جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بارکاری" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

One factor related to the quality of nursing care is the professional behavior of nurses. Meanwhile, intensive care and psychiatric units are complex and challenging work environments. Occupational factors such as workload can affect these two factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between perceived workload and professional behavior in nurses working in psychiatry and intensive care units in educational and medical centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2023.

This research is a descriptive cross-sectional-correlation study. The research population consisted of nurses working in the psychiatric and intensive care units of medical educational and treatment centers in Urmia; 67 nurses were selected using the census method, and 98 were selected using a quota sampling method. Data collection tools were the demographic questionnaire, the NASA workload questionnaire (NASA-TLX), and the professional behavior questionnaire (Goze). Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 22.0 using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-Square, Mann Whitney, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and linear Regression)..

The total workload score for nurses was 71.67 (4.52) in psychiatric units and 73.78 (4.36) in intensive care units. The highest perceived workload was associated with the effort dimension, with a score of 77.78 (4.32) in intensive care units and 75.25 (4.32) in the physical dimension of psychiatry units. In the psychiatry department, the performance dimension had the highest score of 75.36 (13.11), followed by frustration and mental pressure with scores of 73.87 (13.51) and 73.23 (5.77), respectively. The results of the correlation between the overall perceived workload level score and professional behavior showed an inverse and significant relationship with nurses working in psychiatric (-0.77) and intensive care units (-0.39) (P <0.001). The results also indicated that perceived workload predicts professional behavior.

The present study showed that nurses' perceived workload affects their professional behaviors. Nursing managers' awareness of these findings can impact the planning, employment, and distribution of human resources, including those working in psychiatric and intensive care units.

Nurses’ high workload may affect their ability to work, cause health problems, and reduce nurses’ quality of life. Considering the important role of nurses in society’s health, it is important to identify the factors affecting their physical and mental health. The current study investigates and correlates nurses’ workload, quality of life, workability, and contextual variables.

In this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, 142 subjects from the ICU, CCU, emergency department, and other departments of Qazvin educational-therapeutic hospital participated. Data collection tools included a demographic information questionnaire, NASA-TLX (Task Load Index), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and work ability index (WAI). Data were analyzed with an independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and a one-way ANOVA test.

The mean and standard deviation of nurses’ age and work experience were 31.3±6.1 and 7.6±5.8, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of nurses’ workload score, quality of life, and workability were 80.4±13.4, 55.5±18.7, and 31.8±7.3, respectively. According to the results, nurses’ workload had a significant relationship with quality of life (P-value=0.001) and workability (P-value=0.000). Significant relationships were also observed between quality of life and workability (P-value=0.001). Quality of life had a significant negative correlation with age, work experience, and the number of nurses’ shifts per month (P-value<0.05). Nurses with higher education had lower workload and higher workability.

Nurses working in ICU and CCU units had a higher workload. Nurses with higher education levels had less workload and more ability to work. There was an inverse correlation between workload quality of life and nurses’ workability. It is possible to reduce nurses’ workload by reducing their tasks and working hours.

In any job, performing job tasks requires different psychological demands, physical demands and workload, which can lead to physical and psychological problems in the employee. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to predict the health (organizational stress, health complaints, exhaustion and fatigue) of employees from the psychological demands of the job, physical demands, workload, and opportunities for development, possibilities for professional development and financial rewards in a company affiliated to the Ministry of Oil in Isfahan.

The participants of this descriptive-correlation study were 362 employees of a company affiliated to the Ministry of Oil in Isfahan, who were selected randomly using a table of numbers. Research instruments include, demographic questionnaire, "Psychological Job Demands Scale", "Physical Demands Scale", "Workload Scale", "Opportunities for Development Scale", 
"Possibilities for Professional Development Scale", "Financial Rewards Scale", "Organizational Stress Questionnaire", "Perceived Health Complaints Scale", "Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey” and “Chalder Fatigue Scale”. The validity of the instruments was measured using the face and concurrent validity. Reliability was confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and stability by retest method. Data analysis was done in SPSS. 20 software.

