جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حریق" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Fire safety in healthcare centers is crucial due to the limited evacuation capacity of the occupants and the necessity of not disrupting the operation in these centers. In this study, the fire risk of a public hospital was evaluated using the Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering (FRAME). Additionally, the factors affecting fire safety in the hospital were analyzed quantitavely, and fire control strategies were presented. 

First, the fire risk assessment checklist was filled in all the hospital departments. Then, the values of the factors affecting fire safety were obtained. In the next step, the fire risk for the building, occupants and activities were estimated using Excel software-FRAME. Finally, control strategies and intervention measures were presented based on the value of these factors. 

In the hospital under study, 22% of the departments posed an undesirable fire risk to the building and its property. On the other hand, 90% of the departments had risk levels that were undesirable for the occupants. The results of the initial risk (R0) showed that a balance between potential fire risk and risk acceptance can be established by implementing manual fire extinguishing systems and automatic detectors in all departments. 

ased on the condition of the hospital studied, a balance between potential fire risk level and risk acceptance level was not established. Therefore, there is a need for fire control measures, especially fire safety measures for the occupants. The results of this study can be useful for readers and experts in interpreting fire risk assessments and presenting detailed control measures based on the risk assessment and the value of the parameters.

Domino effects are a chain of low-probability and high-consequence accidents in which a primary event (fire or explosion) in one unit causes secondary events in adjacent units. Bayesian networks have been used to model the propagation patterns of domino effects and to estimate the probability of these effects at different levels. The unique modeling and flexible structure provided by Bayesian networks allow the analysis of domino effects through a probabilistic framework, taking synergistic effects into account.

Firstly, collecting the basic information related to the location of the storage tanks and determining the scenario of the accidents were done. Furthermore, the values of the heat radiation as escalation vectors in case of a fire in one tank were determined using ALOHA software. The received heat flux values were compared with the heat radiation threshold of 15  kw/m2 and the escalation probability of the primary unit and the propagation of the initial scenario to nearby storage tanks were determined using Bayesian networks.

The analysis of the heat flux values showed that among the 8 studied storage tanks, two storage tanks had the highest potential for spreading domino effects due to their location in a tank farm. Also, the implementation of Bayesian networks in GeNIe revealed that, compared to other storage tanks, the probability of domino effects propagating to other nodes is higher when a primary fire accident occurs in the two mentioned tanks, while considered as primary units.

Domino effect modeling and appropriate preventative measures can decrease the escalation probability in the process industries. Consideration of the synergistic effects of events at different levels by taking the escalation vectors into account leads to proper risk management and the determination of emergency response measures in storage tank farms.

Diesel storage tanks play a crucial role in hospitals and are constantly at risk of chemical release, explosion, and fire. The purpose of this study was to examine the consequences of a diesel tank leak in one of the Iran’s specialized hospitals.

This study utilized an applied research approach with scenario modeling using PHAST software version 8.4. A discharge rate of 1000 L/min was employed for the fixed-duration release scenario. The necessary information for the software, including tank and meteorological data, was collected. The mortality rate and danger radius were calculated and analyzed for two tank volumes of 23600 and 12000 m3 in conditions of Sabzevar region in winter and 1.5 F of the software.

According to the tank type and substance release into the environment, the software showed a pool fire. The most hazardous scenario was determined to be leakage from the 23600 m3 tank in Sabzevar's weather conditions (26 0C, wind speed 15 m/s in winter). The maximum and minimum radiation heat from the fire were calculated at 44.7 and 94.2 meters, respectively. The mortality rates for exposure levels of 37.5 kw/m2, 12.5 kw/m2, and 4 kw/m2 were found to be 98.7%, 6.5%, and approximately zero, respectively.

Fire safety in hospitals is a critical issue that requires a thorough examination of the factors that can lead to ignition and explosion.

Fire in hospitals and medical centers can lead to unfortunate and dire accidents due to the immobility of most patients, the presence of expensive medical equipment, and the essential role of hospitals in providing health services to people. This study aims to increase fire safety in a healthcare training center in Qazvin.

