جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شاهد » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Studies in the health sciences is comprised of observational and intervention. A major part of health sciences research has been allocated to the observational studies. Designing and doing studies based on scientific guidelines that include the entire process, leads to studies validation and also results can be generalized to the community. Thus, for standardizing the scientific and observational studies, a statement entitled "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology" (STROBE) was presented. The purpose of drafting a STROBE statement, is making recommendations to clarify the design, methods, and findings of observational studies and is not requiring researchers to follow a particular methodology. In other words, the purpose of the STROBE statement is better "reporting" of observational studies and not better "doing". According to the importance of designing and scientific reporting of observational articles, this study was performed for presentation of the STROBE statement, history, goals, and weaknesses for Persian speaking readers.
To verify the STROBE statement, STROBE website and published articles on the evaluation of STROBE effectiveness and related articles were studied.
The results of this study showed the lack of adequate use of STROBE statement in the articles published after the presentation of this statement.
Knowledge of the scientific standards for reporting research in Iran to enhance the academic standing and the quality of research, leads to improved academic standing of the Iranian specialists in the world.

The present study was carried out with an emphasis on violent men exposed to domestic violence during childhood as the point of intervention to stop transmission of violence between generations in order to determine the role childhood exposure to domestic violence in predicting depression, anxiety and stress in this group of men.
This is a cross- sectional descriptive study, including 45 subjects selected within a 4 month period using a purposive sampling method. These men were selected because their wives had officially complained about battery and violence and in some cases with medical evidence of physical violence. They had accepted to complete the domestic violence and DASS questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
Findings: The results revealed that the variables like witnessing domestic violence must be considered as important in predicting violent behavior in adulthood and being a victim of domestic violence in childhood is a variable that can be used to predict depression, anxiety and stress later.
These finding can be used to develop and implement more effective treatments for violent behavior and informing people about consequences of behaviors that increase the risk of involving children in domestic violence, leading to decrease in transmission of violence between generations.

Polymorphisms of the upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) have been associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseases (CHD). In the current investigation, the association of USF1s2 variant of human USF1 gene with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) was evaluated in a population from southern Iran. USF1s2 has the best potential as a functional variant. in the USF1 gene. In a case-control study USF1s2 variant of human USF1 gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using BsiHKA I restriction enzyme for 186 women under 55 years of age and 135 men less than 50 years of age who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography in Saadi, Nemazee and Kowsar Hospitals of Shiraz, between July 2009 and March 2012. Data on the history of familial myocardial infarction or other heart diseases, hypertension, and smoking habit were collected by a simple questionnaire. Blood sugar level and serum lipid profile of all participants were also obtained by measuring the levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Frequencies of the major (G) and minor (A) alleles of usf1s2 gene variant were 0.74 and 0.26 in the whole population, respectively. Meanwhile, the prevalence of the minor allele was significantly higher in PCAD patients compared with control subjects. This difference remained significant even after adjustment for confounding parameters. Indeed, subjects with mutant homozygous genotype (AA) were about 5 times more likely to suffer from early-onset CAD than those with wild-type homozygous genotype (GG). Moreover, the baseline characteristics of the control subjects and patients were statistically similar for almost all parameters except for the number of male individuals; there was no significant difference among various genotypes in the patient group for any of these investigated variables. It appears that the usf1s2 variant in upstream transcription factor 1 gene is an independent predictor of premature coronary artery disease in our population and applies its effects without affecting blood sugar and lipid levels.

Infant mortality rate is a main community health assessment indicator. This study aimed to identify risk factors of infant mortality rate in Shahroud in the North Eastern of Iran. In this case-control study، 117 cases of infant deaths were identified and selected in the study. For each case، two controls were entered the study، matching on time and place of birth (234 controls). Data were gathered for all related variables and were analyzed using univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression for estimation of crude and adjusted odds ratios. Based on the univariate analysis، there were significant statistical associations (P<0. 05) between infant mortality and low birth weight (<2500 g) (OR=15. 14)، prematurity (<37 weeks of gestational age) (OR=9. 85)، and high risk pregnancy (OR=3. 13). Multivariate analysis showed significant statistical associations (P<0. 05) between infant mortality and low birth weight (OR=8. 04) and prematurity (OR=3. 51). According to our findings، low birth weight and prematurity were the most important risk factors of infant mortality.

Low birth weight is the most important public health problem, especially in the developing countries, associated with many complications. Magnesium, an essential element for many enzymes, have been studied in recent decades and can reduce preterm labor and low birth weight. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the relationship of maternal serum magnesium levels and the incidence of low-birth-weight infants.

In this case-control study, 21 low- (cases) and 39 normal-birth-weight (control group) infants were studied. Information was collected by infant physical examination, interview with the mother and maternal blood laboratory tests. For the measurement of maternal serum magnesium level, atomic absorption spectrometry method was used. The collected data were analyzed using independent t and chi-square tests.

