جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فعالیت وامانده ساز » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The role of the immune system and inflammation in controlling metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity and overweight is well established. Also, physical activity controls and prevents the occurrence of metabolic diseases, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of eight weeks of 10, 20, 30 seconds exercise training on the levels of antimicrobial factors in the saliva of obese adolescent boys.

32 male students voluntarily participated in the present study and were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) obese aerobic exercise, 2) normal weight aerobic exercise, 3) obese control without exercise, and 4) normal weight control without exercise. The criteria for the obese group was a BMI above 25. Anthropometric indices of height, weight and body mass index were measured exactly. Before and after eight weeks of practice, Shatell-Run standard test was performed. Salivary samples of lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactate and C-reactive protein concentrations were taken after eight weeks of training with a frequency of three sessions per week with an intensity of 30 to 90% of maximum aerobic power. Using analysis of covariance, variables with a significance level of less than (P≤0.05) were included in the analysis.

The results showed a significant increase in salivary levels of lactoferrin (P=0.001), lysozyme (P=0.003), lactate (P=0.001), and C-reactive protein (P=0.006). There are more obese students than people of normal weight (Youth body mass index criterion)

The increased response of some antibacterial and inflammatory salivary proteins after eight weeks of 10-20-30 sports training following exhaustive activity may be due to the acute response of the immune system.

Objective:

 The use of amino acid supplements among athletes for reducing muscle injuries has become more popular. This study aims to examine the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) consumption before exhaustive exercise along with one month vitamin E supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) levels of active females.  

Methods :

In this study, 32 active female students of Razi University in Kermanshah, Iran aged 18-23 years were selected and, after obtaining the informed consent form them, were randomly divided into four groups of placebo (n=8), Vitamin E (n=8), BCAA (n=8), and Vitamin E+BCAA (n=). Vitamin E was consumed as 400 IU daily for a month and BCAA with lemon juice was consumed 2.5 hours before exercise four times with a 30-min interval. The exercise program included 30 minutes of cycling on an ergometer with 50% of the aerobic capacity, and immediately followed by cycling with 75% of the aerobic capacity until the exhaustion. Sampling was done immediately and 48 hours after the exercise, and data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and Pearson correlation test in SPSS software, version 22.

Results:

 None of the supplements had a significant effect on levels of LDH and CK immediately after the exercise (P>0.05), but 48 hours after the exercise, the mean levels of LDH and CK decreased in BCAA group  (CK: 199.4±11.00, LDH: 213.2±23.44) and Vitamin E+BCAA (CK: 188.3±3.20, LDH: 208.3±40.12) compared to Vitamin E and placebo groups (P = 0.001). Their lowest levels was observed in the Vitamin E+BCAA group which was negatively correlated to plasma leucine and isoleucine levels (P = 0.001). 

Conclusion :

Although BCAA consumption alone before exhaustive exercise can reduce muscular damage indicators in active females, it seems that leucine and isoleucine along with Vitamin E supplementation is more effective in reducing muscular damage.

Athletes may experience sleep deprivation for a variety of reasons. Sleep deprivation can disrupt the immune system. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 24 hours of sleep deprivation on the plasma level of inflammatory cytokines following an exhausting exercise in elite athletes.

This research was a quasi-experimental study, and a pre-test- post-test design with a control group, was used to perform it. Twenty-four members of the national youth and adult water polo teams were present in the national team camps in the spring of 1400, and members of water polo league teams were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. Both groups performed an exhausting exercise protocol (Bruce test) in the pre-test. One week after the pre-test period, the experimental group spent 24 hours under sleep deprivation, while the control group followed the same regular sleep program and did not change their sleep program, and the two groups performed the exhausting training protocol again. Analysis of variance with repeated measures, paired t test and independent t-test were used for inferential analysis.

The results of the present study showed that 24 hours of sleep deprivation has a significant effect on TNF-α (sig=0.001, F=8.442) and IL-6 (sig=0.001, F=6.340), of elite athletes following an exhausting exercise.

