جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پسماند شهری » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The initial step in managing methane emissions is quantification. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the methods for estimating and measuring methane gas emissions in municipal solid waste landfills.

This systematic review includes studies published in English and Farsi between January 2005 and May 2023. English-language articles were included from  PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, while Persian-language articles were included from SID, Majiran and Google Scholar.

After evaluating the studies, 90 studies providing information on methods for measuring and estimating methane gas emissions in urban landfills were selected. The results showed that emission estimates based on widely used models like LandGEM and IPCC, despite being lower in cost and providing faster results, are often associated with relatively high uncertainty. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative methods of direct measurement are preferred for accurately determining methane emissions from landfills. The most commonly used methods for measuring greenhouse gases, especially methane from landfills, include direct reading equipment and closed flux determination chambers.

Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from primary sources allows responsible authorities to understand the current status of methane emissions and to formulate reduction strategies. The findings of estimated methane emissions from landfills can differ significantly from the actual measurements in some situations. Therefore, while these estimation methods are  useful, fast and cost-effective tools, their inherent uncertainties should be considered when using them.

 Municipal landfill leachate is toxic due to its complex organic and inorganic compounds,demonstrating a high potential for pollution. Estimating the leachate pollution index (LPI) is crucial for predicting the long-term effects of leachate on the environment and for proposing suitable management and treatment solutions. Therefore, this study investigates the leachate pollution index (LPI) of the municipal waste landfill in Sanandaj.

 Six samples from the leachate storage pond situated downstream of Sanandaj municipal landfill were collected during the winter and spring seasons. Physicochemical analyses were conducted to determine the characteristics of the leachate. The leachate pollution index was calculated and evaluated based on 18 parameters, including pH, TDS, BOD, COD, TKN, NH4, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg, As, phenolic compounds, chloride, cyanide, and total coliform bacteria. Ethical and research considerations were taken into account at all stages of the study.

 The findings of this study revealed elevated concentrations of pH, COD, BOD, TKN, and NH4 in the leachate from the landfill being studied. Furthermore, the leachate pollution index, calculated from the measured parameters, was determined to be 30.19.

 The results of this study indicated that the leachate pollution index of the investigated site was slightly higher as compared to the corresponding values in active landfills; however, it was significantly elevated in comparison to closed landfills and the guideline LPI values for discharge into the environment and surface water. The high LPI indicates that the leachate in question is hazardous and has a high pollution potential, necessitating treatment before being discharged into the environment.

Nowadays, the development of green entrepreneurship plays an important role in sustainable employment, reducing environmental issues, economic development, and moving towards sustainable development. Thus, the present study has been carried out aiming to identify and analyze the factors facilitating the green entrepreneurship process in the field of urban waste using a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method.

The present study was carried out with a mixed approach (exploration projects). For this purpose, using theoretical sampling logic, 14 experts were selected by snowball technique and the required data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews to achieve theoretical saturation. In the quantitative section, data were collected through interaction questionnaires handed out to 26 experts who were selected through purposive sampling, and the integrated DEMATEL-ISM technique was employed to build a regular hierarchical structure.

Layer-by-layer model was displayed in 4 levels using DEMATEL-ISM technique. The first layer consists of improving laws and regulations and designing a suitable landscape as the most infrastructural, the second layer includes improving infrastructure issues, expanding supportive issues, culturalization and increasing public awareness, the third layer includes exploiting the potentials of the region and attracting private sector participation, and the fourth layer comprises of entrepreneurial management.

The results show that the first step in creating a facilitator environment for green entrepreneurship process in the field of urban waste is to improve the macro structures that should be facilitated mainly by the central government, the second step is related to the proper infrastructure and preparation of public space governing the society. In the third step, it was found that the development and utilization of the region’s potential increases its operational effectiveness. Finally, with entrepreneurial management, all activities that occurred at previous levels can be used effectively.

Increasing energy consumption has created an energy crisis in the world. Fossil fuels are limited and depleting. Biogas is considered a fuel that has attracted the attention of researchers. To increase biogas production, different pretreatments have been utilized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal mixing ratio of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Sewage Sludge (SS), as well as the effects of various conditions of alkaline pretreatment on biodegradability of wastes and the amount of biomethane production.

This study was done in a laboratory digester with 1 L volume at 37 °C with different concentrations of NaOH in a completely randomized design. Biogas volume, methane volume, and changes in pH were measured daily. Measurement parameters in the anaerobic digestion including total solids, volatile solids, and carbon and nitrogen content in the feedstock were determined according to the APHA standard methods.