The mean maternal serum magnesium level was significantly (P = 0.001) lower in the case group (2.24 ± 0.07 mg) compared with the control group (2.61 ± 0.09 mg). Low maternal serum magnesium level is a risk factor for incidence of low birth weight.

Maternal serum magnesium level is a predictive risk factor for low birth weight. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of low birth weight, as one of the most important causes of infant mortality, oral administration of magnesium and dietary advices can be taken.

In addition to the age and immune suppression, several risk factors for herpes zoster have been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the family history of herpes zoster as a risk factor for this disease. This case-control study was conducted at Farshchian hospital, Hamedan, Iran. The cases were patients with confirmed diagnosis of herpes zoster. The controls were chosen from individuals with minor or chronic dermatologic diseases or their companions, who had no history of herpes zoster. Immune deficiency was the main exclusion criteria. Information was asked using special questionnaires administered by blinded investigators. Data were analyzed using chi squared test. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated to compare proportions in two groups. Case and control groups included 217 and 200 participants, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation of ages in case and control groups were 49.08±15.59 and 49.96±15.54 years, respectively (P=0.936). 53.5% of cases and 54.5% of controls were women (P=0.845). The frequency of herpes zoster in first-degree relatives in cases and controls was 65/217 (30%) and 16/200 (8%) respectively (OR [95%CI] = 4.91 [2.73-8.85]). Positive history for second degree relatives was 36 (16.6%) and 8 (4%) in cases and controls, respectively (OR [95%CI] = 4.77 [2.16-10.54]). This proportion for at least one relatives was 101 (46.6%) and 24 (12%) in cases and controls, respectively (OR [95%CI] = 6.26 [3.79-10.36]). This study suggests that positive family history is a risk factor for herpes zoster.

Back ground: Laryngeal cancer though accounts for only 1.5% of all malignant neoplasm. Scientific evidence has shown that cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, lung and esophagus are associated with Cigar smoking. The present study is to examine by case-control method the impact of smoking on laryngeal cancer. One hundred and six hospitalized cases of otolaryngology department of Imam and Apadana Hospital of Ahvaz Jundishapur university diagnosed and pathologically confirmed laryngeal cancer in the period between March 1990 and March 2007 were selected for study. At the same time 176 controls of the otolaryngology department hospitalized in the same period for non-tumor diseases of the head and neck were selected. The questionnaire used in the present study contained items such as the social and demographic background of the subject, history of otolaryngology diseases, and lifestyle of the patients before hospitalization, smoking habit, and amount and duration of smoking. All data was analyzed by SPSS16. cases and controls were not significantly different in sex, marital status, race, educational level, religious belief and area of residency (P>0.05). Age, smoking experience, total year of smoking, way of smoking and the total amount of smoking were statistically associated with laryngeal cancer (P<0.05).A total of 148 patients from 176 patients were using tobacco compounds that about 50 cases above 20 cigarettes per day and the rest less than this number were consumed. The average duration of smoking 41.8 years. An interesting fact that of 25 female patients, 10 cases were used tobacco. Type of cigarette smoked in the 24 cases was handmade, 67 cases of cigarettes produced domestically and 57 foreign type was used. In the control group from 176 cases reviewed 18 smokers has been reported with average time of 4.8 years. Smoking is by far the strongest risk factor associated with the development of laryngeal cancer. Since it is fairly uncommon for a non-smoker to be diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, smoking cessation is the best way to prevent laryngeal cancer.

General health is affected by personality factors such as pessimism and self esteem. The present study was concerned with relationship between general health, pessimism, and self esteem in college students with father and martyr father in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 94 college students with martyr father (51 men and 43 women) and 97 with father (35 men and 62 women) were randomly selected. Students completed Beck Hopelessness scale (20-items), Cooper Smith self esteem (58-items), and Goldberg general health questionnaire (28-items). To analyze the data, independent t-test, two-factor analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were used. There was significant relationship between general health, pessimism and self esteem. There was no significant difference between college students with father and martyr father, in general health. Pessimism in college students with martyr father was more than those with father. College students with martyr father have less self esteem than those with father. Gender has moderator role in effectiveness of martyr father on general health and self esteem. Social support and particular advantage for college students with martyr father in our culture promotes increased health. Father absence negative effectiveness in men with martyr father is more than women with martyr father, because of identification source missing in men.

