جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « روستایی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Around the world, about one in six older people has experienced some form of abuse. This study aimed at comparing the rate of abuse and related factors in urban and rural senior people attending health centers in Ghaemshahr, 2020.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 250 older people were selected by systematic random sampling. Data were collected using Domestic Elder Abuse Questionnaire, Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Assessment of Daily Activities of Instrumental Activity of Daily Livening (IADL), and Demographic-Medical Questionnare. Data were analyzed in SPSS V22 applying descriptive statistics tests, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance.

The mean age of participants was 69.10±8.57 years of whom 58.8% were women. At least one type of abuse was experienced by 60% of elder people in urban areas and 64.8% of the seniors living in rural regions. Psychological abuse was found to be more prevalent in both groups while rejection was the least common form of abuse. Findings revealed significant associations between elder abuse and gender, education, income, disease status, number of drugs used, urinary incontinence, life companions, number of children, and occupation (P<0.05).

High rate of elder abuse calls for alerting aged people and their caregivers. Appropriate interventions can also help in preventing the consequences of this problem.

As the population in rural areas grows, health and environmental safety problems increase. Considering the nature of rural settlements as well as the dangers and incidents that threaten the villagers, the present study has been conducted to determine the feasibility of establishing a health and environmental safety administration system in the rural management of Jazinak village of Zabol town in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

In this descriptive study, the statistical research population was selected through census sampling in 2017 and consisted of 52 managers, trustworthy executives, village chiefs and members of Islamic councils. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used for demographic variables, and one-way ANOVA and independent t-test were utilized for analyzing the data.

The results revealed that the role of village chiefs in protecting the environment of the village was 57.6% (30 people) and at a good level. The status of safety indicators of 3 people (5.8%) was poor, of 39 people (75%) was average, of 8 people (15.4%) was good, and of 2 people (3.8%) was excellent; the environment status of the village was considered poor by 5 people (9.6%), average by 24 people (46.1%), good by (38.5%) of the villagers, and great by 3 people (5.8%). Health and environmental safety indicators showed significant differences (p = 0.001).

The findings showed that the average score of the status of health and environmental safety indicators in Jazinak village is average and poor. Therefore, it is necessary to pay careful attention to the implementation and establishment of health and environmental safety administration in villages.

 Little is known about characteristics of loneliness among rural and urban older people. The purpose of this study was to determine Loneliness comparison and its related factors between urban and rural elderly people.

 In this descriptive study, 280 community dowelling elderly people were selected by systematic random sampling method in Behshahr city in 2018. Data were gathered using Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults(SELSA) questionnaire, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Index(IADL), and the Medical-Demographic questionnaire. Data were Analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software using descriptive statistics, via the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Multiple Linear regression with stepwise analysis.

 The mean of Loneliness score for the urban and rural elderly were 33.00 ± 8.34 and 33.57 ± 9.89, respectively. There was no significantly relationship between total loneliness score among urban and rural elderly, however emotional score was significantly more among rural elderly compared to urban elders(P=0.033). According to the multivariate linear regression analysis results, marital status had the most strongly affected on the sense of loneliness among both urban and rural elders.

 Regarding the high incidence of loneliness in the elderly, Perforrming more studies and designing educational, consulting, and supportive interventions is suggested, in order to prevent of loneliness and its adverse outcomes.

Lack of nutritional knowledge is one of the most important reasons for nutritional problems and consequently im proper practice, which can lead to several complications. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of urban and rural households toward principles of nutrition in Neyshabour. This cross-sectional study investigates the knowledge, attitude, and practice of urban and rural households towards principles of nutrition in Neyshabour. The sampling method at households' level was single stage cluster sampling with equal size clusters. The incumbent data was collected by a structured questionnaire and through the interview with the eligible subject in each household. A total of 385 households were selected as overall sample size. Around 70% of households were aware of food groups. About 40-70% had correct knowledge about the roles of food groups. Most of the households had accurate knowledge about the reason for food eating. Knowledge, attitude, and practice levels of households toward principles of nutrition weremoderate and good. The results of this study can be used for proper intervention for improving health society.

