جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رسوب گذاری » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Corrosion and Scaling in distribution network pipes is one of the most important indices in water quality evaluation and one of the most common environmental phenomena that deteriorate water quality, color, odor, taste and also increases the concentration of heavy metals in water. Corrosion causes entry of bye-products to water and decreases pipe life and sedimentation, reduces the flow rate and the efficiency of valves and fittings. The purpose of this study was to determine the corrosion or Scaling state of drinking water in Mashhad in 2017.
Material and In this study, 72 samples were taken during 2017 to evaluate water quality characteristics, and analyzed based on the standard methods. Then, three indices including Langlier, Ryznar and Aggressiveness Indices were programmed in Excel software and based on this, Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water were determined. Results showed that the averages of Langlier, Ryznar and Aggressiveness Indices for water were 0.14±0.48, 6.67±0.38 and 12.23±0.23, respectively. According to the Langlier and Ryznar indices, 86.1% of total samples had low scaling potential and according to Aggressive index 97.2% of total samples had scaling. Also, the results showed that 58.33% of the samples were low scaling in spring and other samples were high scaling. In addition, in the summer, 33.3% of the total samples were high scaling and other samples were low scaling. The results showed that drinking water of Mashhad city was Scaling. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to control scaling in distribution network pipes, especially in areas located in high scaling zones.

Introduction and purpose: Groundwaters provide the main source of drinking water in Mazandaran province; however, the high concentration of soluble salts and hardness in these waters result in probable sedimentation and corrosion in water distribution systems of these areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the sedimentation and corrosion potential in the drinking water resources in Amol, Babol, Ghaemshahr, Sari, and Neka in the second and first halves of 2015 and 2016, respectively. A total of 192 water samples from selected cities of Mazandaran province were tested using determining parameters of sedimentation and corrosion indices by a standard method. The indices, such as Langelier saturation, Ryznar stability, Puckorius scaling, Aggressive, and Larson-Skold were determined using relevant data. The results of the study showed that out of 192 analyzed samples in the surveyed cities, 76 and 81.3 % of them had the sedimentation propertiesand potentials considering Ryznar stability and Langelier saturation indices, respectively. With regard to Puckorius scaling index, sedimentation potential was observed in 68.8 % of water samples. Aggressive and Larson-Skold indices have also showed sedimentation properties of water. It can be concluded that the drinking water in the water distribution systems of these cities has relatively sedimentation properties.

corrosion is a physic and chemical reaction occurring between a substance and its surrounding environment leading to the change in the substance properties. Corrosion can cause economic damage, loss of life and illness in consumers is watering plants. The aim of this study was to Assessment of scale formation and corrosion of drinking water supplies in Dehloran.
This research was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. the sampling was carried out during one year from 8 wells. Values of Langelier, Ryznar, corrosivity and Puckorius indexes were calculated by using such parameters as total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium hardness, total alkalinity, temperature, pH, pHs on all Sources of drinking water in dehloran.
The results of this study showed that the amount of TDS, turbidity and total hardness wells is lower than the national standard. So that the highest and lowest TDS was obtained for Dashte Akbar 1wells (1084 mg/l) and Bare Bijeh 1(132 mg/l), respectively. As well as The highest and lowest turbidity was obtained for Bare Bijeh 2 wells (0.99 NTU) and Dashte Akbar 1(0.25 NTU), respectively. For all the wells studied was obtained Lanzhylh index between -0.43 to .19, Ryzner of the 7.52 to 9.07, Puckorius index between 8.69 to 11.21 and corrosion of between 8.01 to 8.68, respectively.
The relevant indicators show that drinking water in dehloran corrosive and therefore must be continuously monitored water quality in the distribution network and measures to be applied in the field of corrosion control.

Corrosion is one of the most complicated and costly problems related to the drinking water supply that can influence the health of consumers, the general acceptance of a water resource, and the costs of water supply. Scaling also causes problems such as clogging and head loss in drinking water networks. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical quality and stability indicators (scaling and corrosion potential) of rural drinking water supplies of Taybad city in 2015-2016.
In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, 96 water samples (from 8 wells) were gathered within 12 months and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Then scaling and corrosion potential of water supplies was determined based on Langelier saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Aggressive Index (AI), and Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI).
The results showed that the quality of some wells was below the acceptable limits in terms of TDS and hardness. However, other parameters such as fluoride, nitrite, and nitrate, were in standard range. In addition, the sampling stations were 50% corrosive and 50% scaling based on LSI, 50% corrosive and 50% neutral based on RSI, 25% scaling 75% neutral based on AI, and 37.5% corrosive, 25% scaling, and 37.5% neutral based on PSI.
According to the findings, water in the study region is not in neutral state; thus, stabilizing the water before entering the distribution network is recommended as an important measure to control scaling and corrosion phenomenon.

