جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تراتوژن" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute tick-borne infection which is associated with significant mortality (up to 50%) and serious risk in pregnancy. Ribavirin is an antiviral and of course a teratogenic drug that has significant effects in the treatment of CCHF. The present study was performed with aim to examine the level of awareness of people with CCHF about the teratogenicity of the drug in the embryonic period and the outcome of pregnancy during six months after taking ribavirin.

In this retrospective study, the files of all the hospitalized patients with a definite diagnosis of Crimean Congo fever in two hospitals of Mashhad were assessed over 10 years. Telephone calls were made to the patients and their families and the required information was collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and Chi-square and Exact Fisher tests. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In this study, 177 CCHF patients were assessed, and their information regarding education or lack of education about pregnancy at discharge was available for 84 patients, only 9 people (5.1% of all patients) were trained about contraception after treatment with Ribavirin. In the follow-up of the patients, 3 pregnancies resulted in abortion and 7 unhealthy children were reported due to lack of attention to the principles of pregnancy prevention at the time of taking ribavirin and 6 months later.

Considering the effects of teratogenicity of ribavirin, it seems necessary to provide adequate training to patients about the risks of pregnancy during the 9-month after receiving ribavirin.

Considering the development of nanotechnology and extensive use of nano-materials are in different fields of industry, it is necessary to investigate their destructive effects on biological systems. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in the production of different dyes, cosmetics, ceramics, photocatalysts, water and sewage treatment and a lot of other products. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the Teratogenic effect of TiO2 in different gestational weeks of NMRI mice.
This experimental study was performed on 30 female NMRI mice (25-30 gr, 8-12 weeks of pregnancy) in 2017. The mice were randomly assigned into 2 control groups and 4 case groups). Pregnancy was confirmed with vaginal plaque (GD0). The doses of 5 mg/kg of tio2 solution were orally gavage to pregnant mice from the first to 18th days of pregnancy. The first group, the first week of pregnancy, the second group, the second week of pregnancy and the third group received nanoparticles only in the third week of pregnancy and the fourth case group were treated during all period of pregnancy. The Sham group was gavage with solvent and control group received city water without gavage. In the 18th day of pregnancy, the fetuses were removed from the uterine tubes and their weight and height, Head circumference and morphologic disorders were recorded, their skeletal disorders were checked by alizarin red and painting. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21). P Totally, significant reduction in body weight and CR length was observed in all four experimental groups in comparison with control group (P The results of present study prove the toxicity and teratogenicity effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on living organisms. So, further studies are recommended to predict the toxicity effect of TiO2.

The teratogenic effect is thought to be the effect of an agent that is able to cross the pair and may cause serious damages to the fetal or embryo development and will lead to abnormalities in the fetus or newborn. Each pregnant woman may have a condition that can be contracted in or during pregnancy. Some of these maternal diseases or medications which are used to treat these diseases may have teratogenic effects on the fetus and impair the development of the fetus. According to previews studies, control of maternal diseases before and during pregnancy is necessary. Regarding to the harmful effects of teratogenic factors on the fetus, in this review we studied some teratogenes such as radiations, infection agents, maternal conditions, teratogenic medications etc.

Different toxins have harmful effects on sexual organs. Exposure to contaminants as well as physical stress can increase the rate of infertility. Antioxidant products are highly considered, because they can react to pollutants and remove free oxygen radicals. This study investigates the effects of proteins on the protection of the reproductive system against toxins.
This review article was conducted using keywords including “protective” and “organophosphorus toxins”, and searching on online databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The related articles were extracted and classified.
FINDINGS: The results of about 80 articles, selected out of 140 new and valid articles, suggest that elements such as arsenic, cyclophosphamide, cadmium, diazinon and gossypol reduce the reproduction rate and damage body tissues. Elements such as N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, corsetine, black seed oil, palm powder, ginseng, honey and saffron are proteins that may have protective effects against potential damage.
Based on the results of this study, the natural proteins that can be found in plants, fruits and food can be used to prevent the damage to the reproductive system caused by various toxins.

