At first, the questionnaire was administered to both groups as a pre-test. Then, a hope-based training package was performed on the experimental group in six sessions. No intervention was performed in the control group. Statistical analysis of covariance using SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data.

In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of career path adaptation increased from 70.7 (3.9) in the pre-test to 79.4 (3.6) in the post-test (P<0.001). In the components of career path adaptation, the experimental group increased the mean (SD) in terms of concern from 32.5 (3.5) in the pre-test to 37.1 (3.1) in the post-test (P<0.001). Also for Control from 12.3(1/2) to 15.6(2/3), for curiosity from 13.1(1.3) to 17.5(1.3) (P<0.001), for trust from 12.7(1.6) to 16.4(1/2) were increased (P<0.001). No difference was found in pre-test and post-test scores in the control group.

The study showed that hope-based career path counseling increased career path adaptability and its subscales including concern, control, curiosity and trust.

The present study aimed to examine a method focused on reacting based on the hidden meanings of overt behaviors and its effect on marriage adaptability.

This was a quasi-experimental study. Participants were sixty clients referred to psychological and counseling centers in Karaj, Iran with marital adjustment problems. They were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups of fifteen pairs: experimental and control groups. The Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), was used to collect information about research variables. Couples in the experimental group received a combination of self-monitoring and self-regulatory therapy for ten sessions to modify their communication actions. The control group only received the usual care.

The results showed that compared to the control group, marital adaptability significantly improved in the experimental group at post-treatment and at two-months follow-up assessments (p<0.05).

The findings suggest that method of reacting based on the hidden meanings of overt behaviors using the model of self-monitoring and self-regulation could be effective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the combination of Guttman couple therapy and structural family therapy on cohesion, adaptability and incompatible couple relationships.

The research population includes maladapted couples referring to Behbahan Education Counseling Center in the first half of 2019. A sample of 30 couples from this population was selected by available methods and randomly divided into two experimental groups Were controlled. The quasi-experimental research design was pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. First, pre-test was taken from both groups and then the experimental group underwent combination therapy for 8 sessions per week.

After the sessions, both groups underwent post-test and 1.5 months later underwent follow-up test. The research instruments included the Elson, Portner & Bell family cohesion and adaptability scale and the communication subscale of the Enrich Elson, Fournier and Drakeman questionnaires. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANKOVA) and multivariate analysis (MANKOVA).

The results showed that the combination of Guttman couple therapy and structural family therapy significantly improves cohesion, adaptability and incompatible couple communication (p <0.05). The results also showed that the effectiveness of this combined approach lasted until the follow-up stage. The results obtained based on the effectiveness of this approach were discussed in detail.

Marriage is among the vital aspects in the formation of a healthy society, and the concept of adaptability and marital satisfaction is of significant importance. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of social problem–solving training and assertiveness training on improving adaptability and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. In this research, 18 eligible couples referring to counseling centers in Ardebil City, Iran, to solve marital conflicts in 2017 were selected using a random sampling method. They participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into three groups, as follows: one test (6 couples), a trial of two tests (6 couples), and one control (6 couples).  Educational interventions were conducted in eight 60–minute sessions to the experimental groups; however, the control group received no intervention. The required data were collected using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. Alson (2000), calculated Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of FACES as 0.90. Moreover, Abbaspour (2008) reported the reliability of this test using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient (0.95). Mahdaviyan tested the validity of the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and re–test method at a one–wk interval (for men: 93; for women: 94 and for men and women: 94.), and the reliability obtained using the method Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was .95. The validity of the questionnaire was also evaluated by Suleimanian, and the correlation of the subscales of the questionnaire with the total score was obtained from 0.44 to 0.85. Alson (2000) also reported Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire as 0.92. In this research, its internal consistency, using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha, was calculated equal to 0.85. In addition, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the study assumptions, and the collected data were analyzed in SPSS.