Exhausting physical activity after sleep deprivation causes an increase in TNF-α and IL-6, and this confirms previous researches that have reported the effect of sleep deprivation on various physiological and functional indicators in athletes.

Sleep deprivation is one of the factors affecting the physiological performance of athletes and laboratory evidence has suggested a link between sleep deprivation and decreased physical performance of athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on objective and subjective physiological responses of student-athletes.

The research is experimental. Twenty male volunteer sports science students selected and examined in two conditions with simple random selection in counter balanced intra-group pattern. Participants examined at two controlled situation; 1) after twelve hours fasting and eight hours enough sleep, and 2) after twelve hours fasting and thirty hours quiet sleeplessness. Measurements of physiological variables including: blood pressure, heart rate, blood lactate, mental scale of pressure perception, VO2max and body temperature were examined with specialized tools. Variations in independent variable related to intervention were analyzed using t test in the significance level of P<0/05 and SPSS software.

Physiological responses of blood lactate (p = 0.002), heart rate (p = 0.01), ratings of perceived exertion (p = 0.002), time to exhaustion (p = 0.001), blood pressure (p = 0.01) =) and body temperature (p = 0.002), after deprivation of sleep to a debilitating activity in the post-test compared to the pre-test increased and the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.001) decreased significantly, which was also statistically significant. The findings of the present study showed that sleep deprivation can cause a significant change in the objective and subjective physiological responses of sports students.

According to the results of the present study, it was found that 30 hours of sleep deprivation caused significant changes in the objective and subjective physiological responses of athlete students. In a general conclusion, the findings of the present study showed that sleep deprivation should be mentioned as one of the potential limiting factors of physiological function.

Sleep deprivation is one of those factors that affect the energy intake and appetite of individuals. It is reported that sleep deprivation affected by certain hormones (e.g. insulin, Leptin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin, etc.) that are involved in energy balance may affect body weight through appetite. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 30-hours sleep deprivation on the response of leptin and ghrelin levels to an Exhaustive activity among active male students.

Among the active male students of Razi University of Kermanshah, 20 undergraduate students were selected through convenience sampling and participated in the study. Subjects were evaluated by simple randomized cross-sectional design in two situations.

Information related to the comparison of post-test and pre-test in two experimental (sleep deprivation) and control (adequate sleep) situations showed that leptin hormone in sleep deprivation conditions decreased compared to rest conditions (9.4 %) And ghrelin hormone in experimental conditions increased compared to control conditions (2.04%) and this difference is considered significant at the level (p = 0.0012). Insomnia also caused significant changes in physiological parameters (VO2max, heart rate, blood pressure, time to exhaustion, etc.).

30 hours of sleep deprivation decreased leptin and at the same time increased ghrelin, which indicates the importance of night sleep, which is one of the influential factors associated with obesity and overweight.

Acute exhaustive activities result in the physiological and immunological changes of the human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term consumption of Aloe Vera extract on immunoglobulin M, G, A responses and cortisol concentrations in active girls following exhaustive CrossFit exercise.

In this study, 30 healthy young girls (age 23.03 ± 2.33 years, weight 65.55 ± 6.36 kg, BMI 22.99 ± 2.47 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two experimental group (consumption of 300 mg Aloe Vera extract and exhausting activity) and control group (consumption of 300 mg placebo and exhausting activity). After the two-week supplementation, both groups performed CrossFit workout until exhaustion. Blood samples were taken to measure the humoral immune variables in similar conditions in three stages of pre-test, after two weeks of Aloe Vera consumption and after the exhaustive activity. The data were analyzed using independent T-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test in SPSS software (P-value≤ 0.05).

The results demonstrated that the levels of immunoglobulins A, G, and M (p = 0.001) were significantly increased after two weeks of Aloe Vera consumption, however, the acute exhaustive exercise significantly reduced these factors. On the other hand, cortisol levels increased significantly after one session of acute exhaustive exercise (p = 0.001), which was not significant in the Aloe Vera consumer group (p = 0.621).

It seems that the consumption of Aloe Vera extract for two weeks can moderate the suppressive effects of acute exhaustive exercise on the immune system of active young girls through improving the immune system factors and preventing the increase of cortisol concentration.