Because of the lack of written deal with the oral and dental health in city of Fasa from1998 onwards and also to make the infrastructure for related studies and dental public interventions, this study was conducted to study indices of dmft and DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filling, Teeth) in children of Fasa city.
This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 on 4,400 children of pre-school and primary school in the city of Fasa selected in multistage sampling from urban and rural. Checks were done by health professionals under the supervision of a dentist at schools and the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth were determined and separated regarding the primary and permanent teeth.
The dmft and DMFTindices were 4.45±3.43 and 1.26±1.64, respectively, that showed no significant difference between male and female students (P = 0.280 and P= 0.200 respectively). The number of decayed primary teeth in boys was more than that of girls (P=0.015) and the number of filled primary teeth was more in girls comparing to that of boys (P The results exposed a high level of dmft index in children under 14, especially in rural areas. In order to control this problem, in addition to preventive and medicinal interventions, improving the awareness of society at different levels is suggested

Misbehavior towards elderlies is among psychosocial damages, with an increasing prevalence along with the increase in age of families and societies. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare perceived misbehavior with urban and rural elderlies living in Ilam Province during year 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, using clustering and simple random sampling, 360 individuals among those more than 65 years old in Ilam Province were selected. Data was collected via a standard questionnaire, with its validity confirmed by different studies.
In this study, 360 individuals including 221 (61.4%) females and 290 (80.6%) urban elderlies were evaluated. Most elderlies (228 (63.3%)) were married and the highest frequency (39.8%) was observed among the age group of 76 to 80 year-olds. Among urban elderlies, the greatest frequency of misbehavior was attributed to financial neglect (107 (36.8%)) and the least common misbehavior was financial misbehavior. However, among rural participants, the most frequent misbehavior was financial neglect (40 (57.1%)) and the least common (1 (1.5%)) misbehavior was bodily misbehavior.
Considering the high rate of misbehaviour reported by elderlies in Ilam Province, interventional programs are needed by policy makers of either health and treatment responsibilities or other social and economical responsibilities in Ilam province for reduction of misbehaviour by families of elderlies.

With the increasing life expectancy and aging density of population in some communities, the world's older population is rapidly increasing. With age, there is a gradual reduction in physical activities thereby leading to an increased prevalence of chronic diseases and reduced individual and social performance in elderly individuals. The importance of this present study can be noted from the factors including changing epidemiological pattern of disease in the elderly, susceptibility to the chronic diseases and increasing number of seniors facing relative health issues but deprived from healthcare needs. In order to optimize the management and careful planning of the healthcare services for the rural elderly, there is a need for extensive research in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of elderly patients living in the rural cities of Ashtian city, Markazi Province.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study included 200 elderly people from Ashtian villages selected using the cluster sampling technique. After gaining consent from the participants, the required information was collected through questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The results of the tests were processed using SPSS software. Chi-square test was also used, and P This study consisted of 126 females and 74 males of which 156(78%) were illiterates, 52(26%) were widows, 2(1%) were single, 32(16%) were living alone, and 10(5%) were smokers. The prevalence of disease noted in this study is given below: osteoarthritis, 163(81.5%); static and dynamic imbalance, 138(69%); hypertension, 120(60%); hyperlipidemia, 111(55.5%); urinary disorders, 99(49.5%); depression, 95(47.5%); cognitive disorders, 92(46%); hearing problems, 88(44%); nutritional problems, 83(41.5%); sleep disorders, 76(38%); angina, 67(33.5%); and diabetes, 18(9%). Moreover, there was a significant relationship with widowhood (P The findings of this study suggested that physical diseases and functional limitations among elderly people in rural areas are a very crucial matter. Based on the results of this research and high frequency of chronic diseases in the rural elderly, especially osteoarthritis, imbalance, depression, hypertension, nutritional problems, vision and hearing problems- and angina diseases, the screening and monitoring activities for these diseases should be duly executed. The study also revealed that certain sections of the society including women, elderly, less educated, and unemployed, either living in celibacy or in the village are faced with several health problems. Thus, special attention should be paid to the vulnerable groups in terms of the health policies dedicated for their welfare.

Background and Infertility is a major socio-medical challenge in Iran especially in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of infertility and related factors in rural and urban areas.
In 2012, a cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in Babol. The samples (546 urban women and 535 rural women) were selected by cluster sampling aged 20-40 yeras. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data.
Urban subjects included 50.5% of the subjects. According to self-reports the prevalence of infertility was 15.5% in investigated population. The prevalence of infertility rates in rural and urban areas were 15% and 16.1%, respectively. Significant associations were observed between age at marriage, occupation, and educational level and being resident in city or village (P This study showed that a high number of women have experienced infertility at some point in their lives. Also, the prevalence of infertility was found to be high among women living in urban areas.

