جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فلسفه پزشکی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Corona virus crisis is an important issue, with numerous dimensions in social, governmental, security and media aspects, in addition to the individual dimension. Among these, the mission of the government is of special importance. This research seeks to provide a suitable basis against the damages caused by the corona virus, via examining various philosophical bases and legal documents of the government's civil responsibility.

This research is theoretical, and the research method is descriptive and analytical. Collection of information is library-based, and achieved by referring to documents, books and articles.

Theories such as public interest, guarantee of rights, guarantee of legitimacy, insurance obligations, and social sponsorship comprise the most important philosophical foundations of government legitimacy; In addition, the legal documentation of the government's civil liability in the face of the Corona crisis is based on the Constitution, common law, the rules of the National Anti-Corona Headquarters and international law. With regard to this type of damages, we will have no choice but to resort to philosophical foundations that lead to public law and distributive justice.

One of the most important results of this study is to pay attention to new solutions in the field of unavoidable damages, such as damages caused by natural disasters, such as corona. In this regard, the public natural disaster insurance fund of the country is one of the important and mandatory needs.

Philosophy of medicine is the overlap of the philosophy and medicine disciplines. It examines the underlying concepts of the overt and covert phenomena of medicine and the associations among them by inquiring fundamental questions. In this review, we have tried to evaluate the various aspects of philosophy and medicine, explain the necessity of integrated teaching of these disciplines, and analyze the state of medical philosophy education in Iran and around the world, in order to emphasize on the importance of this issue and provide practical solutions to eliminate the current limitations.

A comprehensive search was conducted in the Magiran, SID, Noormags, Iranmedex, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase databases, using the keywords related to philosophy, ethics, education, teaching, medicine, medical sciences, and their Persian equivalents. The records were extracted till the end of Bahman 1399 for Persian databases, and till the end of February 2021 for English databases. The articles were reviewed based on their consistency with the research subject, and all related articles were evaluated and critically reviewed. After classifying the results, determining the articles' differences, and with reference to the previous studies, the research components were defined and analyzed.

After extracting the chief components related to the research subject and matching its key concepts among the selected articles, the research results were ultimately presented in four topics, including the definition of the philosophy of medicine, the state of medical philosophy worldwide, philosophy of medicine in Iran, and the approaches to integrate the philosophy and the medical education.

By valuing the worthiness and the morals of medical philosophy, we can be rewarded with the advantages of integrated medical education and philosophy. The results of the previous academic courses in medical philosophy in educational centers around the world confirm the benefits of integrating philosophy into medical education.

Background and Purpose:

Health and disease are among the most important basic concepts of medicine. However, defining their nature and limits, has faced serious challenges in medical philosophy. The purpose of this article is to explain Avicenna's point of view about health and disease and analyze the current definitions of these concepts based on Avicenna's view.

This study was performed by a deductive approach in grounded theory method. Initially, the concepts of health and disease were studied in conventional medicine and books written by Avicenna. These concepts were then used as initial propositions in a deductive argument to create operational propositions.

Avicenna considers health as an accident and one of the qualities of the soul. He defines it as a habit or disposition that is the cause of normal functions in its subject. He also describes disease as a non-healthy condition and considers the assumption of a third state between the two to be unnecessary. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health to be complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. Such a definition requires the assumption of a third state between health and disease. According to Avicenna, this means to consider both concepts as existential issues; and eventually excludes a large number of dysfunctions -which are not categorized as known diseases or disease symptoms- from the physician's attention. Avicenna accounts disease as a matter of non-existence and considers any level of dysfunction in any function as a level of disease. 

Based on the Avicennian theoretical framework, limiting the health concept boundaries to an optimal state in various dimensions is the strength point of the WHO definition of health; while its weakness is the lack of elegance to cover all subnormal conditions in all functions, under a broader concept of disease.

Philosophy of medicine as a field of study mainly concentrates on issues, such as ontology, epistemology, axiology, and logic. Although axiology has attracted more attention due to its position in medical ethics, especially in relation to modern medical ethical challenges, other topics of philosophy of medicine should be also considered important and necessary. Developing training courses at prestigious universities, publication of journals and books, holding conference meetings, are indicative of special attention to this relatively new field of knowledge. Some stipulated goals of Iran medical education system, such as critical thinking and problem solving skills, have also made these issues important and necessary to be paid attention to. Addressing philosophy of medicine in medical education program, can lead to contemplation on critical thinking, nature of rational thinking, its governing rules, and its role in health care system, and this is while, medical education system has taken distance from combination of wisdom and medicine, which is the main feature of former and influential Iranian physicians. Graduates of medical education system and provider of health services need to know the principles of health anthropology and the nature of health and disease in order to consider humans to be more than a body and to possess special dignity, and apply their professional practices and behaviors according to this approach. It seems that presenting the mentioned issues as a course entitled "Introduction to Medical Philosophy" to the medical students, may changes the attitude of health care providers.