The optimal mixing ratio of MSW to SS was 60:40 with the highest methane yield of 254.87 mL/g VS. Next, the effects of 2, 6, and 10% NaOH concentrations were evaluated on the amount of gas produced, indicating that 6% NaOH concentration significantly improved waste decomposition. Methane production, VS, and TS removal were compared to the control treatment, and there were increases of 30, 27.94, and 27.25%, respectively.

The results showed that the mixing ratio of MSW to SS at 60:40 with 6% NaOH improves the decomposition of organic wastes and increases biomethane production. 

One of the major challenges facing landfill operation is the pollution caused by leachate infiltration beneath the landfill site. Comprehensive leachate management requires knowledge of production rate and factors affecting it Therefore, in this study, HELP software was used to calculate leachate quantity and analyze input data.

After designing a landfill by the existing conditions in Urmia city, the quantity of leachate was calculated using HELP software. Then, in different scenarios, the effects of precipitation, Curve number, and removal of the geomembrane layer on leachate production -were investigated. Finally, the impact of similar layer aggregation on the simulation process was discussed.

According to the results, 7.67% of precipitation is converted to leachate. NO significant correlation was observed between precipitation and leachate production in a short period of time due to the absorption of rain by landfill layers. However, for the long term, as the absorption capacity was reached leachate produced. With increasing the Curve number from 70 to 90, leachate production decreased by 23%. Also, the removal of geomembrane from the final coating increased the amount of leachate by 78.46%. Furthermore, by replacing a 76cm dense clay layer instead of capping geomembrane layer, the same leachate generation rate was observed. Re- running the software after layer aggregation showed a slight difference in leachate estimation compared to the baseline state.

Leachate generation modeling and identifying influential parameters with the aim of HELP software, may be helpful in landfill leachate management prior to its construction.

Population growth and increased human activities in urban communities lead to large volumes of waste. This waste volume causes problems for human health and environmental pollution. Recently, a living environment assessment has been developed to improve the situation. The purpose of this study is to compare the environmental impacts of four urban waste disposal scenarios in Rasht city.

In this research, the amount of waste and the data required for logging were first determined and then the four life cycle assessment stages were performed in relation to each of the defined scenarios. Finally, the results were analyzed using the IWM1 model it placed.

The results of this study indicate that by disposing of some of the waste in the organic fertilizer plant by composting and landfilling, part of it in the district of sanitary and energy extraction and increasing the recovery rate, we can see a significant reduction in the emission of pollutants was environmental. The ecological index was the best scenario is -2.10E+6 And for the most devastating scenario +2.39E+07 was obtained.

According to the environmental assessment and comparison of the results of the life cycle logbook, the first scenario (collection; compost; recycling; landfill) with an ecological index plays an important role in reducing pollution and energy consumption and the title has been chosen as the top management option and has been made available to experts and decision-makers.

In every urban waste management plan, recycling and reuse is considered as an economic pattern. This study aimed to economic evaluation of municipal solid waste recycling in Yazd by cost-benefit analysis in 2015.
This research is a descriptive–analytic study which in the data about quality and quantity of municipal solid waste in Yazd city were collected through the sampling and physical analysis and the data about total income and costs from the implementation of waste separation and recycling were collected by interview with recovery officials and field observations and were analyzed through the economic analysis of the cost-benefit.
The results indicated that the mean of waste produced annually in Yazd city was 109679.51 tons per years. The percentage of municipal waste components was organic matter (67%), plastics (7%), paper and cardboard (5%), metals (2%), wood (2%), glass (2%), leather and rubber (1%), textiles (1%) and PET containers (1%), respectively. Also, Only 2 percent of total daily production of waste were separated and recycled at source. The implementation a cost of waste separation at source on a monthly basis was 768,880,000 Rails and the benefits of it was 904,667,400 Rails and as a result, the amount of net benefit derived from the recycling scheme was 135,787,400 Rails.
Considering the economic benefits of waste separation and recycling at source in the city of Yazd, can be in addition to compensate the many of the waste management sector costs and reduced waste disposal and management costs, Preventing environmental degradation and pollution of water, soil and air resources.