Psychological demands, physical demands and workload, positively in the order of organizational tension (β=17.01, β=29.02, β=22.03, P<0.05), health complaints (β=15.01, 17 β=/02, β=03.23, P<0.05), burnout (β=19.01, β=12.02, P<0.05) and fatigue (β=22.01, β=02.15) , β=03.17, P<0.05) and opportunities for development, possibilities for professional development and financial reward, negatively in the order of organizational burnout (β=1-0.18, β=2-0.15, 12/ β=3-0, P<0.05), health complaints (β=1-0.14, β=2-0.17, β=3-0.15, P<0.05), fatigue (0.11 β=-1, β=2-0.13, β=3-0.15, P<0.05) and fatigue (β=1-0.14, β=2-0.16, β=3-0.18 =β, P < 0.05).

Employee health is improved by increasing psychological demands, physical demands and work load, and by increasing opportunities for development, possibilities for professional development, and financial rewards. Therefore, in order to improve the health of employees, psychological demands, physical demands and workload should be reduced and opportunities for development, possibilities for professional development and financial rewards should be increased.

Nurses in emergency departments are under high levels of work pressure that reduces the quality of care and patient safety. This study aimed to investigate the nurses’ workload using the WANE tool and determine the relationship between that and patient safety culture in selected hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was performed in 106 nurses working at emergency departments in 2021 selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Persian forms of Workload Assessment of Nurses on Emergency (WANE) and Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS). Data analysis was carried out in SPSS V25.

The mean values for burden of direct care and indirect care were 13.38±6.5% and 19.53±5.7% of the total 24-hour care time. Direct care burdon was higher in the morning at Heart Hospital and in the afternoon at Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital and Zare Hospital. Indirect care in the afternoon was found to create the highest burdon at all hospitals. The total score for patient safety culture in all nurses studied was 136.04±15.6. The most direct and indirect care times in 24 hours was related to nurses with moderate level score for patient safety culture (138 to169), (210.44±103.8 and 303.11±95.68, respectively). Findings showed a direct relationship between patient safety culture and direct care and indirect care (r=0.211, P≥0.030 and r=0.309, P≥0.001).

Using the WANE tool is recommended for measuring the accuracy of direct and indirect nursing care time. The workload of emergency nurses can be reduced as much as possible by modifying the physical environment, accurate performance assesment, and assigning the computerized tasks to non-nursing personnel.

High workloads are a major challenge to health care workers, especially first-line supporters, who are assistant nurses, and this has many negative consequences. this study aimed to identify the factors affecting the workload of nursing assistants in one of Tehran hospitals.

The research is descriptive-qualitative with the method of qualitative content analysis. With the participation of 13 assistant nurses who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and after each interview, the data were loaded and analyzed in MAX QDA software and this process continued until data saturation.

In the findings of continuous data analysis, a total of 473 codes were found in the factors affecting workload in the process of nursing assistants' work system. Finally, they were classified into five categories of Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model (person, task, organization, tools, equipment, and environment).

most factors affecting workload are obtained in the organizational component and the least in the environmental component of the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model, which indicates the high role of interpersonal relationships in the workplace and hospital rules on the workload of nursing assistants.

Nurses are the largest group of service providers in the health system and should have a good quality of life to provide care to patients in a desirable way. The workload in the nursing profession is a critical issue. This study aimed to meta-analyze the factors affecting workload among nurses.

The research method is a systematic quantitative review. The statistical population is the articles of reputable scientific journals in 1389 to 1399 and 2010 to 2020 in domestic databases such as Normgaz, SID,, Civilica , MagIran and reputable foreign databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, Google Scholar and Science Direct. In this research, Sandlowski and Barroso have been used. The number of samples has reached 13 articles. The effect size ratio was beta coefficient, correlation.

The result with meta-analysis software (CMA 2) showed that the factors affecting the workload of nurses with an average effect size of 0.225 were obtained. The results of the meta-analysis also showed that job control with an effect size of -0.39 and cheerfulness with an effect size of -0.32 had the most inverse effect and gender with an impact factor of 0.839, and motivation with an impact factor of 0.783 had the most direct effect on It has nurses' workload.