One of the major problems of water utilization scaling and corrosion, which is a physical and chemical reaction between a metal and its environment is done and leads to material changes its properties. In this study corrosion and scaling index gained for malekshahi city's drinking water supply.
The desired parameters in accordance with the standard method of water and wastewater tests were tested and corrosion index Langelier, Rayznr, corrosion and Puckorius were calculated using equations and diagrams.
The results indicate that in accordance with the indices of corrosion Langelier index (-o.4), Rayznr (7.59), corrosion (11.59) and Puckorius (6.44), in terms of drinking water, city malekshahi the corrosive medium.
Evaluation of corrosion indices showed that drinking water is corrosive malekshahi city. And to compare parameters of water quality in the city malekshahi indicates that the concentration measured parameters except alkalinity is all in the standards of Iran and EPA.

One of the most complicated and costly problems associated with drinking water providing, is called as corrosion. Corrosion processes can cause pitting problems, reducing lifetime of water utilities and loss of water which can lead to high cost. Therefore the aim of this study is to determine the corrosion and scaling indices of rural drinking water resources of Khorasan Razavi.
Material & In this cross sectional study to evaluate water quality characteristics in the Khorasan Razavi resources, 879 samples were taken during 2013 were analyzed based on standard manual method book. Five indices including Langlier, Ryznar, Puckorius, Larson-Skold and Aggressiveness Index were programed in Excel software then scaling potential and corrosiveness of rural water of Khorasan razavi was studied.
The results indicated that values of Langlier equals 0.33 ±0.14, Ryznar equals 7.36 ±0.37,Puckorius equals 7.4 ±0.6, Larson Ratio is equal to 2.1±1.4 and Aggressiveness Index equals 12.03 ±0.18.
In comparison of five stability indices, it was found that drinking water in the study area is corrosive. Thus essential actions for reducing corrosion and corrosion by-products, health and economic loss are required.

Corrosion can cause economic damages, decreased useful life and diseases in the consumers. Therefore, in the present study, the status of potential of corrosion and scaling were investigated in water resources of Noorabad city of Lorestan.
In this cross-sectional study, samples were collected from 7 wells of drinking water and 2 water storage tanks during from autumn to winter in Noorabad. To do so, parameters including pH, pHs, temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity and TDS were measured and based on their values, four indexes including Langelier, Ryznar, Aggressive and Pokoryus were determined.
Results showed that Langelier, Rayznr, Pokoryus and Aggressive indexes were in the range of .07 to .61, 7.44 to 8.06, 6.9 to 7.25 and 11.38 to 11.9, respectively. According to the Langelier, Ryznar, Pukorius and Aggressive indexes, all of drinking water sources were corrosive which were studied in Noorabad city. However, according to the Langelier index, all of drinking water sources were sedimentary.
Result obtained from studied indexes showed that the drinking water in Noorabad is corrosive and so the water quality in water supply system should be monitored continuously. The best applicable practices for decreasing water corrosion in water supply system are including continuous control of pH, chlorination mechanism and the use of corrosion resistant pipelines and facilities.

Corrosion and scaling are the main problems that water facilities still face with them. Corrosion can caused great financial losses and health damage to the system, and consumers. Blockages and pressure drop in the network are another disadvantage of scaling. The aim of present study was to determine the corrosive and scaling potential in drinking water resources of Shahrood city.
This crosses-sectional study was conducted over 4 seasons in 2013 years. 1104 samples were examined using Langelier (LSI), Rayznr (RSI), aggressive (AI) and Pokurious (PSI) indices to determine the corrosive and scaling potential in drinking water resources of Shahrood city. To compare the mean values of each indices, the results were analyzed using t-test.
The results indicate that the drinking water resources of Shahrood according to the Langelier index equals -1.03 with a standard deviation of 0.11, according to Rayznr index equals 9.72 with a standard deviation of 0.17, based on Aggressive index equals 12.10 with a standard deviation of 0.14, based on Pokurious index equals 9.59 with a standard deviation of 0.13 respectively. The difference between the mean values of the four studied seasons also were significant. P-value Comparison of four indices and obtained results showed that drinking water resources in Shahrood was corrosive, therefore, it is suggested that the city's water resources should constantly assessed and try adjusting the pH and control of other affecting factors on the corrosion such as chloride, dissolved oxygen and sulfate concentrations to reduce corrosion.