The Box’ test results (0.365) on the research variables suggested that the homogeneity of the variance–covariance matrix was well–established. Furthermore, the mean (SD) posttest scores of the experimental group (1), in relation to the adaptability variable, was 21.23(17.25), and the same value for the experimental group (2) was 112.20 (18.22). Moreover, the mean(SD) posttest values of the experimental group (1), in relation to the marital satisfaction variable, was 142.12 (13.86) and in the experimental group (2), it was 129.11(97.7) According to these results, the increase in the posttest scores of the experimental groups 1 and 2 was more than that of the control group. In addition, the present results revealed that the difference between the mean scores of adaptability and marital satisfaction in the posttest stage was significant after controlling the pretest scores in the experimental groups 1 and 2 and the control group (p≤0.001). As a result, social problem–solving training and assertiveness training improved the level of adaptability and marital satisfaction in the studied couples. The MANCOVA results of adaptability, based on social problem solving and assertiveness training method, indicated a difference between the scores of social problem–solving and improved the status of adaptability in the investigated incompatible couples (p≤0.001) Is available. Finally, the Bonferroni posthoc test was used to compare the effects of the interventions on the subjects. The relevant results suggested the social problem solving and assertiveness training was effective. There was a significant difference between adaptability status and marital satisfaction. Accordingly, the difference between the two groups concerning the adaptability variable was 3.90; concerning marital satisfaction is 4.15, i.e., significant at p≤0.001. Therefore, the social problem–solving method, in improving the status of adaptability and marital satisfaction, was more effective than the method of assertiveness training.

The present study results suggested that social problem solving and assertiveness training provided more intimacy to the study couples. Furthermore, the social problem–solving method was more effective than the practice of assertiveness training and increased adaptability in the study subjects.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current organizational culture in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, which is to be considered in order to strengthen organizational culture.

The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study and an applied research-based survey that was conducted in Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The sample size was calculated and analyzed using Cochran's formula for 306 people. In this study, Denison's Organizational Culture Questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive statistical methods, one-sample mean and Pearson Correlation Tests.

The average of organizational culture in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in each component, culture of Involvement (2.29), culture of consistency (2.63), culture of adaptability (2.66) and culture of mission (2.58), Which represented a higher-than-average culture in all aspects of Denison's view.

The organization should do some corrective actions with respect to the components of adaptability (subculture of organizational learning) and Involvement (Capability Development), which has earned a lower score.

the period of pregnancy and childbirth influences the quality of psychological life and marital satisfaction in addition to physiological changes. According to the importance of effective variables on marital satisfaction, the present research studied the moderating effect of psychological well-being in relation between adaptability and family correlation with marital satisfaction among women with first parturition. it is a descriptive-correlation research. The population of the present research included all women with first parturition in June and August of 2017 in Shahidan-Movini hospital of Sabzevar (420 individuals). 198 individuals were selected by available and voluntary sampling. In order to obtain data, 18-question form of Rief's psychological well-being questionnaire (RSPWB-18) (1989), Olson family correlation and adaptability scale (1999) and Enrich marital satisfaction inventory (1989) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and interactive multiple regression. findings of the present research showed that there are significant relationship between family correlation and marital satisfaction (p

Autism spectrum disorders are a neurological disorder that is a clear sign of failure in communicating with behaviors, interests and stereotypical activities. The degree of family adaptation to the stress of having such children is different and studies on the stressors in the lives of children parents with autism indicate that parents have more stress. Stress coping styles is one of the most influential personal that influences on family stress. Those parents of children with autism who use positive styles of coping with stress (such as problem-based coping and positive assessment), reduce negative outcomes and increase positive outcomes, while using coping negative styles (such as a counter-focus on excitement and avoidance coping) is associated with increasing negative outcomes. Autism spectrum disorders due to restrictions on the child can cause many problems in the care of the child. On the other hand, families with these children tolerate a lot of stress. This study aimed of determining the role of the mediator of perceived stress among relation coping style of problem-oriented stress with family adaptive in the family of children with autism.

The correlation research method was based on the structural equation modelling method. The statistical population consisted of families with autism children in the autism association of Tehran (capital city of Iran). A total of 360 samples selected by available sampling method. The instruments for collecting were Cohen et al., (1983) perceived stress questionnaire, Billings and Moos (1984) coping style questionnaire, and Olson, et al Family adaptability (1985). To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviations and inferential statistics of Pearson correlation and regression equations used in the probability of 0.05 with SPSS-18 and AMOS-23 software.

There was a significant direct correlation between the coping style of problem-oriented stress with family adaptive of children with autism (p<0.001, β=0.21) and there was a significant negative correlation between parental perceived stress with family adaptive of children with autism (p<0.001, β=-0.38). In addition, parental perceived stress played a mediator role in the relationship between the problem-oriented coping styles with family adaptive.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that parental perceived stress and coping style of problem-oriented stress was effective in family adaptive of children with autism. According to the results of this study, the parents of children with autism use problem-oriented coping styles and more emotional styles than mothers with normal children are.