 Air pollution is the main factor and modulation of cardiovascular diseases in urban societies. The potentially harmful effects of acute and chronic air pollution exposure have serious consequences on disease and mortality. This study amid to investigate the correlation between cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters of perimenopausal women during an exhaustive activity in air polluted and non-air polluted environments.

 This semi-experimental study randomly investigated 60 women (age range: 46.62 years; body mass index: 28.57±3.85) at the perimenopausal stage who were living in an air polluted environment (n=30 in the experimental group) and non-air polluted environment (n=30 in the control group). Furthermore, different cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters were evaluated before and after the Bruce test as an exhaustive activity.
Ethics code: Ir.umz.rec.1397.019

 There is a direct correlation between myocardial oxygen consumption and maximal oxygen consumption (P<0.05) during an exhaustive activity in the air polluted environment. Moreover, the independent t-test showed that air pollution significantly affected the pulse of oxygen (P<0.05).

 The findings of this study have shown the air pollution effects on cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters, particularly myocardial oxygen consumption. In addition, it was found that air pollution exposure and performing an exhaustive activity in such environments would increase the cardio workload and the myocardial oxygen consumption.

Chronotropic incompetence is defined as a decrease in the heart rate response to exercise. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the chronic effect of smoking on Chronotropic Response to exhausting exercise in Middle-aged Men.

This prospective study was performed on 1045 individual referred to oxygen sports medical center in 2019. In total, 30 smoker and 30 non-smoker cases were selected and evaluated. Required information was extracted from the case file. Independent T-test was used for data analysis.

There was no significant difference in age, physical activity level, maximum heart rate predicted by age, time to exhaustion and Workload tolerance in smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Smokers heart rate at rest, during submaximal intensity and recovery was significantly higher than non-smokers (p < 0.05). Percentage of heart rate change from rest to sub-maximal intensity and maximum heart rate in smokers was significantly lower than non-smokers (p < 0.05).

Cigarette smoking can increase resting heart rate, blunted heart rate response during exercise, and inability to reach the maximum heart rate predicted by age. In addition, cigarette smoking blunted heart rate response during recovery. These findings indicate chronotropic Incompetence in smokers.

 Regarding the physiological and immunological changes of the human body following the acute exhaustive activity and the evidence in traditional medicine of the effects of barberry on the strengthening of the immune system, and since saffron is a valuable and rich carotenoids spice and has been used in traditional medicine for a variety of uses, the aim of this study was Evaluation of the Effect short-term Barberry Juice Supplementation On the response of immunoglobulin A, G, M and cortisol in active girls following exhaustive exercise activity. In this clinical trial study, 20 healthy young girls (23.92 ± 1.28 years, weight 55.69 ± 5.71 kg) were randomly divided into two experimental group (Consumption of 250 ml Barberry Juice and exhausting activity) and control group (Consumption of 250 ml placebo and exhausting activity). After the two-week supplementation, both groups performed exercise activity until they were of exhaustion on the treadmill. In this research, the nutritional value of Barberry Juice was extracted and the subjects' nutrition was analyzed. Blood samples were measured to measure the humoral immune variables in similar conditions in three stages of pre-test, after two weeks of supplementation and after the exhaustive test and using Independent T-test, ANOVA with repeated measure and Bonferron's post hoc test were analyzed at p≤0.05. The results showed that in the experimental group, the levels of immunoglobulin A (p=0.026), G (p=0.013) and M (p=0.017) after acute exhaustive activity were significantly higher than the control group, whereas in the experimental group cortisol values (p = 0.018) were significantly lower than the control group. It seems that, Consumption of Barberry Juice for two weeks with increased immune function, Reduces the effects of acute exhausting activity on the immune system in active girls.