Nurses face a heavy workload due to the increasing population and labour shortage. In many cases, the workload that needs to be done is beyond the reach of nurses and puts a lot of pressure on people.

Nurses are the most important support of treatment that is responsible for important tasks such as the patientchr('39')s psychological and physical care. Due to the working conditions of nurses, the occurrence of physical and mental disorders of nurses plays an important role. Quality of work life is one of the most important issues in any organization that is the key to the success of any organization. Quality of work life was first highlighted with emphasis on different aspects of work and productivity of the organization. The quality of working life describes employee satisfaction in a safe environment with regard to promotion of the organization. Quality of Work Life, as a comprehensive program, is dedicated to enhancing the satisfaction and improvement of the quality of life of employees in the workplace, as it is a vital element in recruiting, retaining and enhancing the quality of human resources of any organization. Nurses are one of the most important pillars of the health care sector, which, depending on their occupational status, are responsible for important tasks such as mental and physical care of the patient. These activities play a significant role in the development of physical and mental disorders in the case of non-compliance with the principles of safety, tranquility and work welfare. Another major problem for nurses is high workload, which affects their attention capacity and increases medical errors. Several studies have shown that high workload can compromise the quality and safety of patient care, increase medical errors, increase the length of hospital stay, and ultimately reduce quality of service. High workload is highly correlated with poor quality of care and is one of the most important causes of stress in nurses. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the quality of work life of nurses working in Kermanshah educational hospitals with their perception and evaluation of workload.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 873 nurses in Kermanshah educational hospitals in 2017. The stratified random sampling was performed according to the sample size and the number of nurses employed in each hospital. Nurses working in each hospital were selected by random sampling. Demographic data, Darren Van Laar Quality of Work Life Questionnaire and NASA TLX Workload Questionnaire were used for data collection. Generalized questionnaire designed to collect demographic data including sections of age, sex, marital status, work sector, work experience, average number of shifts per month, average number of patients per shift, and number of overtime hours per month. The validity and reliability of the NASA-TLX Questionnaire for the Iranian population were assessed by Mazloomi et al. and its Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was estimated to be 0.897. NASA-TLX is a multidimensional method that provides a total score of workload based on the weighted average of six subscales of mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration. This method has high validity and general acceptance and can be used to identify sources with high workload. Mean scores below 50 are considered acceptable and the score above 50 is considered as high. The Daren van Laar Quality of Life Questionnaire is a multidimensional tool for assessing the quality of work life that was designed and used in 2007 to assess the quality of work life in the health sector. The Darren Van Lar Questionnaire is a reliable and reliable tool for assessing the quality of work life in the health sector. The questionnaire consisted of 24 5-point Likert scale questions (5-1) with 5 indicating "strongly agree" and 1 indicating "strongly disagree" and 6 factors including job satisfaction, working conditions, general health status. , Examines work-home communication, stress at work, and control at work. SPSS 18 software and Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher exact test were used for data analysis.

The mean age of participants was 32.44 5 5.88 years. 40.5% of the sample were men and 59.5% were women. Significant relationship was observed between all dimensions of workload (p <0.05). There was a relationship between general status dimension with all dimensions of workload (p <0.05) except performance and efficiency (p <0.05). There was a significant relationship between overall quality of life with time dimension (p = 0.027), effort (p = 0.046), and frustration (p = 0.015), but between overall quality of work life and subscales. There was no significant relationship between mental and mental load (p = 0.17), physical load (p = 0.181) and performance and efficiency (p = 0.852). There was no significant relationship between the overall quality of life of nurses with the number of shifts (p = 0.107) and the number of patients per shift (p = 0.618). There was a significant relationship between nurseschr('39') overall quality of life and overtime (p = 0.001). Based on Fisher exact test results, there was no significant relationship between gender and marital status with overall quality of life of nurses. There was a significant relationship between the quality of life and the hospital ward studied, with the lowest quality of work life in the surgical ward and the highest quality of work life in the pediatric ward.