Teratology is a branch of embryology science that studies causes, mechanisms and abnormal pattern development. Embryo growth traumatic factors during pregnancy are called teratogens that some teratogens pass the placental barrier and cause adverse effect during development stages and malformation, however a drug may improve general health of the mother, but it might be poisonous for embryo and cause diverse malformation. Since study of embryo health and risk factor in this stage is important, the aim of this review article was the investigation of some types of teratosgens (such as radiation, infectious agents, heat disorders, maternal conditions) and particularly the effect of teratogenic drugs on embryo including some legal drugs (such as acetaminophen, thalidomide, acyclovir, sedatives and anticonvulsants) and illegal drugs (such as nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and marijuana).
In general, teratogens depending on the type and duration of exposure in pregnancyperiod, adversely affect embryo and cause various disorders. A better understanding of these teratogens can contribute to prevent these defects, since many other drugs with similar effects and lower teratogenicity can be used to improve mothers’ health.

Verbascum cheiranthifolium is one of useful medicinal plant in Iranian traditional medicine that has many therapeutic effects including pain killer in stomachache, treatment of colds and bronchitis, antipyretic, migraine and antihemorrhoid. As mountaineer and people may use from extract of this plant, this study was undertaken to determine probable teratogenicity of aqueous extract of aerial part of Verbascum cheiranthifolium in mouse embryo.

In this experimental study, 50 adult female mice after mating and observation of vaginal plug, divided into 5 groups (control, phenytoin, and 3 treatments by 2.25,3 and 3.75 mg/kg dose of extract). All groups received aqueous extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium at days 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 of pregnancy intraperitoneally.Finally at the day of 18 of pregnancy, all embryos were removed by caesarian section and analyzed from aspect of viable, dead or reabsorption status. Furthermore, weight and CRL of fetuses were analyzed by caliper and digital balance. Using the technique of alizarin red – alcian blue double staining, macroscopic abnormalities of the skeleton were investigated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square.

Fetuses of treatment groups received aqueous extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium, showed significant decrease in CRL and weight. Different skeletal anomalies appeared in fetuses including polydactyly, extra rib, conjoined ribs, scoliosis, spina bifida, palate cleft and imperfect skull ossification.

Based on clear teratogenic effects of aqueous extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium in mouse embryo from aspect of growth retardation and inducing skeletal anomalies, it seems usage of this medicinal plant in pregnant women should be avoided.

Heracleumpersicum is an Iranian medicinal plant which is used for various diseases. However، there is no scientific evidence to prove its side effects in pregnancy. Therefore، this study was designed to evaluate the teratogenic and abortifacient effects of Heracleum persicum hydroalcholic extract in Balb/c mice. In this experimental study، 30 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups، after mating and vagina platelets observation. First group received nothing، and second group received distilled water (gavage) and the third roup received 12. 5 mg/kg/day Heracleum persicum hydroalcholic extract for 7 days. In 18-19th day of the experiment، caesarean surgery was done and embryos were collected in normal saline. The embryos weight and heights were measured and any defects in skeleton or other observable defects in other parts were evaluated. Estrogen and progesterone levels were also measured to evaluate the mechanisms. There was a significant difference in estrogen percentage (13. 82±9. 09ng/ml in case group vs. 2. 4±0. 4ng/ml in control group) and in progesterone percentage (24. 56±18. 5ng/ml in case group vs. 52. 46±1. 35ng/ml in control group) between two groups (p<0. 05). The abortifacient effect of the plant was supported by the changes in blood estrogen and progesterone. The percentage of abortifacient was 0. 55±0. 14 in plant group and zero in control group. There was no significant difference in studied groups regarding embryos heights. However، the embryos weights were less in case group (p<0. 05). Considering plant effect on weight and hormone changes in pregnancy and abortifacient effect of Heracleum persicum in experimental group، its consumption should be with cautious during pregnancy.