Type 1 diabetes is one the most common endocrine disorders in children which could have different psychological effects on the family, especially mothers of the patients. Considering that psychological problems of the patients’ mother, especially coherence and family adaptability, could impair the management process of the disease, we aimed to compare the coherence and family adaptability among the mothers of type 1 diabetes and healthy children. In this case-control study, mothers of children with type 1 diabetes and healthy children were enrolled. The coherence and family adaptability of selected mothers in the two studied groups were evaluated and compared using Olson and Barnes Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-IV). Findings: In this study, 50 mothers were studied in each group. Mean unconditional cohesion, enmeshment cohesion, and strict adaptability were significantly higher in mothers of children with type 1 diabetes than mothers of healthy children (P < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that the presence of children with type 1 diabetes in a family may disrupt compliance, and may ultimately interfere with the treatment and control of the disease in the affected children. It also suggested that the experience of unconditional coherence, interconnected cohesion, and strict adaptability in mothers provide conditions to make the children insusceptible

In this era, universities and higher education institutions need to increase their adaptability to face new realities. The purpose of this article was to Survey on the organizational adaptive capacity rate of Fars medical Universities. In this study the method was descriptive- survey. The statistical population of this research was all the faculty members of the Fars medical Universities. The samples consist of 152 faculty members who were selected through stratified sampling. In order to gather the data, a researcher made questionnaire in the form of Lykert's 5 rate of fars public Universities in all degree scale with a reliability of 0.863 is used. The findings of this research indicated that the mean scores of the subjects about the organizational adaptive dimensions (Responsiveness capacity, flexibility capacity, organizational Learning capacity, partnership capacity, Resources) were moderate. In summary, the root of adaptability less than the average of universities can be found in low responsiveness capacity, low organizational learning capacity, low interaction capacity, lack of resources to face change, and organizational flexibility

Family is the basis of the great human community and has a fundamental role in the strength of social relations and growth of every member of the community. Levi considers the family as a social unit on which marriage is formed. One of the most critical factors that affects the survival and growth of the family is healthy relationships based on couples' consistency and understanding. Marital adjustment is one of the most critical factors affecting the family and family life is formed by the interactions of everyday life of a husband and wife. Of course, what is essential in marriage is marital satisfaction; therefore, the study of factors affecting marital satisfaction is significant. The purpose of this research is a comparison of the effectiveness of social problem-solving skills training method for increasing the level of adaptability and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples. This research was a semi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of 12 couples referring to counseling centers in Ardebil under the supervision of the psychological system during the years 2017-2018 for solving marital conflicts and problems. Qualified couples randomly assigned to two social test problem-solving groups (6 couples) and a control group (6 couples). The first group received social problem solving, and the second group did not receive any training. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. Compliance and Family Connectivity Scales that the of the present scales were reported 0.74 reliability for the dimension of integration by Cronbach's Alpha and 0.75 reliability for the compliance dimension by Mazaheri and other colleagues. And Enrique's Marriage Consultation Standard Questionnaire that the internal correlation of this test has been reported 0.93 for the long form, and 0.95 for the short way by Soleimanian and also Ellson et al. have reported that Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this questionnaire was 0.92 and its reliability based on the internal consistency method, Cronbach's alpha is 0.85. The statistical method used in this study was the descriptive and inferential and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) used to analyze the hypotheses, and also data were analyzed using SPSS software. According to the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S), the significance level for research variables is larger than the error value of 0.05. (Adaptability (0.086) and marital satisfaction (0.201)). So these variables have a normal distribution. The results of multivariate analysis of variance analysis in maladaptive couples showed that the amount of Lambda-Wikis is 0.043, which is significant (p<0.001) - according to the results of multivariate analysis of variance, adaptability and about the value of F=7.3, also considering that the significance level of the test error for the confidence level 0.99 is less than 0.001. Therefore, it can be said that the teaching of the social problem-solving method increases the adaptability of incompatible couples. According to the results of multivariate analysis of variance analysis, marital satisfaction, and about F=26.67 and also considering that the significance level of the test error for the confidence level 0.99 is less than 0.001. So, it can be said that teaching social problem-solving method increases marital satisfaction in maladaptive couples. Finally, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of social problem-solving intervention and the control group in the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of adaptability and marital satisfaction (p<0.001). So the results indicated that social problem solving as a cognitive strategy could be effective in the emergence of couples' emotional responses thus, teaching social problem-solving skills could have a positive effect on the degree of adaptation and marital satisfaction of maladaptive couples. The results clearly showed that social problem-solving skills training caused couples to become more intimate, and this educational intervention program has been effective in improving marital intimacy. In the final explanation of the results, it can be concluded that the social problem-solving skill method has a significant effect on increasing the level of adaptability and marital satisfaction in maladaptive couples.