Congenital malformations are one of the most important factors of mortality and morbidity of newborns. Infants born with congenital abnormalities impose emotional and economical problems. Abnormalities are due to chromosomal and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting risks of congenital malformations 2007 This study is a case-control study which was applied on 333 newborns with major malformation and 666 healthy newborns birth in education and treatment center of Alzahra in 2007 which were compatible in social and individual characteristics. Newborns in the control group were chosen by convenience sampling and the cases in the case group were chosen randomly. Then data were collected by interview and filling questionnaire. They were analyzed by SPSS/ver13 and independent t-test and X2. Findings of the study revealed that the most common congenital anomalies were related to the skeletal system (28/83%), the genitourinary system (28/23%), the nervous system (9/31%), the chromosomal abnormalities (8/71%), digestive system (6/61%). Results indicated that 25% of abnormal newborns’ parents had consanguineous marriage; this was 15.9% for normal babies and this difference was statically significant (P=0/004). Outcomes also represent that there were meaningful relationship between congenital malformations and diseases of mother during pregnancy, baby gender, woman’s number of pregnancies and history of abortion, prenatal care during pregnancy, mother’s taking multivitamin, ferrous sulfate and drugs during pregnancy and mode of delivery (P<0/05). There were significant differences in birth weight, gestational age and 1&5-min Apgar scores of two groups. Findings showed that the rates of consanguineous marriage, diseases of the mother during pregnancy, number of pregnancies, history of abortion, prenatal cares and mode of delivery in malformed infants were significantly higher than in normal babies. Regarding the risk of consanguineous marriage it seems necessary to educate families and young people about considering specific cases as well as getting regular prenatal cares.

Angiogenesis, growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is a crucial physiological process for tissue regeneration. This state is also seen in pathological processes such as malignancies and endometriosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability which is known to play an important role in the development of endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 405 G>C VEGF polymorphism and endometriosis in an Iranian population. The study population was comprised of 105 women with and 150 women without laparoscopic evidence of endometriosis. Genomic DNA from blood cells was extracted using salting out method. Genotype and allele frequency of 405 G>C polymorphism was compared between women with endometriosis and the controls using PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. Chi-squared test and odds ratio plus 95% confidence interval were determined. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. While the 405 VEGF genotype frequencies in the case group were 41.3% G/G, 46.2% C/G and .5 C/C, they were 32% GG, S.3 GC and 14.7% CC in the control group. The distribution of three genotypes and allele frequencies of 405 G>C VEGF polymorphism between the case and control groups did not demonstrate any significant difference. In contrast to previous studies, no significant correlation was found between 405 G>C VEGF polymorphism and endometriosis. Since this was the first study in an Iranian population, further investigation with bigger sample sizes may be indicated to be able to generalize the findings.

Limitations of the traditional methods for assessing G*E interaction- including case-control studies- led to development of several non-traditional approaches. This study aims to assess the interaction between the genetic background (history of breast cancer in first degree relatives) and environmental influences (reproductive/menstrual factors) in patients with breast cancer; we also compare the statistical efficiency and power of case-control and case-only designs in this setting. In a matched case-control study in Mazandaran province (Iran), 250 incident biopsy-proven cases of breast cancer and 250 age-matched neighbor controls were interviewed. History of breast cancer in mother and/or sister(s) was taken as a surrogate measure of genetic predisposition, while age at first birth, parity, breast feeding, age at menarche and irregular menstruation were considered as relevant environmental factors. For the matched case-control design, we used a conditional logistic regression model to examine main effects and the G*E interaction. In the case-only design, logistic regression analysis was applied to obtain an estimate of G*E interaction, after checking for the independence assumption. We also calculated the power for detecting the interaction by matched case-control and case-only analyses. Age at first delivery did not meet the assumption of independence (p=0.02), and so was not included in the case-only analysis. No statistically significant interaction effect was seen in the case-control analysis, while case-only analysis showed significant negative interaction between disease in first-degree relatives on the one hand and parity and breast feeding on the other. We also detected a significant positive interaction between genetic predisposition and age at menarche. All the estimated 95% confidence intervals for OR in G*E interactions were narrower in the case-only analysis. For all factors, the power for detecting G*E interaction was greater in the case-only analysis compared to the case-control analysis, with ratios ranging from 1.08 to 2.23. The case-only design is more efficient and powerful than the case-control design for detecting gene-environment interaction under the assumption of independence. Baseline disease risk, interactions and independent effects should be considered in using the control data for checking the assumption of independence. Considering the existence of another explanatory variable, eg. a mutant gene which may have passed unnoticed, would be the safest approach in a case-only study.

This study was conducted to determine risk factors of midlevel mental retardation in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Material &

In a case control study 93 cases were compared with similar number of hospital controls. Cases and controls were matched for age group. The Odds Ratio of independent variables (i.e. familial relation between parents, birth interval to later and former children, mother age in delivery, place of delivery, antenatal cares, family history of mental retardation, socio-economic status of family) for developing midlevel mental retardation were estimated. Chi square and logistic regression were performed to analyze data.

Determinant of midlevel mental retardation in this study was "time interval to birth of next child". Estimated Odds Ratio for "less than three year's interval" was 3.5 (95%CI= 1.7-7.0).

Improving family planning programs and child spacing can be suggested to reduce midlevel mental retardation in this region. Further investigations are needed to determine the role of genetic and non-genetic chromosal abnormalities.