جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « میزان » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Muscle imbalance and its amount and extent among opposing muscle groups is one of the important risk factors in causing musculoskeletal injuries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the extent and rate of strength imbalances among opposing muscle groups of elite athletes.

To conduct the present review, the search history was searched through electronic search engines over the past two decades (2000 to 2020) at PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords "Muscle", "Imbalance", "Athletics", "Muscle Imbalance", "Muscle Strength", "Rate", " Elite" are used for the search, along with related synonyms. Also, to search for Persian articles, the Iranian Magazines Database (MAGIRAN), the University Jihad Scientific Database (SID), the Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC), the Iranian Medical Sciences Information Database (IRANMEDEX) and the Iranian Medical Library (MEDLIB) were used. Selected articles were obtained by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research.

Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present study, 28 articles (including 26 English articles and 2 Persian articles) were selected. The findings showed that in the knee joint, the ratio of opposite muscle imbalance (agonist / antagonist), for hamstring muscles to quadriceps (H: Q) were 63.2% and 61.8% respectively. These values ​​in the hip joint for abductor to adductor muscles (ABD: ADD) were 89.2% and 75.4% respectively. Mean of these values ​​in the ankle joint for dorsiflexor to plantarflexor muscles (DR: PL) were 35.3% and 35.6% respectively. The mean these values for inverter to aviator (I: E) muscles were 83.5% and 77.8% respectively. These values ​​in the shoulder joint for flexor to extensor muscles (FL: EX) respectively; were 76.8% and 72.8%. For external to internal retinal muscles (ER: IR) respectively; were 63.8% and 70.5%. The mean of these values ​​in the elbow joint for extensor to flexor muscles (EX: FL) respectively; were 92.3% and 91.6%. The mean of these values ​​in the scapular joint for the scapular to proximal scapular muscles (RT: PR) respectively; were 88.1% and 77%.

The results showed that in the evaluation of muscle imbalance in different groups in the upper and lower limb of elite athletes, certain relative values can be considered as quantitative and reference values. This reference is used to find out if the differences in muscle strength are such that they are considered muscle imbalance. Also, in assessing muscle strength imbalance, application of the isokinetic assessment method with the technique of 60 degrees per second is more beneficial. To conduct future studies in the field of muscle imbalance assessment, researchers recommend that in addition to strength imbalance, other aspects of muscle imbalance such as muscle length, flexibility, joint range of motion, muscular endurance, and structural profile of elite athletes should be considered.

Procrastination is often described as a deliberate and irrational delay. It is prevalent among students all over the world. The aim of this was study to determine the prevalence of academic procrastination among the students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in the academic year 2014-2015 and its correlation with academic performance.
This cross-sectional study was carried on 150 medical, nursing, and midwifery students living in the dormitory of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The subjects were selected through non-probability sampling. The data collection tool used was the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) designed by Solomon and Rothblum. The total reliability of the PAS and the reliability of its subscales were determined using Cronbach’s alpha (range: 0.41-0.78). The data were analyzed using chi-square test and multiple regression analysis.
According to the results, the prevalence of procrastination and its dimensions were 35.3%, 28.0%, 30.7%, and 31.3%, respectively. The chi-square test also showed that procrastination in assignments, articles and essays preparation, and the total score of procrastination had a meaningful negative correlation with the academic performance of the nursing and obstetric students (P The present study results indicated procrastination as the most common cause of reduction of academic performance among students. Therefore, complementary studies are needed to investigate the causes of academic procrastination.