Scaling and corrosion is one of the most important index in water quality evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine the corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water network in south of Shiraz city, Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, this network was divided into 9 sections and, regularly 3 samples from each section were taken. For this study, some important indexes about the corrosion and scaling such as, Langelier, Rayznr, Larson and Puckorius were considered. These indexes were calculated by using some parameters consists of temperature, Calcium hardness, alkalinity, Sulfate, Chloride, total dissolved solids, and pH in 2013.
The results showed that total hardness contents is very high in all of parts of the water distribution network in south of Shiraz city. The calculated results showed that the mean and standard deviation values of LSi, RSi, LS and PSi were equal to -0.46 ± 0.39, 7.4 ± 0.17, 1.3±0.15 and 7.15 ± 0.33, respectively.
The results showed that despite of the most of parameters in the study areas are in suitable status compared to the national standard but according to stability index the water network of south of Shiraz has a variable corrosion ratio from low to moderate.

Corrosion and scaling in water distribution system are very important as a matter of financial and health issues. This study was carried out to evaluate the corrosion and scaling potential in the water distribution system of Torbat Heydariyeh city in 2012.
This cross- sectional/ descriptive study used cluster sampling in which the city was divided into 15 clusters. 6 subjects per each cluster (total 90 subjects) were selected via random sampling during 2012. Samples were analyzed through standard methods. To determine the corrosion and scaling potential, five indices including Langlier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Larson-Skold Index (LS) and Aggressive Index (AI) were studied.
Based on the results, Rayzner, Langelier, Pokurious, Larson-Skold Ratio and Aggressive indices are 7.72 (±0.2), 0.021 (±0.12), 7.65 (±0.3), 1.72(±0.45), and 12.05 (±0.12), respectively which indicate 40, 100, 100, 94, and 33 percent of water in distribution system is corrosive according to RSI, LSI, PSI, LS and AI indices.
Overall, water is slightly corrosive in distribution system of Torbat Heydariyeh city. Thus, it is recommended to perform measures such as pH, alkalinity, hardness adjustment to mitigate corrosion and corrosion by-products.

Determination of water corrosion indexes is one of the affecting approaches on drinking water management. Corrosion can causes economical problems, reduce the useful life of water facilities, and health damages to consumers. The aim of this study was to survey of chemical quality and determination of the corrosion potential of the water distribution system in Bushehr city. In this cross sectional study, the sampling was carried out during one year from 7 stations. Values of Langelier, Ryznar, corrosivity and Puckorius indexes were calculated by using such parameters as pH, total dissolved solids, temperature, permanent and temporary hardness, and alkalinity. The average values for pH, total dissolved solids, temperature, and alkalinity was obtained 7.5, 586.82 mg/L, 66.92 mg/L CaCO3. The corrosion indexes were calculated Langelier 0.28, Ryznar 7.24, corrosivity 12.02, and Puckorius 7.81. Bushehr city water is tends to be slightly scaling based on Ryznar index and corrosive based on other studied indexes. Overall, the water quality was tending to corrosive and, therefore, recommended to use corrosion resistance pipes in water transmission and network or lining the inner wall of pipes or correction the water quality.

one of the important factors in water quality control is corrosion and scale-forming potential. Scaling in pipes can cause sedimentation and reduction of water flow in pipes. As a result, more energy is required for water conveying. The aim of this study was evaluation of chemical quality about corrosiveness and scaling of drinking water in Bojnurd water distribution network. Methods and materials: this cross-sectional study was conducted in winter of 2012 and spring 2012. 30 samples were picked randomly from public water network taps. In order to determine the saturation indices, all samples were analyzed for various parameters. Three indices including Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar saturation index (RSI) and Puckorius index (PI) were determined.

according to Langelier, Ryznar and Puckorius indices 93.3, 40 and 86.7 percent of samples were scale forming respectively. The results of this study showed that there is significant different between average Ryznar, Langelier and Puckorius in first and average Langelier, Ryznar and Puckorius in second step.

based on obtained results, water of distribution network in Bojnourd is relative According to our results, water of distribution network in Bojnurd is relative scaling. Water scale-forming can cause reduction the pipe diameter, reduction flow rate, and economical damages. It is recommended to prevent these problems, take control measures to prevent sedimentation.