According to the results of this study, the effect of workload on decreasing the quality of working life, adopting measures to improve the quality of working life, removing the underlying factors, preventing, treating and training appropriate coping methods and skills, and Communication is one of the current essentials of health policy making in such environments. It also identifies the role and impact of management and supervisors on effective interventions to improve the quality of work and work life, and further studies are suggested to identify other factors affecting the quality of life and work.

Operating Room personnel experience a great deal of workload due to job sensitivity that can affect different aspects of their lives. therefore, this study was conducted to determine the correlation between workload with work- family conflict in operating room and anesthesia technologists working in Ahvaz educational hospitals in 2019.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 174 operating room and anesthesia technologists working in hospitals of Ahvaz city using stratified random sampling method. data gathering tools included The NASA-TLX workload questionnaire and the Carlson et al. work family conflict questionnaire. ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data by SPSS 20 software.

The results of this study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between work- family conflict with mental stress and time pressure subscales at P<0.05 and between family- work conflict with physical stress and frustration and frustration at P <0.01.

Considering the high volume of workload and its relation to work- family conflict, it is necessary to implement effective programs to mitigate and reduce work load and work- family to improve the performance of operating room and anesthesia technologists.

Promoting health and responding to the health needs of people and communities is the most important mission of any country's health system.In recent years،the concept of health and its determinants and on the other hand the health needs and demographic structure of societies have undergone many changes. Fair access to High quality health care seems impossible without formulating appropriate strategies and planning and utilizing human resources management principles. In other words, establishing a balance between workforce and the workload of health workers working in different areas, including suburban areas that have different demographic structure and needs compared to the urban population, is one of the health management requirements. To date, numerous studies have been done in Iran and other countries, but it can be said that the studies are mainly focused on specific areas such as treatment and have included one of the urban or rural contexts of research. Considering the variety of forms of health care systems in different countries as well as the type and variety of services and methods of study, the above studies have had a different approach than the present study. Also، timing of service delivery as the most important factor in improving productivity and optimizing the use of all available health resources and facilities، is necessary for rational and realistic human resource estimation as well as standard time setting. This study was designed to compare the timing of primary health care and the workload of staff working in Qom city comprehensive health bases in urban and marginal areas.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the second half of the year 1396 (Solar -Hijri) through random sampling from two bases located in two marginal bases of the city and two urban texture bases of Qom. Over a 3-month period, 1000 people-care at comprehensive health bases and age groups for infants, children, adolescents, youth, middle aged, elderly, mothers (prenatal, pregnancy and postnatal cares) were timed. The number of bases and sample size required for the study were determined by Systematic Random Sampling and according to the population of each geographical area in Qom. The four sites studied in this study were selected from four different urban areas. The present study was conducted in 4 stages. In the first phase, in order to coordinate the supervisors and health care providers, an 18 hour workshop was held for uniformizing the method of work, the variety of services, the type of care and the content of the training provided to the target group. During this period, 10 health educators were trained. In the second phase, out of 10 trained caregivers, 4 caregivers with the highest agreement rate in terms of service time, work experience, degree and field of study were selected. Each caregiver was referred to one of the health bases studied each day. In the third step, the timing was done by the Stop Watch method. In this process, the timing of services was recorded by a stopwatch in a complete care consisting of new or periodic care and from verbal communication with the caregiver to the end of full care. Also timing of each service and its components was measured by another stopwatch. Other references to follow-up or examination of tests or referral for purely special care were not subject to timing. In addition, in the event of a power failure or the Internet, the timing process was stopped and the time was recorded, and the duration of the power outage or the Internet was calculated separately and the necessary explanations were noted at the end of the checklist. In the fourth step, after recording the service times and their components in the standard timing checklists, data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22 using descriptive and analytical statistics including mean and standard deviation and independent t-test.