Objectives Recycling is one of the methods to improve the management of solid waste, which has considerable economic and environmental benefits. Without knowing the amount of the waste and its components, the possibility of planning and optimizing the waste management system is impossible. The current study aimed at investigating the recycling potential of solid wastes in 13 municipal districts of Mashhad, Iran, quantitatively and qualitatively.
Methods The current study was conducted in 2013 in 13 municipal districts of Mashhad. To conduct the study, it was necessary to know the physical analysis of municipal waste solid; therefore, the latest data of Waste Management Organization of Mashhad were used.
Results The solid ingredients of the studied waste were paper and cardboard (46.7%), bread (10.8%), plastics (9.7%), metals (6.8%), and glasses (5%), respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean of the studied solid waste in winter and summer months. The total proceeds from the recycled materials was about US$ 369 836.45. The proceeds from the recycled metals was even more than that of other dry waste.
Conclusion The recycled dry solid waste compromised 26.15% of the total dry solid waste. It is suggested to establish a waste separation system and also systematize the existing recycling industries in Mashhad according to the regulations to reduce the amount of solid waste, mange the costs and benefits result from Mashhad solid waste, and create new job opportunities and sources of income.

Nowadays, municipal solid waste is known as an environmental pollutant which requires appropriate management. Determination of quality and quantity of the generated waste in each city and region is one of the basic requirements for the design and implementation of a proper management action. The aims of present study were to estimate appropriate management scenarios in small cities, to determine solid waste management status and quality and quantity of generated wastes.
This research was a cross-sectional study. To determine the current status of the municipal solid waste management, field survey was performed from generation steps, storage, collection, transportation, and disposal of solid wastes and the necessary information was collected and documented. Also, solid waste status from quality and quantity point of view, average daily production, per capita generation, specific weight, moisture content, chemical and physical component and energy content were determined. This study was conducted for one year (2012-2013) in Khosrowshah, East Azarbaijan.
Quantitative results showed that on average 11.60 tons of waste was generated daily and the average of waste generation rate was 0.688 kg capita-1 day-1. Physical analysis demonstrated the highest fraction to be food waste with 55.41 percent followed by plastic with 13.94 percent. Also the results showed that more than 32% of generated waste was recyclable.
Since a significant part of the generated waste are recyclable, implementing proper management action will reduce landfill required for disposal of wastes in Khosrowshah. Moreover, a considerable portion of the waste is compostable which may reduce more than 50 percent in the wastes arrived for landfilling. However, the composition of the waste was not suitable for burning and energy recovery.

Aims: One of the major components of waste comprehensive management is the recycling. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of awareness, attitude, and performance of the housewives in Gonabad towards home wastes recycling.
Instrument & In the descriptive-analytical study, 253 housewives were studied in 2015. The subjects were randomly selected based on the family files recorded by the health centers of Gonabad. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts including demographic information (5 questions), awareness (6 questions), attitude (10 questions), and performance assessment (8 questions). 33.3%, 33.3-66.6%, and 66.7-100% of the scores were classified as weak, moderate, and good, respectively. Data was analyzed using multivariate ANOVA.
Findings: The awareness levels of 13.6%, 27.4%, and 59.0% of the housewives were weak, moderate, and good, respectively. 6, 50.1, and 43.9% of the housewives were with weak, moderate, and good attitudes towards the recycling, respectively. 31.1%, 49.1%, and 19.8% of the housewives were with weak, moderate, and good performances, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the educational level of the housewives and the levels of their awareness and attitudes (p=0.025). The performance of the families with their heads working at the non-governmental sectors was significantly better than other groups (p=0.026).
59%, 50%, and 19.8% of the housewives in Gonabad are with good awareness, attitude, and performance towards the urban waste recycling, respectively.

Assessment of the stability of an integrated solid waste management system (ISWMS) necessitates analysis of effective criteria. The present study was therefore designed to provide a simple mathematical model to optimize ISWMS aiming at minimizing the cost and emission of greenhouse gases )GHG).
In order to make use of data recorded during September to October (2014- 2015), it was necessary to make arrangements well in advance with the directors of Waste Management in Tehran. The proposed model was applied and consequently analyzed for allocation of eleven MSW components (including: paper, cardboard, plastic, nylon, metal, glass, PET, wet waste, bread, mixed recyclables and other wastes) into three sub-systems of MSW management (i.e., processing and separation, anaerobic digestion and land filling) at Abali processing and disposal center using NSGA II algorithm.
The results of this study indicate that the costs and emissions of GHG would be significantly reduced by increased separation rate in a municipal ISWMS. Furthermore, the identified optimum condition was 100 percent separation and processing with 486 USD (revenue) and 2438 Kg reduced CO2 (avoided emissions) representing a substantial improvement in the ascending trend rate of disposal separation.
It seems necessary to increase daily waste entrance into Abali complex and complement the proposed system with other sub-systems concerning economic and environmental issues in order to enhance the technical feasibility of establishing such a system. On the other hand, given that transport and landfill sub-systems don’t have any positive economic and environmental issues, the flow and rate of waste allocation to these sub-systems should be followed in a carefully planned and exact way.