Inflammation is the body’s response to various diseases that also happens after strenuous exercise. Previous studies showed significant effect of fish oil on reducing inflammation in patients but its effect on exercise inflammation and muscular performance is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4-weeks fish oil supplementation on inflammatory mediators and muscular performance in response to exhaustive exercise.
For this purpose, 16 healthy men (age: 26.90±2.64 yrs, weight: 78.33±10.42 kg, height: 175.80±4.89 cm, body fat percent: 18.40±5.46%) voluntarily participated and were assigned in fish oil (FO=9) and corn oil (CO=7) groups and consumed 6 gr/day supplements for 4 weeks. Levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and salivary cortisol were investigated using ELISA method. In addition, MVC of the tibilias anterior muscle was also assessed. Blood and saliva samples and MVC assessments were performed before and after exercise both in pre- and post-supplementation periods.
Our results showed significant decrease in baseline values of TNF-α and IL-10 and increase in baseline values of MVC of FO group after supplementation (P0.05).
Our results showed significant effect of FO supplementation on reducing inflammation either before or after exercise that can lead to increase in muscular performance. However, its exact molecular pathways need more investigation

Some activities, such as exhaustive exercises, can lead to increased inflammatory indices, muscle injury, and enzymes in the blood. Caffeine supplementation diminishes inflammation and pain. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of caffeine supplementation on serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-crp) and creatine kinase (CK) after exhaustive aerobic exercise in the active overweight university students.
In this quasi-experimental study, 22 overweight male students of Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz were randomly divided into two groups of supplement (n=12) and placebo (n=10). The supplement group consumed 2 g of caffeine powder a daily for two weeks. The exercise protocol included two Strand exhaustive exercise sessions (one session before and one session after two weeks of supplementation). To evaluate the inter-group variations, dependent t-test was performed, and single-factor analysis of covariance was run for inter-group comparisons.
Exhaustive aerobic exercise increased the levels of hs-CRP and CK after the exercise. It was also found that taking caffeine supplementation for two weeks following one session of exhaustive aerobic exercise had no significant effect on the levels of hs-CRP (P=0.11) and CK (P=0.29).
Exhaustive exercise for aerobic exams increases the level of inflammation and muscle damage. The daily consumption of caffeine supplements can diminish the inflammation and muscle injury caused by physical exercise.

Despite regular exercise benefits, acute exhaustive exercise elicits oxidative damage in liver. The present study aims to investigate the effects of a week aqueous Saffron extracts consumption on malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) Antioxidant enzymes alterations content of liver of young male rats following an acute bout of exhaustive exercise.
We randomly classified 48 Wistar male rats were assigned into following three groups 16 rats per group: 1) control 1 (saffron extract solvent); 2) control 2 (saffron extract solvent training); 3) experimental (aqueous saffron extract, 50 mg/kg training).After a week, half of each group were killed without exhaustive, but the remaining rats (control 2 and experimental) were killed immediately after performed an acute bout of exhaustive exercise and SOD, CAT , GPx and MDA in their liver were measured.
The MDA level and anti-oxidant enzymes activities didn’t change significantly, in the liver tissue in experimental group unlike control group of rats following an acute bout of exhaustive exercise
The consumption aqueous extract of saffron stigma in rats leads to the reinforcemen of the antioxidant defense system and prevented the MDA level and anti-oxidant enzymes defense system in the liver tissue of rats following an acute bout of exhaustive exercise.

Intensive physical activity can lead to muscle soreness.
Evaluate the effect of short-term use of of chamomile essence (CE) on muscle soreness in young girls after an exhaustive exercise.
Twenty young girls volunteered. They were randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control. The experimental group drank 300 ml of CE twice daily for twelve days. The control group drank water and the chamomile essential oil as placebo during this period. In the eleventh day, exhaustive exercise on a treadmill with a negative slope of 5 degrees for all subjects was conducted. Blood samples were taken on the first and tenth days before the exhaustive exercise, and 1, 24 and 48 hours after exercise. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANOVA for repeated measure with a significant level of P No significant difference was detected between the two groups in the index of serum creatine kinase. Lactate dehydrogenase index in 1 and 48 hours after the test in the experimental group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. Aspartate amino transferase index in the experimental group increased 24 hours after the exercise, and decreased after 48 hours of the exhaustive exercise compared to the control group. Pain scale in the experimental group was reduced 1 and 24 hours after the test compared with the control group.
The results suggested that young girls who want to do exhaustive exercises can drink CE to prevent or reduce the effects of muscle soreness.