 In this study, 96.1% of clients were Iranian and 3.9% were non-Iranian. Also, 497 people (49.7%) of all target groups were living in the marginal areas of the city and 503 people (50.3% of the samples) were living in urban areas of Qom. Out of 92 referrals for healthy reproductive care, 46 subjects were timed in the marginal areas and the same number in the urban context. The mean age of the subjects was 28.5 and 31.5 years in urban and suburban areas, respectively. Also out of 88 referrals that were timed for pregnancy care (including 44 subjects in urban tissue and 44 subjects in marginal areas) the mean age of mothers in urban and suburban contexts was 28.8±5 and 27±6 years, respectively. The mean age of women was 28.8±5 and 27±6 years for prenatal care so 25±5 and 28.6±5 years for postpartum care (respectively at the comprehensive health base in urban and marginal areas). in the case of neonatal and child care the mean age was considered in terms of day (for neonatal care) and month(for child care)  and it was 18±11 as well 20±11 days(for neonatal care) and 19±15 as well17±16  month (for child care)  in urban and suburban areas. The mean age (in terms of year) for adolescent and youth care in this study was 11±4 as well 11±5 (for adolescent care) and 25±3 as well 23.5±4 (for youth care) in urban and marginal texture, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the mean age of female middle-aged women cares in urban and suburban areas was 42± 8 years. Similarly, the mean age for middle-aged men in both areas was 40±7years. Finally, the mean age for the elderly cares was 64±4 in urban context and 66±6 in marginal context. In all service packages, except for prenatal care, there was no significant difference between the mean age of the subjects in urban and marginal areas (p <0.05). In this study, the mean of total time for prenatal and postpartum care was 23 ± 6 and 20±5 minutes. The mean time of postpartum care was 21.5 ±4.5 and 18 ±3 minutes (in marginal and urban context, respectively) and the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). But, unlike postnatal care, the timing of prenatal care showed a significant difference in the marginal (27.4 ± 4min) and urban (18 ± 3min) tissue (p = 0.001). Also, pregnancy care with a total mean of 35 ± 9.5 minutes was the most time consuming care and there was a significant difference in the mean time allocated to this care in the urban (28±7min) and suburb (39±8min) context(p =0.005). Mean timing of healthy reproductive care was 7.7±3 and 6.8±2.7 minutes in marginal and urban areas respectively (the total time devoted to these cares was 7.4 ± 2.8 minutes. According to statistical tests, the difference between the time of healthy reproductive care in the marginal and urban context was not significant (p = 0.139).While the results obtained from the timing of other cares provided in the Health Reform Plan package, the average overall time for infant and children cares were 24.7 ± 5 and 22 ± 6, respectively, The mean time of neonatal care was 27±7 and 22± 4 minutes (respectively at the comprehensive health base in marginal and urban areas) and the observed difference was statistically significant (p =0.004). Also, there was a significant difference between the timing of child care in the urban and marginal areas (19± 3.5 and 25± 6 minutes respectively).In the case of middle-age women care the average overall time was 26.5 ± 4.5 min and the difference observed in timing of care (33±6 and 23±5 in marginal and urban areas) was significant (p =0.001).In contrast, the results of the study showed no significant difference between the timing of middle-aged men care in urban (26±6 min) and suburban (34±8 min) area (p =0.29) and the total time of care in this case was 31±9 minutes. The total time of the elderly care was 33± 9 min (37±8 and 27±8 in marginal and urban areas), which showed significant difference between urban basin health and urban areas (p =0.001).In addition, the mean of total time for adolescent and youth cares were, 32.5 ± 5.8 and 24 ± 6.4 min which did not show any significant difference between urban basin health and suburban areas (p = 0. 1). The mean of time taken to care for adolescents and youths was 40±6 and26±6 min in suburban texture 38±8 as well 23±7 min in urban area.

Differences in the timing of health services and work load in suburban and urban texture health contexts can be used in planning the number of appropriate manpower by the type of care, service location, and needs of the target group in order to provide high quality care in accordance with the principles of human resources. In other words, fairer access to primary health care requires more attention from planners and policymakers to demographic differences and the needs of urban and marginal regions. Further studies are recommended to compare the timing of services in different age and sex groups. A comparative study with other developing and developed countries can also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the program.