One of the most important complications of utilization of anti-epilepsy drugs in pregnancy is an increase of fetal abnormality. There is not enough information about the role of phenytoin on teratogenic effects on pregnancy and on fetal organogenesis. Hence، this study was designed to determine the macroscopic abnormalities created by continuous use of phenytoin during organogenesis of fetus. Forty pregnant mice (NMRI type) were divided into three experimental groups (I، II، III) and one control group. Three experimental groups I، II، III received 60mg/kg، 75 mg/kg، and 90 mg/kg per day with 0. 2 ml volume from the day 6. 5 (GD6/5) to day 14. 5 (GD 14/5) of pregnancy intraperitoneally (i. p.). The control group received the same volume of normal saline instead. The mice on the day 18. 5 of pregnancy were sacrificed، and their tail lengths، weights، and abnormalities were studied. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests. In the experimental groups، the mean weight and tail length was reduced significantly compared to the control group (P<0. 05). In all three experimental group (I، II، III) abnormalities such as absorption of same fetal، hemorrhage in different organs and follicular thyroid was increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0. 05). Our results show that utilization of the drug phenytoin in mouse during organogenesis not only induces absorption of some fetuses، weight loss، and tail length reduction، but it can also induce abnormalities such as hemorrhage and follicular thyroid.

Phenytoin is one of the oldest anti epileptic drugs; it may result in fetal abnormalities if taken during pregnancy. This study was designed to determine teratogenic effects of phenytoin on the development of skeleton and neural tube defects in mouse fetuses.. Forty small experimental pregnant mice (NMRI Type) were divided in to three experimental groups (I, II, III) and one control group. The experimental groups received phenytoin in doses of 60, 75 and 90 mg/kg/day and the control group received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally (ip) from the 6th day to 14th day of pregnancy. The mice were sacrificed on the 18th day of pregnancy and fetuses examined for skeletal abnormality. Alizarin red and Alcian blue stains were used to detect neural tube abnormalities. Data was analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. In all three experimental groups (I-III) abnormalities were observed in the skeletal system, abnormalities primarily consisted of displacement and disruption in the shape of the limbs, rate of these anomalies was significantly different from the control group (p<0.05); also the rate of neural tube defects as spina bifida cystica was significantly higher in experimental group III as compared to the control group, (p<0.05). Findings of this study show that ingestion of phenytoin during pregnancy can induce neural tube defects and skeletal abnormalities in the mouse fetus.. Keywords: phenytoin, teratogen, neural tube defects, skeletal abnormalities.

Several studies have shown that many pregnant women use medicinal plants during pregnancy without knowing some of those teratogenic effects. One of these plants is Stachys lavandulifolia that is used for many health treatments. The teratogenic effect of this plant has not been established yet. Therefore in this study the teratogenic effect of Stachys lavandulifolia was investigated in Balb/c mice. In this experimental study, 60 female Wistar rats (30-40 gr, 8-12 weeks old) were randomlydesignated into 6 groups. (2 control and 4 case groups). Pregnancy was confirmed with vaginal plaque. The doses of 50,100,150 and 200 mg/kg of the extracts of Stachys lavandulifolia vahl were injected intra peritoneal (i.p.) to pregnant mice from the 7th to 12th days of pregnancy. The fifth group received saline and theSixth group (control group) received nothing. In the 18th day of the pregnancy the fetuses were removed from the uterine tubes and their weight and height were measured by digital scale and Kullis, then they were painted by red alizarin and their skeletal disorders were checked. Data were analyzed with Chi square and Kruskal Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests. Using different doses of hydro alcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia the fetal growth was impaired and this impairment increasesd with increased doses of the extract (P<0.01). In the dose of 200 mg/kg inter parietal bone was not observed in 40% of embryos (P<0.01), regarding the extra rib there was no significant difference between groups. In the case of having additional rib, no significant difference was found between the groups. Stachysl lavandulifolia extract has teratogenic effect and using it causes growth retardation and stopping the inter parietal bone formation. Therefore it should be considered as contraindication or use with caution, in pregnancy.

According to the traditional believes Henna causes abortion; however، there is no scientific study in this regard and about its teratogenic effect. The aim of this research was to study the effect of Henna extract on congenital malformations in mouse. In this experimental study، a total of 120 female mice (30-40 gr، 8-12 week old) after mating and observing vaginal plug، were randomly allocated in 4 groups of control (Without intervention and distilled water injection) and case (Concentrations of 10 and 100 milligram per kilogram of Henna extract). All groups received daily intra-peritoneal injection for seven days. Cesarean operation was held on 18th and 19th day، as well. While height and weight measurements، embryos were examined for abnormalities. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 11. 5، ANOVA and least significant difference (LSD) test. P value less than 0. 05 was statistically significant. A significant difference was observed in weight and length of fetuses in case and control group (p<0. 001) but there is no relevant difference among groups that received Henna. In 90% of case group، fetuses had no parietal bone and more extra ribs were observed in the groups who receiving Henna extract. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Henna has teratogenic properties، so it should be consumed with caution during pregnancy.