Selecting an appropriate landfill site is regarded as one of the most complicated and most difficult stages in the solid waste management, since a great number of environmental, technical, economical, social, and cultural factors should be taken into consideration simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to select a suitable landfill site for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) of Lali city. AHP and TOPSIS models as well as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used in regard with selecting a landfill site. Six regions were identified as landfills taking 11 criteria into account in AHP model. Then, TOPSIS model was utilized in order to rank the landfills based on their priority. The best landfill site option was selected with considering 8 new criteria which were determined from similar studies, field visits and experts’ ideas. Since AHP was used for weighting and TOPSIS (a multi-criteria decision making method) was applied for ranking the selected options. Finally, option 4 (located in Khaje Abad village) could obtain the first rank and was introduced as the MSW landfill site of Lali city. The study findings revealed that consolidated use of AHP model and TOPSIS model could be perceived as an appropriate method in order to identify the MSW landfill site.

Recovering waste component is one of the USEPA integrated waste management strategies in order to reduce the quantity of waste generation. Since recycling process is not performed in Ardabil city, this study aimed to evaluate the recovery potential of Ardabil municipal wastes in 2014. In this descriptive-analytical study, initial data (classification of production sources, identification and classification of waste components) were obtained from different sources (library information, observation, and checklist), and completed by the given guidelines and the calculations. Weight percentage of waste ingredients was determined using ASTM recommendation (56 sample- 100kg) for 4 seasons and the moisture content and heat value were determined by the computational and laboratory methods. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and compared with the results of other studies and guidelines. The production rate of Ardabil municipal wastes was estimated as 312-350 ton/day. Food and garden wastes had the highest weight percentage equal to 59.27% with the moisture content of 65.83% and non-ferrous metals had the lowest percentage equal to 0. 1% with the moisture content of 8.76%. The weight percentages of other organic, inorganic, hazardous and special components were different. The heat value of 7810 kj/kg was estimated for Ardabil municipal wastes (wet weight). Ardabil municipal wastes have a high potential (97.3%) for recovery and can be divided into usable components in composting, energy production, conversion industries, and landfilling.

Public participation in is vital in optimal management of municipal solid waste. The public awareness, education and empowerment are the pre-requisites for the use of this potential. In this study, public awareness, education and participation in solid waste management were studiedamong a community sample in Tehran-2012.
The overall situation of solid waste management in Tehran was firstly assessed. Study participants were, thereafter, sampled from households from the 22 urban districts in the city of Tehran. A questionnaire was prepared and applied to 500 householders to estimate the publicawareness, education and participation in solid waste management.
The results of this study showed that only about one-third of people had appropriate awareness in the field of solid waste management. The overall status of public education in solid waste management was also insufficient, so that 86% of people were trained at level of poor or very poor. Public participation insolid waste management was variable in different fields. Public participation in simple activities such as avoiding waste spillage and splurge in public places and scheduled transfer of collected waste to public containers was relatively good; and in waste reduction and separation of recyclable components was moderate. Furthermore, separation of hazardous waste and household composting were not done due to lack of required facilities and training.
The present study revealed that public education and required facilities should be supplied and expanded in order to increase public participation in solid waste management. Repetition and continuity of education programs, face to face training, and greater use of television and Internet media are emphasized.

Solid waste reduction is a key and fundamental factor in creating a sustainable society. Tehran Municipality has embarked on a series of positive measures in recent years in different areas of waste management such as source separation, mechanized waste collection, and constructing compost factories. However these measures have not only brought about any reduction in solid waste reduction but have also resulted in their increase. In this article, first we will describe the current situation of waste management in Tehran. Then since having an understanding of the type and amount of the generated solid waste is important in defining strategies and programs aiming at reduction of waste generation, we manage to have evaluation of the current situation of municipal waste generation in 22 regions of Tehran. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional one conducted from 2010 to 2014. Relevant officials of the waste recovery in 22 regions of Tehran were approached in order to collect data about municipal solid waste generation through interviewing, filling out questionnaires, conducting field visits from Aradkooh Disposal and Processing Complex and collecting information on disposal and destiny of wastes. Then the data were compiled and analyzed. Total solid waste generation in Tehran from 2010 to 2014 amounted to respectively 3389662, 3399344, 3449338 and 3245157 Metric Tons, categorized into three groups of municipal, companies and townships and hospital wastes. Most of the generated waste produced in Tehran was that of households and commercial (known as municipal waste) from 22 Regions of Tehran. Based on the surveys conducted, per capita solid waste generation of 11 regions of Tehran ranged from 550 to 1000 grams and in other 11 ones from 1000 to 1521 grams per capita per day. The lowest and highest waste generation rate belonged respectively to region 13 with 556 grams and region 12 with 1521 grams per capita per day in 2011. Comparing per capita generation of municipal solid waste in different municipal regions in Tehran with maximum acceptable capacity of waste generation indicates the deviation of waste generation of all Tehran regions from the standard acceptable amount. Therefore, not only is it necessary to plan and take strategic measures to reduce Tehran waste generation but also these programs and measures should be specific to each region considering its specifications and solid waste quality and quantity.