Musculoskeletal disorders are a class of occupational injuries that have high prevalence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its correlation with mental workload and occupational fatigue among office workers in a communications service provider company in Tehran, Iran. This study was conducted on 94 employees of a communication services provider company. Job content questionnaire (JCQ) was used to assess the physical and psychological needs of the jobs. The nordic questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in various organs and risk assessment of workplace stations was performed by the rapid office strain assessment (ROSA) method. The mental workload of participants was assessed through NASA's workload index (NASA-TLX) and occupational fatigue was assessed by the swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests. According to the results, the most pain and discomforts were observed in the neck (65.94 %) and knees (60.63 %). The results also showed that 71% of the subjects were at the warning and need for ergonomic interventions risk level. The relationship between the mental workload and its subscales with musculoskeletal disorders was significant (P-Value=0.05, r=0.96). Also, the relationship between occupational fatigue and its subscales with musculoskeletal disorders was significant in all cases (P-Value<0.001). Considering that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is influenced by mental workload and occupational fatigue, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the mental workload and occupational fatigue

Introduction and Workload can be defined as the worker’s required capacity to fulfill a special level of performance while doing a task. Workload depends on the type of occupation and its task repetition, intensity, duration, and psychological factors. The increase in workload can result in the enhancement of musculoskeletal disorders. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of musculoskeletal disorders with workload among the worker of a Ceramic and Tile Factory.
This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 65 workers of a Ceramic and Tile Factory in Neyshabur, Khorasan Province, Iran. The data were collected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Data analysis was performed in SPSS, version 20, using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rank order correlation, and independent samples t-test.
The results of NASA-TLX demonstrated that the mean scores of performance and efficiency, frustration, and physical demands were 87±18.02, 76±26.67, and 75±23.43, respectively, representing desirable levels. In this index, the lowest mean score was related to effort (51±30.6) was the lowest score. The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms (63%) was observed in the lower back region in the past 12 months. Furthermore, workload showed a significant correlation with musculoskeletal discomfort in the lower back region (P The findings were indicative of high levels of workload and musculoskeletal disorders among the participants. The results of this study showed that workload is one of the important risk factors for upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, which requires further investigation.

Patient safety observance is one of the most important components of care provision quality and nurses are the most effective groups of human resources to provide the services. One of the most important factors of nurses' efficiency is their workload. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nurses’ workload and patient safety condition in emergency departments of Qom University of Medical Sciences Hospitals in 2017. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted by the participation of 150 nurses and 300 patients who were selected through using non-random sampling method. The NASA-TLX workload questionnaire and the safety observation questionnaire of emergency patients were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software and statistical tests (independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson and linear regression). The significance level in all tests was considered as p<0.05. Nurses' workload mean was 63.99±13/87 that was high and the mean of patient safety observance was 32.64±5/19 that was moderate. The correlation between nursing workload and patient safety observance was reversed and significant (p<0/05). In the evening shift, patient safety observance was higher. There was a significant relationship between marital status and the number of children of nurses with patient safety observance (p<0/05). The age of the patient had a significant and reversed relationship with patient safety observance (p<0/001). Increasing the emergency nurses’ workload reduces patient safety observance in these departments. To improve the condition of patient safety observance, measures such as proper planning of the workforce in the emergency department by managers should be taken to reduce the nurses’ workload.

Pilot performance investigation during multi-tasking operations requires a procedure, in which the parameters related to the desired scenario of the simulator are obtained in a systematic manner. The multi-attribute task battery (MATB-II) is a standard simulator of generic piloting tasks developed by national aeronautics and space administration (NASA).
Employing information theory concepts, baud rate generated in all subsystems of the MATB-II were calculated and then, a unique numerical index presenting an estimation of overall workload was extracted. In the next step, three tests with different levels of workload were conducted to examine the validity of the offered criteria. These tests were performed by a group of subjects on the role of human pilots, while recording their own experiences about perceived workload via NASA-TLX.
The results confirmed that there were significant differences between averages of scores assigned by subjects to the total workload, for three levels of difficulty defined based on information theory (P-value The proposed quantitative index is effective enough for determination of workload levels in the MATB-II simulator.