Smoking is one of the health problems in the world which threats the human life. Approximately every 10 seconds a person dies because of complications and diseases caused by tobacco. This study aimed to investigate Smoking status in population aged 15-64 in urban and rural area in Hormozgan province. This retrospective cross-sectional study conducted according to the WHO protocols. Data obtained from cardiovascular risk factors surveillance system in the province of Hormozgan. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 16 software and Mann-Whitney، kruskal-wallis test. The results showed that 11. 1% of the subjects were smoking daily with 13/8 % and 10/% in urban and rural areas، respectively. The percentage of smoking in men and women was 21% and 0. 4% respectively. Most of smokers were in 35-44 and 45-54 age groups. 13. 5% of study population were using hookah daily، with 5. 3% in urban and 18. 4% in rural areas. Most of hookah users were in and 45-54 and 55-64 age groups. Regarding the high rate of smoking in Hormozgan province it is essential to develop and implement educational programs regarding the health problems of smoking and its effects on passive smokers is necessary.

The aging population is a group of the community that is most vulnerable to social, health, and environmental damages. According to World Health Organization, the number of the old individuals is increasing rapidly. This study was conducted to assess the overall health status and identify prevalent chronic diseases among the ageing urban and rural Zahedani populations.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Zahedan in 2012. The study population consisted of the ageing population from rural and urban areas of Zahedan selected through multistage random sampling (100 urban and 100 rural individuals). The study data were gathered through the general health questionnaire and a checklist assessing chronic diseases. Then, the results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software and descriptive as well as inferential statistics.
In this study, study subject's health score was above the cut-off point (23) indicating poor health (general health score was 30.43 and 32.32 for the urban and rural old population, respectively). Besides, the male's general health was higher than that of the females (p=0.040). Also, the urban population showed a better health status compared to the rural one (p=0.023). The most prevalent diseases among the urban and rural elderly population were cardiovascular (44%) and eye problems (71%), respectively. Moreover, ear problems and hearing loss (50%) were the most common deficiencies in the two study groups.
The prevalence of chronic diseases, such as hearing loss, cardiovascular diseases, and eye problems, in the elderly population is of utmost importance. Therefore, the health and treatment network managers are recommended to provide the ground for reducing these diseases among the aging population by appropriate plans and interventions.

Water is one of the essential requirements of life and one of the efficient natural materials which is vital for the human life and civilization. Therefore, awareness of its quality is essential for any consumer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial and chemical quality of drinking water of the rural areas of central Boyer Ahmad district, Iran. This study was conducted in the rural areas of the central parts of Boyer Ahmad district, Iran in 2010. 79 samples for microbial evaluation and 21 samples for chemical evaluation were assessed. The evaluation analysis revealed that all of the chemical parameter concentration (except residual chloride and fluoride) and the microbial parameters (fecal coliforms) were in standard range, but 24% of the measured microbial cases contained coliform. The quantity and acceptable quality of drinking water is one of the most important issues that consumers are faced with. On the other hand, as the population grows, so does the industry and agricultural production, which over time it will become a serious problem and needs to be seriously dealt with. Regarding that most of the discrepancy is in the amount of water chlorination, thus it can be an indication of inappropriate water management and their ignorance toward drinking water chlorination. Improving water resources is essential to prevent water pollutions to other coliforms as well as developing drinking water standards for the exploitation of water resources.

Allergic diseases are among the most important health problems in childhood. In this study, we decided to compare the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in rural and urban children in Gonabad.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Gonabad in 1390. 1626 urban and rural children aged 12-18 years participated in this study using multi-stage sampling. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire (ISAAC) was used to evaluate the prevalence of allergic symptoms in children. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. The Chi-Square tests were used for comparison of qualitative variables between the two groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of association. A two-tailed analysis was considered statistically significant (p<0.05).

Of the 1626 students, 876 (53.8%) were boys and 751 (46.2%) were girls. Mean age of children was 14.5±1.8. 1219 (74.9%) of students were living in urban and 407 (25.1%) were living in rural areas. 617 (38%) of students had at least one allergic symptom at some time in their life and there was no statistical difference between rural and urban ones (p-value=0.141). However, a 12-month prevalence of rhinitis symptoms was significantly higher in urban children than that in rural ones (p-value=0.020).