Background & The purpose of this article is to study the effect of training religious coping skills on Resiliency and adaptability components and stress management in veterans'' spouses. Methods & Materials: This study is quasi-experimental. Statistical population included 70 veterans'' spouses whose children were studying in Shahed primary school of Mashhad in district5، in 1392-1391education year. For sampling، Available method was used and all the testees were given Connor & Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and bar-on emotional intelligence Questionnaire for investigating two components. 30 spouses، results who gained the lowest score in both tests، were selected after the Survey. The testees were divided to two Equal experiment and control groups، through random assignment. Then experiment group was provided religious coping skills training with the Islamic approach in10 sessions. Finally، a post-test was taken from both groups. The data analysis was performed، for obtaining covariance and Pearson correlation test. Results show a meaningful measure of 0. 01 and variables showed direct relationship to the testing component in Pearson correlation test; therefore it can be concluded that training of religious coping skills may be useful for veterans'' spouses on their resiliency، adaptability. On the basis of the results of this study، It is concluded that training spouses of veterans، religious coping skills can be effective in Improving their level of mental health and empowering them to deal with their problems.

Mental health in nurses is always at risk because of stressful nature of nursing occupation. The aim of present study was to examine the association of organizational culture and job stress with mental health in nurses. Sample population of this cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in 2013 comprised all nurses of Hajar (peace be upon him) and Ayatollah Kashani hospitals of Shahrekord. 300 nurses were randomly enrolled as sample study. To measure the variables under study، we used questionnaire of job stress (Phillip L. Rice)، 28-question questionnaire of general health (GHQ-28)، and questionnaire of organizational culture (Denison) in addition to individual characteristics questionnaire. In general، no significant reationship of organizational culture with job stress and mental health were found. But، there was a significant relationship between organizational culture and job stress (P<0. 05). Demographic variables، being involved in job، mission، adjustment، and adaptability had a significant، negative associatin with job stres، and only adjustment had asignificant associatin with mental health (p<0. 05). According to the study results، it can be concluded that the use of cooperative organization culture in hospital benefits and cooperation of nurses in hospital affairs reduces stress. The assessment of organizational culture by hospital managers seems necessary to plan for organization and its success. Therefore، they can help nurses'' mental health through holding courses for organizational culture promotion، creating a healthy environment، raising resistance power and individual adjustment، managing stress، and encouraging and supporting them financially. Using participatory organizational culture and having nurses participate in hospital affairs are helpful in decreasing job stress.

Due to the health care system's complexity, the demand for effective leadership in nursing has never been so great. The need for studies of variation in leadership styles that could assist nursing leadership in fulfilling their administrative responsibilities is emphasized. The aim of the study was to investigatethe head nurse's leadership styles and effectiveness, flexibility and adaptability of styles in self-report and reports by staff in the hospital setting in 2010.

This study used a descriptive–analytical design. The instruments used was "Leader Effectiveness Adaptability Description (LEAD-self and LEAD-other)" standard questionnaire. The questionnaire was returned by 330 including 42 head nurse and 288 staffs who were working in educational hospitals in Arak city. Theystudied a census method. Data were analyzed using SPSS (13) and descriptive-analytical statistics.

It was found out that 73/8% of head nurses were female, 88/1%married, 35/7% aged 35 to 40 years and 40/5% had a history of serving 10 to 15 years. Also, 95/8% of nurses were female, 51/4% married, 42% aged 26 to 30 years and 57/3% had served less than five years. Results indicated HNs and staffs rated "coaching" as most prevalent leadership style. Effective leadership style from the highest viewpoints of both was selected; yet high adaptability with the lowest amount and low flexibilityin "delegating" leadership style with highest amount were determined.

Effective leadership style with low adaptability and flexibility was outcome of leadership performance evaluation led by head teaching hospitals in Arak. The results of this study provide guidelines for management development programs, training, and career planning for HNs. Educating the HNs on situational leadership style is recommended. This educational program should focus on the role of leadership inmanagerial process and effectiveness.