The effect of exercise training on Thyroid hormone secretion is a controversial topic. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of selected aerobic training on thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol hormone levels in athlete and non-athlete women after exhaustive exercise sessions was performed.
In a quasi-experimental study with pre and post, among the female volunteers, 20 women whom of which qualified were randomly selected and divided into two athlete (n=10) and non-athlete (n=10) groups. Subjects of both groups did exhaustive exercise (Bruce test) before and after eight weeks of progressive aerobic training (increasing running and climbing stairs with 45 to 85% of maximum heart rate and 3 times in a week). Blood samples were collected immediately after each session of exhaustive exercise and analyzed with a specific kit of the hormone and radio-immunoassay method. In order to compare the means, the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test was performed.
Results indicated that following eight weeks of aerobic training in the athletes group, the T3 (P=0.01) and T4 (P=0.002) hormones’ levels in response to exhaustive activity significantly increased but these changes were not significant in non-athletes. On the other hand, the amounts of cortisol in response to this activity significantly decreased in both groups (P =0.04).
Overall, results showed that regular aerobic exercise training can adjust cortisol response to physical stress in female athletes and non-athletes. This is while no considerable effect was seen on thyroid hormone levels T3 and T4.

The reduction of melatonin is associated with the increase in vasoconstriction and blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term melatonin consumption (MC) on some cardiacparameters of young women during rest،immediately after exercise and during recovery. This semi-experimental study was done in Mashhad. Active young women (24people) voluntarily participated in the study،and were randomly divided into two groups of MC and placebo groups. During rest condition،BP and body temperature were measured and heart contractility and hemodynamic parameters were measured using the cardio screen system. Then Bruce protocol was conducted on the treadmill until exhaustion phase. In the recovery،the subjects walked on the treadmill and at the fifth minute cardio-screen indicators and blood pressure were recorded. For one week،experimental group took 3milligram melatonin tablets and placebo group took 3milligram of placebo tablets every night. On the ninth day of luteinizing،the tests were repeated again and by using paired t-test and ANOVA test the following findings were obtained (p<0. 05). There were a significant difference (SiDi) between two groups in BP changes in the «recovery» and Heart Rate (HR) and Systemic Vascular Resistance index (SVRI) changes in all the three phases. There was a SiDi in the Acceleration Index (ACI) and Velocity Index (VI) changes in the «right after exercise» and «recovery»، so that the increase in VI and ACI in MC group was more than the increase in placebo group. There was no SiDi in the amount of Left Ventricular Ejection Time (LVET) changes in three conditions. According to the results،MC reduces the pressure on cardiovascular system during the activity and increases the efficiency of recovery.

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which if administered in adequate amounts,have beneficial effects on host health. Probioticsreduces the risk of developing diseases in the consumers through prevention of the immunosuppressive effects. The present study was performed with the purpose of comparing the effect of probiotic supplementation on the immune response in male athletes, before and after exhaustive exercise. In a double-blind study, 16 male athlete volunteers aged between 19-25 years were assigned into two groups of experimental and placebo. Subjects of the experimental and placebo respectively tooktwo capsules of probiotic or placebo daily for 30 days. Blood samples of the participants were collected at the beginning and on the 30th day, and the numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, serum CRP, and serum IgA were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measurement method and independent t-test. Consumption of probiotics supplement in the rest levels in the intragroup and intergroup comparison,only showed significant difference (p<0.05) in the monocytes levels compared to base line level.Also, after the exhaustive exercise, a statistically significant difference was observed in the levels of monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes compared to the baseline levels.In the comparison between the probiotic and placebo groups, only the monocytes level were significantly different (p<0.05). Other variables had nosignificant differences. The results of this study showed that probiotic consumption following exhaustive exercise can cause increase infactors of lymphocyte, monocyte, and geranolocyte, thereforeit seems that probiotics play a role in the development of immune system.