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was higher in urban children than that in rural ones which may be related to urbanization risk factors.

We aimed to clarify the status and causes of mortality and to provide a general strategy to increase the longevity and improve human health. Mortality rate of under 5 years old is an important indicator of development in different communities and reveals their life quality. It was a case – control study, data was collected from all deaths of under five years that had been recorded in rural areas of Ahwaz city (104 deaths) in 2009, which was named the case group. The control group was selected with the same birth date, age and residence for each case group. Data was collected through questionnaire. We had collected death certificates from health centers. Data has entered by SPSS software (version 17) & data was performed using T – test and chi- square test. In this study, 53.5% of mortality had occurred in the neonatal period, 32.7% in one-month to one-year and 13.9% in one-year to five- years. The most important causes of death were fetal growth (30.4%), respiratory system anomalies (18.6%) and cardiovascular anomalies (10.8%) respectively. The findings reported a significant correlation between child mortality with the father's education and family class. Statistical tests did not show a significant correlation between mother's educations, number of ideal children, mean income and preferring boys with children mortality correlate. Improving pregnancy care, prevention of preterm deliveries, increasing health knowledge of mothers about infant care, changing the Socio-Economic status, educational intervention programs for high risk groups, preparing a medical team for premature births, NICU equipment as well as promote public education may have an effective role in reducing mortality among newborns and infants.

Studies of the prevalence of substance abuse in rural and urban population in different countries revealed variable results regarding to the study method, study population, age group and measuring tools. The purpose of this research is to compare the patterns of substance abuse disorders in urban and rural population in Mashhad. Two groups consecutively admitted patients who referred to substance treatment clinics of Mashhad, were selected (110 urban and 100 rural patients). Samples were evaluated with structured demographic questionnaire and Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) for DSM-IV. Data were analyzed by χ2 and independent t-test. This study showed statistically significant differences between two groups in marital status, education level, monthly income and job. Also the samples were differed in substance type, history of injection and quit, abuse of nicotine, cannabis and alcohol in long life. Rural and urban societies have differences in patterns of substance abuse that can be originated from social-context differences.

Handicapped subjects have special social and clinical needs that should be observed. The present study was designed to survey the incidence of congenital anomalies in a rural population aged 5- 19 years in Rafsanjan.

In a descriptive study, we included 1356 subjects who were randomly selected through rural population of Rafsanjan. The incidence of congenital anomaly was calculated for each age group. Parametric and non-parametric tests were applied for data analysis.

Totally, 87 had at least one congenital anomaly that makes an overall prevalence of 63.2 per 1000 person-year. Although the incidence of congenital anomalies had dropped significantly during 1987- 1988, it was increased during 1999-2001. The following factors may be associated with the increased incidence of congenital anomalies: maternal smoking, X-ray, and residing near pistachio gardens.

The incidence of congenital anomalies is quite high in the region. Thus, the responsible authorities should pay further attention to the problem and attempt to recognize the possible predisposing factors besides managing the rehabilitation aspects of the sufferers.

Background and

Several studies have shown differences in HTN prevalence between urban and rural populations. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of HTN and the status of HTN awareness, treatment and control between Iranian urban and rural populations aged over 20 years.

As a part of a nation-wide survey in 2004 on risk factors of non-communicable diseases, a cross-sectional study was performed on 75.132 adults aged over 20 years. In all participants, blood pressure was measured for twice in a standard method, followed by a collection of data on patients’ awareness, treatment and control of HTN. The data were compared between urban and rural populations.

The crude prevalences of HTN were 30.5% (CI 95%: 30.496- 30.50), 29.2% (CI 95%: 29.19-29.21), and age-adjusted prevalences were 26.09% (CI 95%: 26.086-26.094) and 26.03% (CI 95%: 26.015-26.025) for urban and rural populations, respectively. Rural residents were significantly less aware of HTN, its treatment and control than urban people.

Considering the similarity of age-adjusted HTN prevalence between Iranian rural and urban communities, there is the same burden on our health system. With respect to the lower degree of HTN awareness and control in rural residents, and the integral role of rural health system in diminishing the mentioned difference, further developments are recommended for system.