The latest NFPA 101A was used for fire risk assessment in seven departments of an educational hospital in Qazvin City in 2021-2022. The study calculated the residential risk factor for residents of each area, examined fire safety parameters and determined their risk factor, calculated the obtained points of the area under evaluation, determined the minimum required points in different areas of fire safety, and estimated the fire risk level.

  ICU 1 and 2 departments, CCU 1 and 2, central warehouse, pharmacy warehouse, and hospital facilities were selected for fire risk assessment. The ICU building had the best condition with a total fire safety point of 21.1. The facility building, with a total fire safety point of -14.5, was in the worst condition.

The results showed the need for more attention from researchers to conduct studies in outdoor environments, in various parts of the country, on development and validation of novel heat stress indices, and on implementation and evaluation of control measures in environments with high heat stress.

This study quantitatively analyzed the fire risk using the Fire Risk Index Method Multistorey Apartment Buildings (FRIM-MAB) method, considering the importance of fire safety in student dormitories as human gathering centers and previous limited studies.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 17 sections of the Qazvin University of Medical Sciences student dormitory in 2021. This study used the FRIM-MAB version 2.1. In this method, 17 parameters and their sub-parameters affecting the fire risk index were determined and weighted. Consequently, the studied dormitory was also inspected, the weighted degree of each parameter was computed, and the fire risk index for each section, which ranged between 1 and 5, was determined.

The average fire risk index of the dormitory building at the time of the study was 2.37. The laundry room received the lowest risk index (1.69), while the computer site received the highest risk index (2.7). The results indicated that the most effective parameters causing fire risk were related to “compartmentation” (12 frequency items), “linings in the apartment” (4 frequency items), and “escape routes” (1 frequency item). These parameters contributed more than 42% to create the risk index for the dormitory’s most dangerous areas.

The FRIM-MAB method is a suitable quantitative and indexing fire risk assessment method for student dormitory buildings, and it is a quick, inexpensive, and effective screening and ranking tool. Periodically evaluating the dormitory’s fire risk and, if necessary, improving the environment is essential. In the present study, compartmentation, linings in the apartment, and escape routes were the most effective parameters in fire risk of the studied dormitory.

 Due to the presence of causes of fire in the operating room,  that these kinds of accidents likely take place in these places. Therefore, it is necessary for the operating room staff, including the anesthesia team and the operating room, to have sufficient information in order to prevent the accident and function properly during the accident. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and performance of anesthesia and operating room staff regarding fire sources and ways to prevent and control them.

 A total of 60 anesthesiologists and operating room staff of hospitals affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences participated in this descriptive study by census method. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics form and researcher-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16).

 The results showed that the mean score of staff knowledge was 48.67±10.14, and the knowledge of the majority of the staff was almost at the average level (83.3%). Moreover, the mean performance score of the staff was 12.85± 3.89, and the performance of the majority of the staff was almost at the average level (n=34, 56.7%). The level of performance of the majority of anesthesia personnel regarding the prevention of fire and safety (58.6%) and training to get acquainted with the formation of fire and its control (68.9%) has been relatively high. However, their performance in terms of familiarity with fire extinguishers in the operating room (72.4%), as well as the location and use of the fire alarm system in the operating room was at the average level (44.8%).

 Based on the research findings, the level of knowledge and performance of the staff about the sources and conditions of fire formation in the operating room was not desirable. Therefore, holding training sessions and courses to improve the performance of these staff during a fire is recommended.

The main purpose of this research is modeling based on PHAST software, and achieving safe distances for deploying firefighting teams at the time of accidents as consequences of leakage, fire and explosion in some of the process equipment of Persian Gulf Star Gas Condensate Refinery.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. In this study, two possible types of fire in the single distillation process (sudden fire and burst fire) were investigated. The explosion of one of the towers was also simulated to determine the extent of the effects of these events.