Obsessive-compulsive disorders and depression have a high prevalence during pregnancy; therefore, pregnant women may take clomipramine and also take other drugs or consume foods that contain caffeine. As investigations about the teratogenic effects of clomipramine and its concurrent administration with caffeine during organogenesis period are scarce, we aimed to study the teratogenicity of simultaneous administration of clomipramine and caffeine in rat fetus.

After dividing 42 pregnant rats to several case and control groups, we injected different doses of caffeine and clomipramine to the animals. All the injections were performed on the eighth until the 15th day of pregnancy. We removed the fetuses on the 17th day of pregnancy and studied the morphological features and apparent anomalies of the fetuses macroscopically.

We found a significant rate of mortality, apparent anomalies, abnormal torsion, shrinkage of skin and subcutaneous bleeding in fetuses of rats receiving high doses of caffeine or a combination of caffeine and clomipramine. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant increase (P?0.001) in teratogenicity of high doses of caffeine and its combination with clomipramine.

This study implies simultaneous intake of high amounts of caffeine and clomipramine lead to teratogenicity. We recommend pregnant women to avoid uncontrolled consumption of foods that contain caffeine or drugs that contain high amounts of this substance. They should not also take clomipramine with caffeine in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Imatinib mesylate selectively inhibits bcr/abl and other non-specific tyrosine kinases and represents a model of targeted therapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) as well as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). This study was designed to evaluate effects of imatinib on pregnancy and development of fetus. In this experimental study, imatinib was administrated orally at doses of 7, 12, 22, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day and control groups received sterile water. The pregnant rats were subdivided into 2 groups. In group one, the pregnant rats were sacrificed on day 18 of gestation and the number alive and dead of foetuses were checked. The brain of fetuses were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin for histological studies. Selected slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). In group two, the fetuses were allowed to become mature. The effect of drug on learning and memory were assessed by a passive avoidance method using shuttle box apparatus. Histological studies revealed no evidence of teratogenic effects of imatinib on development of frontal and parietal bones. Imatinib given in 100 mg/kg dose caused weight decrease (p<0.001) and increase mortality in fetuses (p<0.01). Administration of imatinib in 7, 12, 22 and 50 mg/kg doses showed statistically significant reduction in learning and memory of fetuses (p<0.05). Imatinib can decrease development, learning and memory of fetuses. So, it is recommended that women treated with imatinib avoid becoming pregnant.

The results of various reports show that cadmium, as a teratogenic agent, affects the development and evolution of mammals because it has several toxic impacts. On the other hand, regarding the increase in cadmium use in industrial communities and its presence in non-industrial sources –such as foods, water, beverages, cigarette- and also considering the reports presenting teratogenic impacts of the element on the development of the brain and high sensitivity of neurons and mitochondria to teratogenic elements, this study was carried out to evaluate cadmium impacts on the most sensitive nerve cell organelles (i.e mitochondria and nucleus). Forty adult female Wistar rats were used in this experimental study. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups: control І, control ІІ, experiment І and experiment ІІ. The experimental groups І and ІІ received 2mg/kg/BW of cadmium chloride solution intraperitoneally (ip) both on the 7th day and 16th day of pregnancy. Whereas, the control group І and ІІ were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline on the same days. After delivery, on the fourth day (postna/tal PN4) rats of the four different groups were perfused intracardially with 1% fixative glutaraldehyde solution. After appropriate procedures, the histological samples were observed through transmission electron microscopy and the cellular and subcellular characteristics of Purkinje nerve cells were evaluated. Qualitative microscopic assessment of the specimens showed considerable changes such as Purkinje cells death, heterochromatin nuclei, unclear nucleolus, deterioration of mitochondrial membrane and cristae, formation of numerous abnormal vacuoles in mitochondria and separated particles of cytoplasm with cellular components in the experimental groups. The present study clearly identified that cadmium exposure can induce degenerative changes in organelles especially mitochondria and nuclei of Purkinje cells in cerebellum of rat embryos.