Water corrosion leads to increase in toxic metals concentration, such as arsenic, copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel, iron and manganese in water. Toxic metals in water consumers cause acute health risks. Scaling water leads to economic and technical problems. Thus, The aim of this study was to investigate the corrosion and scaling potential of wells drinking water and aqueducts in rural areas adjacent to Rafsanjan fault. This cross-sectional study was performed during October to December in 2013. 120 water samples were totally taken through grab sampling in two stages from 22 wells and 38 aqueducts in rural areas adjacent to Rafsanjan fault. The temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and pH were measured. The potential of corrosion and scaling of waters were analyzed using corrosion Indexes. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Langelier indexes for 90 percent of wells and 92 percent of aqueducts, were positive and 86 percent of wells and 84 percent of aqueducts of Rayznar index obtained less than 7. Aggressiveness index for 86 percent of wells and 81 percent of aqueducts was more than 12 and 64 percent of wells and aqueducts of Pockurius index was less than 6. It was realized that wells and aqueducts drinking water in rural areas adjacent to Rafsanjan fault has scaling tendency by survey of corrosion indexes. Thus, it is necessary to stop economical loss and hygienic harms in order to maintaine water quality stabilization.

Background and Corrosion is a physicochemical reaction between metal and its surrounding that lead to changing in water quality. Corrosion causes to solve the pipelines that release the pollutants in the water. The objective of this study was to assess the scale formation and corrosion of drinking water supplies in Yasuj (Iran) in 2012 This research was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Experiments were conducted according to standard methods for water and wastewater experiment in the Water and Wastewater Co. The data were analyzed by using of Excel and Water Stability analyzer softwares. The results were compared with national and international standards. The results showed that the calcium and TDS contents are not in the recommended range of national and WHO standards. The Langelier Index ranged from -0. 91 to -0. 43 in summer and -0. 66 to -0. 25 in the winter. The average of Rayznr index was 8. 61±0. 23 and 8. 48±0. 07 in the summer and the winter، respectively. The average of aggression، Puckorius and Larson indexes were 11. 58، 8. 13 and 0. 29 respectively، which indicates the most of water supplies don’t tend to scale formation، however tend to mild corrosion. The results showed that water supplies of Yasuj city was mild corrosive. Therefore water quality should be control. Also water pipelines should be preserved with several modes of corrosion inhibition.

Corrosion and sedimentation potential is one of the main factors in water quality control issues. Water tendency towards each of them, can be play very effective role in the transmission and distribution of drinking water in terms of economic and health aspects. The purpose of this study was evaluation of chemical quality, corrosive and sedimentation rate of drinking water in Ardabil water supply network and providing relevant solutions for probable problems. In a cross-sectional research conducted in autumn 2009, the city was divided into 12 blocks and water samples were taken in two instances (in the first half of October and the second half of December). Parameters of alkali, calcium hardness, electrical conductivity, temperature and pH were determined. Water samples were handled according to standard procedures, and corrosion and sedimentation potential were estimated using indicators Lanzhlyh (LSI) and Rayznr (RSI). The results of tests and calculations showed that the respective value for average of LSI index in the first and 2nd stage of water sampling was -0.23 and -0.46, and the average for RSI index in the first and 2nd stage of sampling was 7.98 and 8.24, respectively. Based on LSI index, drinking water in the water supply system has a tendency to corrosion in 9 and 12 stations in the first and second sampling campaigns, respectively; with the other stations tending to have sedimentation. However, according to RSI index six stations had tendency to corrosion and others was balanced in the first samples. For the second samples, ten stations tend to have corrosive property and the others had conditions of relative equilibrium. Based on the results obtained, water in Ardabil drinking water supply have slight tendency to corrosion and water quality must be controlled for the relevant parameters e.g. pH, alkali, and hardness. Application of corrosion-resistant pipes and materials should be considered in drinking water networks.