In the jet fire of the output line of furnace 101, the minimum distance from the accident site should be considered 120 meters, which according to the standards related to heat flux, up to a distance of 66 meters, the probability of death will be 100%. In addition, due to the pressure wave created in the wide range prone to flash fire in the rupture of the output line of furnace 101, the explosion of the fire station also affects.

According to the data obtained from the simulation, the authors concluded that in the event of leaks in the open air (flammable materials), the greatest danger threatening people and equipment, and consequently the firefighting team, is the occurrence of flash fire, which usually covers a wide area.

Increasing the level of resilience is one of the approaches to reduce the consequences of fire. Resilience is one of the most important and practical concepts in crisis management that has been considered in recent years.The current study was aim to identify and prioritize of indicators affecting resilience in the event of fire-induced emergencies in combined cycle power plant using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP).

By reviewing the texts and semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, 20 effective indicators in fire resilience in the combined cycle power plant were identified and classified into three main groups based on the McManus’ model. In the next step, the weights of the indices of each group were determined using the FAHP method. Finally, the first three indicators of each group were selected for final prioritization and pairwise comparisons were performed between them again.

The results showed that three indicators of structural stability (w=0.168), senior management awareness of roles and responsibilities (W = 0.145), risk perception and acceptance (W = 0.138) play the most important role. And logistics support index (0.069) is the least important in determining the level of resilience.

By recognizing the effective indicators in determining the level of resilience against fire in emergency situations, decision makers could define and implement corrective and preventive measures to improve safety and increase resilience based on priority.

Research laboratories are important parts of universities. The risks and variety of laboratory activities have made the issue of fire protection one of the major safety challenges in the laboratory, and fire prevention is important to ensure the safety of people and equipment. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of active and passive fire protection in scientific laboratories of Hamadan university of medical sciences.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the FRAME fire risk assessment method was used to assess the fire risk. Data were collected using a checklist and the resulting data was entered into the FRAME calculation program. First, the fire risk of buildings, people and laboratory activity were calculated and ranked according to the level of risk. The efficiency of active and passive protections available in laboratories was also evaluated.

The results showed that 63% of laboratories had inadequate protective equipment, and the calculated level of risk for staff in all laboratories is higher than 1. So, the existing protection facilities were not suitable to protect staff in all laboratories. The results related to fire risk of activity showed that only in 18 laboratories (39.13%), the existing protection facilities had good performance.

Simultaneous use of active and passive protection is more effective in reducing risk. Due to the high risk of fire for people in all laboratories, it is recommended taking appropriate management measures to be prioritized by safety programs to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

Fire outbreaks in buildings have diverse negative consequences for the occupants’ life safety, assets, etc. Determining the level of fire safety will help to provide appropriate solutions to increase fire safety, thus reducing fire consequences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the level of fire safety in office buildings.

This research was an analytical-descriptive study conducted with the aim of analyzing the fire safety level in office buildings of a car manufacturing company, on the basis of three aspects: fire control, egress routes and general fire safety. The study was conducted as per the Fire Safety Evaluation System (FSES) methodology and NFPA 101A.

According to the results, the fire control aspect was revealed to have the best condition in all seven buildings under study and they obtained the required scores. Egress routes had the worst condition. In the aspect of general fire safety, all selected buildings, except one building, maintained the required requirements.

Conducting more than two fire exit drills per year would make the condition of the selected buildings acceptable in the aspect of egress routes. It could also have a significant effect on improving the general fire safety. Installing a quick-response automatic sprinkler system with an entire building coverage, would enhance the overall fire safety condition in the buildings. Also, considering smoke control systems could make the condition of the buildings better in terms of egress routes and general fire safety.

Fire and explosion are the most important and common consequences of released chemicals. In present study the consequences of jet fire and explosion in a Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) tank was investigated.

In this applied study, fire and explosion from 16 material releasing scenarios were investigated using PHAST.7.11 software. The tank’s temperature, pressure, volumes and shape were 70OC, 9bar, 3600m3 and spherical respectively. The meteorological data were categorized based on Pasquil method. The mortality rate and danger radius for each scenario were calculated and analyzed.