Most of municipal solid wastes are of organic compounds. Biological conversion of these solid wastes and the organic material under proper conditions in order to produce fertilizer is known as compost. Many factors such as electrical conductivity, moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium and potassium are involved in favorable compost production. It plays an essential role in health of environment through the soil fertilization and desirable productions. The purpose of this study is to compare the compost quality produced in Mashhad with existing standards. This study was conducted for 2 months on compost produced in Mashhad compost factory. In order to determine chemical properties of this compost; the properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, percentage of moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium and Potassium were analyzed. Average values of chemical properties were as follow: pH: (8.005), electrical conductivity: (4/48 ds/m), the percentage of moisture: (19.65), the percentage of ash: (48.47), the percentage of carbon: (27.07), the percentage of nitrogen: (0.79), the percentage of phosphorous: (0.13), the percentage of sodium: (1) and the percentage of potassium: (1.5). The results of this study showed that the pH, electrical conductivity, and percentage of ash and moisture content were in an acceptable range, the percentage of carbon, nitrogen, and sodium were relatively in acceptable range, but the percentage of phosphorus and potassium were lower than desirable amounts. On the whole the chemical properties of these compost fertilizers are desirable and can used as soil amendments.

To implement source separation plan, awareness of viewpoints and participation of waste producers are necessary. The aim of this research is to assess the status of the source separation of municipal wastes and to offer its corrective strategies from citizens’ point of view. This descriptive crooss-sectional study was performed through filling 1400 questionnaires by in-person interview in Qom, Yazd, and East Azarbaijan in the form of a waste management master plan. In this study, awareness of population was assessed using a questionnaire consisting of 31 general and specific questions. To examine the relationship between qualitative variables and cross-tabulations, chi-square test was used at a significance level of 5%. Ninety percent of citizens declared their readiness to implement the source separation of municipal wastes. Most important reasons of citizens for implementation of this plan was better recycling with appropriate quality materials (79%), environmental protection and health promotion (65%) and assistance to municipalities (43%), and the important reasons of plan’s failure from citizens point of view were: lack of or irregular implementation the programs by the municipality (45%), inadequate training of citizens (32%), and poor cooperation of people due to cultural and social problems and/or lack of economic justification (25%). According to the results, high percentage of citizens were aware of separation of municipal wastes plan and knew its advantages, so if reforms are made by the municipal authorities, percentage of participation and cooperation of citizens in this project will favorably increase.

The amount and composition of municipal solid waste، as basic data، require to design، operation and optimization of waste management systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative of municipal solid waste in tabriz city. This is a cross-sectional study. The samples were collected from all regions (10 regions) of Tabriz city. The samples have chosen according random cluster sampling during a year. 12 samples were collected in each season. Then، the data were analyzed by SPSS and Excel softwares. The results indicated that amount of MSW was 1200 tons per day. The content of organic material، paper & cardboard and recyclable (plastic، metal، glass and etc) was 52%، 13. 15% and 19%، respectively. The maximum and minimum production rate was in august and January، respectively. Approximately، 85% of wastes included the recyclable and organic materials which the reuse of this material prevents the environmental pollution. The citizens believed that the most important of MSW program should be the promoting awareness، waste reduction and recycling.

The amount and composition of municipal waste comprise the basic information needed for the planning operation and optimization of waste management systems. The final goal of this study was a quantitative and qualitative investigation of recycling potential of solid wastes in 22 regions of Tehran. This study was conducted in the last 9 months of 2007 in 22 regions of Tehran municipality. Systematic sampling method was use in the study. The solid parts of wastes were segregated and the data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for determination of the normality of mean distribution of the data and then for determination of the significance of differences between parametric data the One-way ANOVA and the Independent-sample T-test methods were used and for non-parametric data the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis methods were applied. The solid parts of studied waste were paper and cardboard (37%) plastic (25%) metal (13%) textile (8%) and glass (4%). The maximum amounts of paper and cardboard were in Azar plastic and metal in Ordibehesht textile and glass in Aban and residuals in Khordad. Also there was a significant difference between the mean of studied solid wastes in autumn and summer months (P-value