Aims. Lack of chemical quality control of drinking-water (DW) in distribution systems may cause corrosion, precipitation and ultimately leads to economics and health damages. The goal of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality of DW in military centers and predict the potential of corrosion and precipitation within those DWs. Methods. In this cross-sectional and descriptive study the chemical quality of DW (underground) in 9 military centers located in different water basin of Iran were investigated in four different seasons. In any season, 3 grab samples with 2-3L of water volume have been obtained. All of the samples were collected, stored and preserved in glass or polyethylene container and analyzed based on standard methods. The potential of corrosion and precipitation of DWs were calculated by Langelier saturation Index (LSI), Aggressive Index (AI) and Risnar Index (RI). Results. Based on the calculated values of indices, DW of G3, G4 and G5 centers had shown corrosive properties, but other centers showed precipitated properties. Based on LSI, AI and RI the DW of all centers showed a uniform quality of corrosion and precipitation potential. Conclusion. Monitoring of chemical quality, precipitation, corrosion potential and concentration of heavy metals should be considered in DW quality control programs.

Corrosion and precipitation in drinking and sanitary water in distribution systems leads to economic and health damages. The goal of this study was to survey the chemical quality of water in Kharanagh ward in Yazd province and to predict the potential of corrosion and precipitation in these waters.

For determining the chemical quality of water, some cross-sectional samples with 2-4L of water volume were taken. All of the samples were collected, stored and preserved in glass or polyethylene containers and were analyzed based on standard methods. The potential of corrosion and precipitation in waters was calculated by Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Risnar Index (RI) and decision was made based on calcium carbonate résistance.

Based on the values of LSI, drinking and sanitary waters showed precipitative properties. Based on RI, the waters showed a corrosive quality from the point of corrosion and precipitation potential. Based on calcium carbonate résistance parameter, the waters had precipitative quality.

The chemical quality of water in Kharanagh district is non-balanced that leads to precipitation in water distribution and other equipments thus planning water quality stabilization for the elimination of economics damages is necessary.

According to the standard, drinking water must not be corrosive. Corrosive water solve primery materials of pipes, joints and valves in municipal water distribution systems and home plumbing systems and cause a lot of health, aesthetic and economic problems in water distribution systems. Thus, determination of corrosion potential of drinking water using methods which are feasible and reliable is necessary, and corrosion should be controlled in drinking water for water sanitation and health promotion among citizens. This research was carried out to determine water corrosivity or sedimentation potential in Khorramabad city, using corrosion indices. In this project 50 points as samples in two stages in the Summer and Autumn seasons were determined, and amount of corrosion indices, including Langelier Indice, Ryzener indice, Aggressive indice and Pokurious indice, corrosivity and temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solid and PH were calculated two times within a 3-month interval, then the data obtained from results were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tests. Results of corrosion indices show that drinking water of Khorramabad is in equilibrium condition and has tendency to corrosion. Calculated corrosion indices are as fllows: Langelier (-0.157), Ryzener (7.86), Aggressive (11.626), and Pokurious indice (7.65). Statistical tests of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient dont indicate significant relationship between quality parameters with corrosion indices Results of corrosion indices showed that drinking water of Khorramabad is inclined to corrosion.

Corrosion is one of the most complex and costiy problems related to drinking water. Corrosion can affect the public health, acceptability of the drinking water source and supplying costs. The aim of this study was to determine the corrosion potentiality of drinking water in Shiraz city in 2007- 2008 through corrosion and stability index (Langlier Saturation Index, Ryznar Stability Index, Aggressiveness Index and Pockurius Scaling Index). The results indicate the mean and standard deviation for temperature, pH, and pHs were equal to 22.84 and 2.93 ºC, 7.69 and 0.28, and 6.83 and 0.24 respectively. Also the mean and standard deviation of total suspended solid (TDS), calcium hardness, and total alkalinity was equal to 656.8 and 190.9, 465.37 and 121, and 271.6 and 67 respectively. Also Langlier Saturation Index was equal to 0.86 and 0.23, respectively and for Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) was equal 5.95 and 0.36, respectively. Obtained results showed that the mean and standard deviation for Aggressiveness Index (AI) and Pockurius Scaling Index (PSI) was equal to 10.54 and 0.23, and 8.06 and 0.15, respectively.By studying the corrosion indexes it was found that most of these indexes in Shiraz drinking water have scaling potentiality and only in a few instances station have corrosion potentiality.