جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ناخواسته » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The process of motherhood affects the marital relationship and the mother's attachment to the fetus. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to determine the quality of marital relationship and its relationship with maternal-fetal attachment in wanted and unwanted pregnancies.

This descriptive-analytical comparative study was performed on 150 mothers with wanted and unwanted pregnancies referred to health centers in Zanjan in 2017. Data collection tools included demographic information checklist, Glasser Marital Relationship Quality Questionnaire, and Cranley Fetal Attachment Questionnaire (CMFAS). Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests (ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Chi-Square, Spearman, Pearson) using SPSS 16 software.

The total score of marital destructive behaviors in wanted pregnancies was lower than unintended and unwanted pregnancies (p˂0.001), results show that the quality of marital relations was favorable. The total score of maternal -fetal attachment in wanted pregnancies was higher than unintended and unwanted pregnancies and this difference between the groups was statistically significant (p˂0.001). There was also an inverse relationship between destructive behaviors of marriage and maternal attachment to the fetus in all three groups of wanted pregnancy (r=-0.98, p = 0.49), unintended pregnancy (r = -0.341, p ˂0.001), and unwanted pregnancy (r=-0.456, p = 0.015).

Reducing the destructive behaviors of marriage can lead to an increase in the mother's attachment to the fetus in unwanted pregnancies and consequently improve the mother and child's mental health.

Childbearing is one of the most important components of population science and is more important than other demographic phenomena such as death and migration. Therefore, population policies in most countries are mainly focused on reducing or increasing fertility. Nowadays, we are facing a decrease in the tendency to have children in Iran, so that the total fertility rate (TFR) has decreased to 6.5 since mid-1978 and reached replacement level fertility in 1999 and is expected to decrease to 1.13% during 2020 - 2024. According to the Low Population Growth Scenario released by the United Nations in 2010, if Iran continues replacement level fertility and has no plan to balance it, its population will reach 31 million in the next 80 years, and 47 percent will be the elderly over 60 years. These statistics and reports have caused serious concerns for the authorities, and the Supreme Leader of Iran has mentioned this issue several times and called for serious planning and legislation to get out of this situation. This has made population growth policies one of the priorities of the government. Meanwhile, according to previous researches, Markazi province is ranked as the third city in terms of the low desire of women to have children. This study aimed to determine the factors related to childbearing willingness in 18-45 -year old women referring to Arak health centers in 2019.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 255 women aged 18-45 years, in 2019. The women were unwilling to have children. Data were collected from these women referring to 10 health centers in Arak who were selected through cluster sampling. Sampling was performed in January 2019. The data were collected through a questionnaire and included demographic information and variables related to childbearing willingness taken from Piltan et al.chr('39') questionnaire (2015) which included 78 items on religious beliefs (21 items), economic status (15 items), social participation (14 items), marital satisfaction (6 items), childbearing problems (7 items), gender socialization (5 items), fashionism (6 items), and fatalism (4 items), scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5). In order to assess the validity of the questionnaire, researchers extracted all the factors related to childbearing unwillingness from different researches and included them in the personal characteristics part of the questionnaire and a few faculty members assessed its reliability. Also, to evaluate the validity of the variables related to childbearing unwillingness, factor analysis methods and KMO test were used and all major components with a factor load of higher than 0.5 were confirmed, indicating a minimum acceptable correlation between factors and the items. In order to investigate the factors related to childbearing unwillingness in women referring to Arak health centers in 2019, independent t-test and chi-square were used and also to investigate the normal distribution of data, skewness, and kurtosis were used.

According to the results, 9% of women unwilling to have children obtained low scores in terms of social participation, and 90.9% obtained medium and high scores. In addition, 9.8% of women unwilling to have children had low economic status, and 90.2% had medium and high levels. 3.9% of women unwilling to have children were at the low level in terms of marital satisfaction and 96% were at the medium and high levels. 2% of women unwilling to have children were at a low level in terms of childbearing problems and 98 were at the moderate and high levels. 38.8% of women unwilling to have children obtained low scores for gender socialization, and 61.2% obtained medium and high scores. 48.2% of these women obtained low scores for fatalism and 51.7% were obtained median and high scores. In addition, 32% of the women had low scores in terms of fashionism, and 68% had medium and high scores. Also, the results of the study revealed that only 0.4% of the women participating in the study had low religious beliefs and 11.4% had average to high religious beliefs, and 88.2% were at the high level. Given that the upper and lower limits for the variables of social participation, economic status, marital satisfaction, childbearing problems are positive, so at 95% confidence interval, a direct relationship can be concluded between the variables of social participation, economic status, marital satisfaction, childbearing problems with childbearing unwillingness in women referring to Arak health centers at 95% confidence interval. Also, considering that the upper and lower limits for the variables of gender socialization and fatalism are negative, and the lower limit is negative for fashionism, so at 95% confidence interval, no significant relationship can be concluded between the variables of gender socialization, destiny and fashionism with unwillingness to have children. The results showed that only 0.4% of participants had low religious beliefs, 11.4% had average religious beliefs, and 88.2% reported high religious beliefs.