Background & Aims: Nurses working in intensive care units endure more workloads in comparison with other nurses. This workload may lead these nurses to a job burnout. The study aims to investigate and analyze the correlation between workload and job burnout dimensions among nurses working in ICU.
This descriptive – analytical study was performed on all intensive care units staffs of affiliated hospitals of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, with applying census method. A total of 220 nurses were invited to participate. NASA-TLX workload questionnaire and Maslach’s burnout inventory (MBI) were distributed among them. After gathering the questionnaires, the data were analyzed by analytical- descriptive statistics.
Of 220 ICU nurses about 82% with mean age of 35 years were participated in this study, 56.7% of them had a high degree in the field of emotional exhaustion, 40.9% and 35.6% of them a high degree in the lack of personal accomplishments and in depersonalization, respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between workload and emotional exhaustion (r=0.416), lack of personal accomplishments (r=0.229), and depersonalization (r=0.192), 0.01(P Workload will lead to increase the occupational burnout especially emotional exhaustion in nurses. So it is necessary to apply human sources in ICU according to their workloads.

Faculty and staff are the pillars of any university. Any impairment in the function of these elements would undoubtedly decrease the quality of education and training services provided. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between subjective workload and job satisfaction in faculty and staff members of universities of medical sciences and universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology.
This descriptive-analytical study recruited 164 faculty and staff members. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, NASA Task Load Index (NASA TLX), and the Job Description Index (JDI). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data.
Findings: The participants’ workload had no significant effects on their job satisfaction. Faculty members generally had a heavier workload and lower level of job satisfaction compared to staff members. Moreover, faculty of universities of medical sciences had higher workload and lower levels of job satisfaction (14.5% vs. 30.76%) in comparison to faculty of universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. Moreover, 14.5% of the medical faculty members and 30.76% of science faculty members were satisfied with their jobs. Overall, job satisfaction and workload were not significantly related with demographic characteristics and job features of the participants.
Among the various subscales of workload, faculty members reported high levels of subjective pressure, time pressure, and effort. Therefore, further studies are required to identify the causes of such pressures and introduce measures for their reduction or elimination.

In many sensitive and sophisticated workplaces, human errors are very important. Many events occur annually around the world is evidence to confirm error due to the data processing operators. The main goal of this study was to investigate human information processing models and workload demands on human operators, then developing a regression model for this purpose. This was a case study. Task analysis of control room members, including shift supervisor, board man, and site man and user instrumentation in this study was investigated. Data collection was performed by interviewing employees using a questionnaire with two parts; the first part was the model of human information processing and the second part was workload NASA–TLX and an appendix of opinions existing staffing level and finally task analysis performed using SPSS 16 – SPSS. There was a correlation between workload and stages of human information processing model such as perception (r=0.65, p<0.01), vocal response (r=0.45, p<0.01) and manual response (r=0.15, p<0.05). Some effective factors on workload were vocal response (β=0.232, p=0.033) and perception (β=0.576, p=0.00). The most important factors in the analysis of anticipation staffing demand were perception (β=2.514, p=0.008), workload (β=1.57, p=0.018) and vocal responses (β=2.428, p=0.01), respectively.Discussion and Increasing concentration and attention and perception skills using psychological measures including decreasing the workload and stress and holding specialized training courses are necessary.