The smallest (11m) and the largest (79m) radius effected by the explosion pressure wave belongs to 50mm slot release and the complete rupture respectively. The highest pressure wave (1bar) is produced from a complete rupture extending from 0-80m from the gas cloud center that cause the 10.27 and 2.57% mortality rate of day and night working shifts respectively. The largest and the smallest areas covered by the jet fire are 1861 and 185m2 respectively and the largest and the smallest radius covered by radiation heat from this fire are 59.4 and 20.4m respectively.

Any possible leakage from the tanks will have catastrophic consequences, indicating a very high and unacceptable level of risk. As a result, considering the levels of damage caused by the explosion wave, the necessary measures for the prevention of these consequences are imperative.

City gas stations have an important role in safety planning and crisis management. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of climate change on the fire and explosion hazard distance in a CGS station at Qazvin in 2018.

In this study, eight dominant climatic conditions of study province were investigated. The average of 3-year data in relation to atmospheric parameters was prepared from Qazvin Meteorological Organization. The review of risk assessment studies of the target and similar stations in previous years was followed by preparing topographic maps and process information. Then, the type and characteristics of the possible scenario were determined and the consequences of fire and explosion risk were simulated using PHAST software version 7.11. During the study, all ethical requirements were observed.

Climate change was effective on the outcome of fire and explosion risk at the CGS station, so that depending on the decreased and increased ambient temperature, the minimum (278.5 m) and maximum (321.321 m) flame length were obtained in winter and summer, respectively. In winter, the distance and danger zoneaffected by the explosion was reduced to 686 m. Also in this season, the flame length increased and the danger distance decreased to 9.4 m during day hours.

Increasing ambient air temperature, atmospheric stability, solar radiation flux, natural gas flow rate and the increased natural gas pressure inside the pipeline results in increased affected distance around the station. On the other hand, the increased relative humidity would cause to reduce the affected distance around the station.

 The occurrence of fire in buildings inflicts considerable damage on communities and individuals. This issue is very important in multi-story commercial buildings due to the high fire load, large and untrained population, high value of building and its equipment, complexity of emergency evacuation, and firefighting operations. This study was conducted to evaluate the fire risk of multi-story commercial buildings in Shiraz, Iran.  This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 22 multi-story commercial buildings of Shiraz with an average of four floors. A field survey was performed using the checklist extracted from the National Fire Protection Association 101 standard. Then fire risk was assessed with regard to three aspects, including the requirements of fire control, requirements of egress routes, and requirements of general fire safety, using the Computerized Fire Safety Evaluation System software. The final results of the study were analyzed using Excel 2013 software.  According to the obtained results, among the fire safety parameters studied in the buildings, the parameters of construction, as well as the parameters of smoke and sprinkler control, had the best and worst conditions, respectively. In addition, final results of fire assessment risk indicated that 50%, 73%, and 45.5% of the buildings had unacceptable risk regarding the aspects of fire control, egress routes, and general fire safety, respectively. In general, fire risk was acceptable from all three aspects in only five buildings (22.7%) of all the surveyed samples.  The fire safety condition was undesirable in the studied buildings; therefore, it is necessary to implement measures, such as the modification of egress routes, installation of automatic systems of fire detection, fire alarm, and fire suppression, as well as the development of an emergency response plan.

The release of toxic, hazardous and fire hazardous substances from storage tanks in process and chemical industries has always been one of the hazards of working people, residents around these industries, and the environment. This study was done with the aim of modeling and evaluating the consequences of benzene leakage in the coke production unit of Isfahan Steel Company.

In order to observe ethical standards in research, research information was obtained with written permission from Isfahan Steel Company. In the present study, in order to modeling and investigating the release of benzene, at first cycle of the process in the coking plant, and then Existing hazards were identified by performing a risk assessment using the FMEA method. The consequence evaluation in a process unit consists of selecting a scenario, specifying the scenario's specifications, modeling the consequences of the scenarios and finally analyzing the results. For this purpose, the software ALOHA version 5.4.7 has been used for modeling the outcome and evaluation of benzene leakage.