The decline in population growth in Iran is one of the most important problems and based on the results, women who do not want to have children have higher scores in terms of social participation, economic status, and marital satisfaction, so, it is necessary to teach them the importance of having children in health centers. On the other hand, in the present study, higher education level and social participation of women have been suggested as important factors related to womenchr('39')s unwillingness to have children. On the other hand, fertility problems were reported in most women who did not want to have children. Accordingly, proper management of active forces in society, including women, can prevent a sharp decline in fertility. This can be done by paying attention to family-oriented policies. In fact, providing low-cost care services for the children of mothers with higher social participation and making some laws in this area help women to combine maternal and social roles. As a result, women can engage in extracurricular activities such as education, employment, and social activities while caring for their children, and on the other hand, the tendency to have children may increase by reducing the problems of childbearing. One of the limitations of the present study was that self-report of marital satisfaction and economic status may have affected the accuracy of the results, which was beyond the control of the researcher.

Unwanted pregnancy is a general and universal problem which causes physical, mental and economic problems for mother. The increased risk of miscarriage, premature delivery and low birth weight infants is higher in these women. These mothers neglect about prenatal care that in addition to low birth weight and short gestational age at birth, these neonates are more susceptible to illness, mortality, and misconduct.Therefore, this study was performed with aim to compare infant's growth indicators in two groups of wanted and unwanted pregnancy.
This descriptive-analytic study (prospective cohort) was performed on 1000 pregnant women referred to health centers of Sanandaj from 2014 to 2015. Data collection tool was a questionnaire which was completed by interviews with mothers and infant's growth indicators were measured with standard scales, meter, and stadiometer. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 20), and T- test and Chi-square test.
Mean growth indicators of infants (weight, height and head circumference) at birth, 2, 4 and 6 months was significantly lower in case group than control group (P= 0.000).Based on t-test, there was statistically significant differences between wanted and unwanted pregnancy groups in terms of infant's growth indicators (weight, height and head circumference) at birth, 2, 4 and 6 months (P Unwanted pregnancy affects infant's growth indicators and reduces growth in newborns. Also, women with unwanted pregnancy have more normal vaginal delivery and preterm birth.

Despite expanded coverage of family planning in Iran, unwanted pregnancy is a common problem. The aim of this study was to explore women’s experiences of unwanted pregnancy in Shahroud public health centers. Purposive Sampling was conducted by means of focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews and by a semi-constructed questionnaire in this qualitative research. Five (FGDs) with 23 women in third trimester in pregnancy and 4 in-depth interviews with women with history of induced abortion were done. The method of Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results of the study can be divided into 4 categories: causes of naming pregnancy as an unwanted pregnancy, causes of unwanted pregnancy; husband, family and relatives’ reaction to unwanted pregnancy and the process of acceptance of unwanted pregnancy. Not planning for pregnancy due to physical, emotional and financial non-readiness for pregnancy and believe in two child policy were the main causes of naming pregnancy as unwanted by women. Process of adapting to pregnancy included not accepting pregnancy, trying abortion, accepting fetus and finally negative emotions towards past thoughts about abortion. Fathers and mothers had important roles in acceptance and continuation of pregnancy. Women with unwanted pregnancy face emotional and psychological problems. Health care providers need to support couples to combat this critical period.

In unintended pregnancies different health behaviors such as receiving inadequate care during pregnancy and irregular can be seen that can cause delays start taking supplements, like iron and folic acid will. Taking folic acid before and during pregnancy to reduce neural tube defects in newborns is. Regular meetings with the weighting are associated with early maternal weight gain if not a necessary action to timely diagnosis and reduce maternal and neonatal complications are. This study compared supplement intake and appropriate weight gain and unintended pregnancies have been asked. This study is part of a broader research work was on trial case-control. Subjects all women referred for delivery to the Social Security Hospital in Hamadan in 1388 that were using continuous sampling of 270 people selected to participate in the study and asked to be intended or unintended pregnancy into two groups were. Maternal health behaviors including onset and regular consumption of iron and folic acid tablets and the appropriate pregnancy weight gain with questions or if they received prenatal care through clinics were filled. To analyze data from independent t test, chi-square and Mann - Whitney was used. Based on research findings between the two groups beginning iron supplementation (PV=0/007) and its regular consumption (PV<0/001), onset folic acid (PV<0/001) and its regular consumption (PV<0/001) significant differences were observed. Regarding appropriate weight gain during pregnancy difference between the two groups was significant (PV<0/01). Based on research findings, experiences with unintended pregnancy is associated with birth negative outcomes such as lack of adequate intake of supplements and obtain the desired weight gain. Therefore, reproductive health education, counseling before pregnancy to improve, enhance quality of care and increase preventive health care in order to adjust the pregnancy with the aim of preventing unintended birth and increased Community health is recommended.