One of the most important complications of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), used during pregnancy, is the increasing of congenital malformation in neonates. One of these drugs, lamotrigine (LTG), in addition to treatment of epilepsy, is used in many of the chronic neural diseases. There are a few controversial reports about teratogenic effect of this drug. Based on these reports, oral usage of this drug is not teratogenic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate about the teratogenic effect of this drug on a number of mice fetuses following the interaperitoneal injections. In this study, 150 mice were divided in four groups: 1) control 1, no material administration, 2) control 2, ip ethanol solution was administrated, 3) case 1, LTG was administrated ip (25 mg/kg, tid) 4) fourth group (case 2), LTG was administrated ip 3 time/day (75 mg/kg) from the 9th to 18th day of gestation. Fetuses were collected on the GD 18 and then some of embryos were used for alizarin red and alcian blue staining. By this method of staining soft tissue would become clear, cartilages become blue, and bones turn to red. Then malformations in vertebral column, sternum and ribs were considered in four groups and were compared. In the group treated with LTG, different types of skeletal malformations were increased (p<0.001) and the incretion was drug dose-dependent. Conculusion: The results of this study showed that LTG is likely a risk factor in occurrence of skeletal malformation in mice fetus.

Patients suffering from epilepsy have to take antiepileptic drugs forever. It has been suggested that epilepsy itself and antiepileptic drugs are teratogenic. All aspects of the abnormalities that are induced by these drugs are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of two routine antiepileptic drugs on ossification. Besides, there was an attempt to decrease their teratogenic effects by using folic acid.

81 female mice (BALB/c) were selected and divided into six groups. Pregnant mice were fed with phenytoin (45mg/kg), Phenobarbital (30mg/kg), phenytoin and folic acid (15􀈝g), Phenobarbital and folic acid, folic acid and water. The embryos were removed and stained with Alizarin red S/ Alcian blue. Total length of tibia and femur, length of ossified parts of tibia and femur and ossification index were calculated. The data was analysed statistically by ANOVA, LSD and Duncan test.

Ossification index in the group treated with Phenobarbital was decreased significantly in femur. Phenytoin had no effects on ossification index. Ossification index in tibia was affected by both antiepileptic drugs. Taking folic acid improved the indices. The impact of these drugs on the tibia was more than femur.

It seems that phenytoin decreases the total length of the ossified part of the femur and therefore, has no effect on the ossification index. But phenobarbital affects the length of ossified tissue but not the total length of the femur, so it could change the ossification rate. The drugs affect the tibia and femur differently. It may be because of the different times of appearance and ossification of upper and lower limbs in the fetus

Background and Gabapentin is a new Antiepileptic drugs that introduced for the treatment of partial and second generalized seizures. Other usages of this drug include relief of neuropathic pains such as diabetic and cancers neuropathy and also prophylaxy of migrane. There is little information about the teratogenic effects of this drug. Only few studies reported delay in ossification of bones and hydroureter and hydronephrosis. This study carried out to reveal the macroscopic malformation of this drug when used during the implantation and organogenesis periods. 30 balb/c virgin females, aged 2.5 months and weighted 30±2 gr were housed in environmentally controlled room. A group of 3 females was caged with a single male of proven fertility overnight. Finding of vaginal plug on the following morning was regarded as gestational day (GD) 0. Mice were divided into experimental groups ex. І=received 1400 mg /day (20mg/kg/day) and ex. II=received 1800 mg /day (26mg/kg/day) doses of Gabapentin drug for 10 subsequent days and one control group which received disstilled water intraperitoneally. They were dissected in GD18 and embryos were collected and washed with normal saline. Macroscopic observation was made using a stereomicroscope and weighed using a digital scale with 0.01 accuracy. Data were analysed by ANOVA and X2 tests using of SPSS software. Both experimental groups (I, II) revealed similar malformations categorized as skeletal malformation and neural tube defects. Skeletal malformation was more frequent than neural tube defects and mostly included limbs defects,distortions and dislocations with significant difference compared with the control group (p<0.05). Spina bifida cystica was the most common form of neural tube defects. In the experimental group II, density and incidence of malformations and also fetuses resorption were higher than those of the other experimental group. This study revealed that Gabapentin can induce new severe malformations if this drug used subsequent to the implantation and organogenesis stages of pregnancy.