The results of simulations show that the most serious risk factor for personnel is the concentration of benzene in the environment. And due to the control room being 72 meters from the corresponding reservoir, up to 169 meters of the tank the concentration of benzene vapors reaches 800 ppm. Hence, people who are at this distance will not be able to escape during an incident. Also, the contour lines of simulating the pool fire resulting from the benzene release, shows that in the leakage scenarios with a diameter of 5 mm, 25 mm and 100 mm, distances less than 10, 14 and 51 m influenced with fire, respectively.

Despite the errors in the results of mathematical modeling and the explanation of possible scenarios, simulation of benzene leakage and its consequences, can be used in the formulation of preventive strategies and emergency planning in the coking plant of Isfahan Steel Company.

One of the most fuel materials that recently considered is compressed natural gas (CNG). Despite all the known benefits, storage, transportation and use of compressed natural gas as a fuel have risks such as explosions and fires. This study was aimed towards Consequence Modeling of Fire and Explosion on Methane Storage Tanks in a CNG refueling Station.

In this study, A CNG station was evaluated. Considering the results of the visit the CNG station, survey of the recent studies and events and review of experts' opinions, four scenarios of discharges, catastrophic rupture, jet fire and explosions in compressed natural gas storage tanks were evaluated. Then each of these scenarios by using the software is modeled and Possible Consequences of each scenario were evaluated. In order to Consequence Modeling and examine the outcome of Consequences in this study, the PHAST software version 6.7 was used.

In this study two jet fire and explosion scenarios of storage tanks were selected as the worst case scenarios. In jet fire scenario the maximum area affected by fire is 135/13 square meters in the leakage dimension of 150 millimeters. The results of CNG storages explosion modeling also showed that at a distance of 20 meters from storage tanks, the explosion pressure increase is 1 bar (The probability of death in this pressure is 100%) and gradually decrease by increase the distance from the storage tanks, as far as the distance of 400 meters, it reaches at 0.01 bar that is a safe area. It was also found, in the radius 52, 69 and 232 meters of the storage tanks there were 0.21, 0.14 and 0.02 bar increasing pressure, respectively.

The results of present study showed that leakage and damage of the storage tanks, can lead to deadly accidents, Particular in dual-purpose refueling stations (CNG and Gasoline). So according to the results of this study, increasing the number of this refueling stations in recent years, corrective actions in order to increasing the safety levels in methane gas storage tanks in CNG refueling Station is essential

Beyond being very valuable assets, hospitals are symbols of health and societal wellbeing. Destruction of a hospital or damage it due to fire may results in a loss of trust by local authorities as well as injuring patients and staff to damages and in result will not provide health care services properly. This study aimed to assess the fire quantifies risk assessment and the effect of the sprinkler system on fire risk. This study, Was Cross-sectional Descriptive Analytical study. At first according to Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineers (FRAME), fire risk was calculated for 15 hospital wards and then, with the assumption of existence sprinkler system, the effects of fire risk were calculated. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software at a significant level of P <0.05 with Wilcoxon test. In this study, 13/33% of the risk was for buildings (mean=0/57±0/51) 100% risk was for individuals (mean=4/60±2/37) and 53/33% risk was for activities (mean=1/81±1/56) which were greater than 1 (unfavorable). The existence of sprinkler system reduces fire risk by an average of 48/5%. The effect of the sprinkler system on reducing the risk of fire was significant (P <0.05). In case of installation of the sprinkler system, the amount of fire risk will be reduced to a large extent

Extensive human and economic losses due to the fire accidents shows the necessity of scientifically dealing with major industrial fires, , investing in the development of fire protection technologies and determination of the most effective techniques to limit damages. This study is conducted to evaluate the effect of active and passive protection methods on reducing the level of fire risk, in the control room of a thermal power plant.
Material and In the first phase of this study, fire risk level for buildings, goods, occupants and activities was calculated using Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering. In the second phase, from 36 sub-factors affecting risk level, three sub-factors of passive protection measures and two sub-factors of active protection measures were analyzed and modified, in reducing the fire risk level of occupants.
The results of the present study showed that occupants’ fire risk level (20.64) is above the acceptable level. Correction of three sub-factors, including constant fire load, floor number, and changing the dimensions and area of the control room up to 40% and installing an automatic fire extinguishing system and training the occupants to use fire extinguishing equipment and emergency evacuation up to 33%, is effective in reducing the fire risk level.
Passive and active protection methods, despite their impacts on reducing the level of risk, cannot provide an acceptable level of fire safety independently. Therefore, combined use of these methods is essential to protect buildings and people, and prevent any interruption in the system’s activities.