Background and Objectives Health indicators reflect the health of the community and infant mortality rate is one of the most important indicators of health, economy and culture in each community that are taken into consideration in public health assessment. This study aimed to determine the rate and causes of mortality of children aged 1-59 month(s) in the hospitals of Kermanshah province.
Method and Materials: In this cross-sectional study, the registered cases of mortality of children aged 1-59 month(s) during 2011-2014 in Kermanshah province were extracted Information included demographic characteristic (age, sex of the deceased, residence and county) and the children’s cause of death based on the tenth international classification of diseases (ICD-10) was collected. Child death cases in each year were divided by the number of births. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi- square test.
Four hundred and thirty five deaths were recorded in the hospitals of Kermanshah province. The average age of children at death was 13.33 ± 13.99 months. Most death cases were related to boys (54.9 percent) and in terms of residence, 78% (337 cases) of people were in the city and the rest in the countryside. The highest mortality rate was in 2011 (3.6 deaths per thousand births) and the lowest in 2013 (2.5 deaths per thousand births). The most common cause of child death was related to injuries (18.6%) and the lowest cause of death was related to genitourinary system diseases (3%). The relation between gender and residence with the causes of infant mortality was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
According to the most important causes of death, designing interventions and educating parents and children about the prevention of injuries and raising parents awareness about the signs and symptoms of diseases, especially respiratory system diseases seem to be essential to reduce child mortality.

Maternal mortality is one of the most important indicators that is indicative of the status of development of countries. This study was aimed to investigate the rate and causes of maternal mortality in Kermanshah province. In this cross-sectional study, the maternal mortality records including demographic information, indicators of pregnancy and delivery, and mortality causes from 2001 to 2012 were extracted via census from the family health unit of the health deputy. To determine mortality rates, maternal deaths in every year were divided by the number of live births. Data were analyzed by Stata software. The maternal mortality rate in Kermanshah was 25.9 deaths per one hundred thousand live births. The highest rate was reported in 2003 (53.4) and the lowest rate in 2012 (14.6) per one hundred thousand live births. Most deceased mothers were urban residents (66.7%) with the age range of 18-35 years (64.6%), and high-risk pregnancies (65.3%). The most common cause of maternal death was bleeding (23.2%). There was a significant relationship between cause of death and urban-rural status, so that the most common causes in urban areas were complications of obstetric interventions whereas the most common cause in rural areas was bleeding (P= 0.008). Based on the results, the mortality rate of pregnant mothers is declining in Kermanshsh. However, given the most common cause of death (bleeding) and high percentage of high-risk pregnancies, immediate and effective measures by healthcare personnel to prevent postpartum maternal mortality and adequate and appropriate care during pregnancy and after delivery are required to considered.

To determine the trend of the cataract surgical rate in Khorasan Razavi Province between 2006 and 2010. Five centers were randomly selected from the cataract surgery centers of Khorasan Razavi Province. Using the definition of more than 3000 cataract surgeries per year for a major center, 3 centers were major and 2 were minor. One week of each season was randomly selected for each center and the number of cataract surgeries in that particular week was calculated. A total of 20 weeks for each center were selected. Finally, a percentage of the records, proportionate to the number of surgeries per week, were thoroughly analyzed. The total number of cataract surgeries was estimated 21388, 22750, 23888, 28063, and 30100 from 2007 to 2011, respectively. The cataract surgical rate, considering the population of Khorasan Razavi province, increased linearly from 3782 (95% CI 3732-3833) in 2007 to 5021 (95% CI 4965-5078) in 2011 per 1,000,000 people. In addition, the types of surgeries were intracapsular, extracapsular, phacoemulsification, lensectomy in which were recorded as 0.3%, 15.1%, 84.56%, and 0.1% of the cases, respectively. During the five years of the study, phacoemulsification increased significantly from 74.7% in 2007 to 90.4% in 2011 while the extracapsular method decreased from 14.7% to 9.2% in the same period of time. About 0.87% of the surgeries developed intraoperative complications. This study reported the cataract surgical rate in Khorasan Razavi province exclusively for the first time. The calculated rate was noticeably better than previous reports and was desirable and acceptable according to the WHO standards. However, with regard to the increase in the elderly population of the province, the rate should be even higher to cover all individuals requiring cataract surgery. Therefore, provision of the cataract surgery facilities, especially for the phacoemulsification, and education of this method should receive priority in the health system of this province.