The assessment of personal and occupational factors and the association with job stress in the work environment is one of the main strategies for improving occupational health of nursing staff. This study aims to determine the correlation of workload and work ability with job stress in nursing staff. This descriptive- correlational study was carried out on190 nursing staff in an educational hospital in Qom city, using stratified sampling among three levels of nursing staff including registered nurses, operating room technicians and auxiliary nurses. The data related to variables; workload, workability and job stress were collected by three instruments “National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index” (NASA Task Load), “Work Ability Index”, and “Osipow Job Stress”, respectively. Then the completed questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS/19. There was a significant difference between job stress and workload and workability with employment status (P>0.05). Most of nursing staff reported a high workload (54.2%), good workability (52.6%), and normal job stress (84%). There was not significant relationship between workload and job stress but a negative significant statistics relationship between workability and job stress was observed (P<0.01) (r=-0.507). The results showed that in spite of the high workload, the participant reported normal job stress level which might has been decreased by their good work ability. Therefore, to improve nursing job situation, assessment and enhancement of work ability and personal characteristics of nursing staff is recommended.

Workload can be defined as the operator's required capacity to meet a special level of performance while performing a task. Optimized workload is a point at which any increase or decrease could have negative effects on operator's performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the workload using subjective and objective methodologies in the assembly lines of a car manufacturing company. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study. In the first phase, among assembly line workers of one of the car manufacturing industries, operators with heavy and very heavy jobs where selected by using the Borg scale. In the next phase, the workload of selected workers was assessed by Subjective (NASA-TLX) and Objective (SI, REBA) workload assessment tools. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 11/5. Results of NASA-TLX showed that performance and physical demands with mean scores of 89/23 and 86/92 were respectively the most important and mental workload with mean score of 49/23 was the least important dimensions. Furthermore, working stations with high workload have obtained high scores by observational tools as well. Adaptive Weighted Workload (AWWL) was positively associated with strain index score for right hand, which means that any increase of workload can result to an increase of strain index score of right hand. It was revealed that workload was high in assembly lines. This result was also confirmed by observational evaluation. Based on our results, workload management programs should be focused on omitting or reducing improper working postures.

While great efforts have been made to determine the quality of life in hospital staffs، few studies have been conducted to identify the effective factors on the quality of life of these employees. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between workload and quality of life in hospital personnel.

In this descriptive-analytical study، 200 staffs were selected randomly from two large hospitals of Tehran University of medical sciences (Imam Khomeini and Shariati hospitals). The data collecting tools were three questionnaires including demographic characteristics، quality of life (SF-36)، and NASA-TLX workload. SPSS software (version 18. 0) was used to analyze the data by descriptive statistics، and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests.

Based on the findings of the study، the mean total scores of the quality of life and the workload were 50±18 and 69. 7±13. 9، respectively. The results revealed significant reduction in all dimensions of quality of life in nurses compared with laboratory and operating room staffs. Meanwhile the nurses’ workload scores were higher than the two aforementioned groups (p = 0. 001). Moreover، there was a significant inverse relationship between workload and quality of life in hospital staffs (P=0. 004، r = -. 306).

The results of this study highlight the role of managers and supervisors in the implementation of efficient interventions for improving the quality of life and workload. Therefore، further researches are required to identify other factors that affect the quality of life and workload in hospital staffs.

Train driving is a high responsibility job in railway industry. Train drivers need different cognitive functions such as vigilance, object detection, memory, planning, decision-making. High level of fatigue is one of the caused factor of accidents among train drivers. Numerous factors can impact train drivers’ fatigue but high level of workload is a key factor. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate workload and its relationship with fatigue among train drivers in Keshesh section of Iranian Railway Company. This descriptive analytical study was done among 100 train drivers in Keshesh section of Iranian Railway industry. They were selected by simple random sampling. The NASA-TLX workload scale and Samn-Perelli fatigue scale were respectively used to investigate workload and fatigue. Data were analyzed by Paired t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient. According to the NASA-TLX results, effort and mental workload with the mean score of 74/22 and 73/31 were respectively the most important attributes of workload among train drivers. No significant relationship was observed between workload and level of fatigue before departure and half an hour before reaching the destination station (P>0.05). However, the relationship between of workload and level of fatigue half an hour before the end of shift (on the way back to the origin station) was statistically significant (P=0.048) among the sample population. Effort and mental workload were the most important attributes of workload among train drivers. By focusing on these two variables and adopting fatigue management programs, fatigue and workload can be controlled and the efficiency of the whole system can be enhanced accordingly.