Hospitals are valuable assets and represent welfare and health of communities as well. Destruction or damage to hospital caused by fire may result in a loss of trust in local authorities and injury to patients and staff that causes health services is not provided correctly. This study aimed to assess both the fire risk assessment quantitatively and the effect of trained crisis management team on fire risk.
In this descriptive analytical study, fire risk was calculated for the 15 wards of Hazrat Rasoul-e Akram hospital of Fereydunshahr through fire risk assessment method for engineers (FRAME) firstly. Then, crisis management team was formed and trained; in the following, the effects of fire risk were calculated. Data analyzed by SPSS-20 at a significant level of P Findings: According to the results, the building fire risk and their contents was on average (mean=0/57, SD=0/51), the risk of fire for individuals was (mean=4/60, SD=2/37) and the risk of fire for activities was (mean=1/81, SD=1/56); Given the unacceptable extent in the FRAME method, the risk of fire for activities and individuals were in an undesirable range. In addition, a trained crisis management team reduced the fire risk level by an average of 31.4%. The effect of crisis management team was significant in reducing the risk of fire. (P Due to the unfavorable conditions of fire safety in the mentioned hospital, fire risk can be reduced greatly by organizing the crisis management team at the hospital.

using fossil fuels, some hazards such as explosion and fire are probable. This study was aimed to consequence modeling of fire on Methane storage tanks in a gas refinery using analyzing the risk, and modeling and evaluating the related consequences.
Hazard analysis by PHA was used to choosing the worst-case scenario. Then, causes of the scenario were determined by FTA. After that, consequence modeling by the PHAST software was applied for the consequence analysis.
Based on some criteria, the fire of methane gas tank (V-100) was selected as the worst-case scenario at the refinery. The qualitative fault tree showed three factors including mechanical, process, and human failures contribute in gas leakage. The leakage size and weather conditions were effective on the distance of radiation. Using consequence modeling, thermal radiation was considered as the major outcome of the incident. Finally, for outcome evaluating, probit equations were used to quantify losses and the percentage of fatalities due to the methane gas leakage and fire occurrence. The maximum number of fatalities caused by fire was obtained 23 persons.
In conclusion, the methane gas vessel in the refinery can be considered as the main center of hazard, therefore the implementation of the safety rules, eliminating mechanical failures, personal protection and education, and Effective measures to prevent and fighting of fire are proposed for decreasing the probable losses and fatalities.

From the 70s onwards, safety engineering made significant progress in developing techniques and regulations relating to the fire. The first, this methods was considered after happening accidents to prevent similar accidents. But with the advancement of technology, the prediction and prevention of fire in complex industries such as power plant finds Important. This study is done to determine the risk of fire in the control room of a power plant and proposed effective strategies to fire prevention. In this study, based on fire risk assessment methods for engineers, computational package was prepared by EXCEL software. Next to the building and contents, residents and activities in the plant control room, risk assessment calculations were carried out separately. At the end based of FRAME pattern, proposed appropriate control measures. The results showed that the risk of fire for building and contents is 1.02, residents 20.6 and activity is 0.5. According to the acceptable level of risk in the method, only the risk of fire in activities within the acceptable range. The results showed that in case of fire, the expected damage to buildings is 10-20 percent. The fire risk for residents is required to take preventive measures to reduce the level of risk. The results showed that the FRAME method, in addition to risk assessment can determine the strengths and weaknesses of existing systems and will provide appropriate control measures to prevent fires in buildings built.