جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کشمش" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

The contamination of agricultural products to heavy metals possesses one of the serious health hazards to consumers, as some of these elements have carcinogenic properties and others can cause damage to various organs of the human body.

The purpose of this study was to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of some heavy metals due to the consumption of raisin produced in Malayer city.

For the purpose of this study, 50 raisin samples including Sultanu raisin (13 samples), Golden raisin (12 samples), Shade-dried raisin (13 samples), and Sun-dried raisin (12 samples) were collected from industrially and traditionally produced raisin. Then, heavy metals including cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, and arsenic were measured in the samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The quantitative risk assessment was conducted based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency method.

According to the obtained results, the mean concentrations of arsenic, copper, and nickel in raisin samples were 0.17 ± 0.06 (accepted level 0.1), 3.07 ± 0.09 (accepted level 0.3), and 4.72 ± 0.99 (accepted level 0.5) mg/kg. The highest average concentration of heavy metals was related to Sultanu and Golden raisins. The highest estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR) belonged to the nickel element.

The results showed that the mean concentrations of As, Ni, and Cu in raisin samples were higher than the level recommended by the FAO/WHO. The EDI level of all elements in all types of raisin was less than the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) proposed by the FAO/WHO and Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the Iranian Institute for Standard and Industrial Research (IRIS). Thus, their long-term uses do not have any specific non-carcinogenic effect on consumers while they can possess carcinogenic effects.

Ultrasound has found wide application as an advanced technology in processing technologies, including food technology. It is used both in measurements and diagnostic tests, and, as a processing aid, with the other technologies in food processing. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of combined caustic soda and ultrasound on reducing the drying time of grapes in raisin production and the possibility of substituting the ultrasound technology for conventional methods. Two samples of Thompson seedless grapes, one intact and one pre-treated with caustic soda (0.5% W/V, at 80oC for 30 sec.), were sonicated in an ultrasonic bath (28 KHz frequency and 150 W intensity) for 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes and immediately dried by conventional sun-drying for 7 days. The moisture content, weight, and water activity of the samples were determined daily. The ultrasound treatment of short durations alone had no affect. The treatment was statistically significantly effective only when the exposure time was 40 or 60 minutes or longer. Further analysis of the data showed that the combined treatment of ultrasound with caustic soda significantly reduced the length of time required for dehydration of grapes and raisin production. The findings indicate that the ultrasonication technology can be used economically, reducing the length of time for drying grapes and, thus, increasing productivity in the process of raisin production. However, more studies are needed to determine whether ultrasound alone can be substituted for caustic soda technology in raisin production