جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "amino acids" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 Despite the success of "direct-acting antivirals" in treating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, invention of a preventive HCV vaccine is crucial for global elimination of the virus. Recent data indicated the importance of the induction of Pan-genomic neutralizing Antibodies (PnAbs) against heterogenic HCV Envelope 2(E2), the cellular receptor binding antigen, by any HCV vaccine candidate. To overcome HCVE2 heterogeneity, "generation of consensus HCVE2 sequences" is proposed. However, Consensus Sequence (CS) generating algorithms such as "Threshold" and "Majority" have certain limitations including "Threshold-rigidity" which leads to induction of undefined residues and insensitivity of the "Majority" towards the "evolutionary cost of residual substitutions".

 Herein, first a modification to the "Majority" algorithm was introduced by incorporating BLOSUM matrices. Secondly, the HCVE2 sequences generated by the "Fitness" algorithm (using 1698 sequences from genotypes 1, 2, and 3) was compared with those generated by the "Majority" and "Threshold" algorithms using several in silico tools.

 Results indicated that only "Fitness" provided completely defined, gapless HCVE2s for all genotypes/subtypes, while considered the evolutionary cost of amino acid replacements (main "Majority/Threshold" limitations) by substitution of several residues within the generated consensuses. Moreover, "Fitness-generated HCVE2 CSs" were superior for antigenic/immunogenic characteristics as an antigen, while their positions within the phylogenetic trees were still preserved.

 "Fitness" algorithm is capable of generating superior/optimum HCVE2 CSs for inclusion in a pan-genomic HCV vaccine and can be similarly used in CS generation for other highly variable antigens from other heterogenic pathogens.

Amino acid analysis is an important tool for the diagnosis of metabolic disorders in newborns. Today, Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful technique for amino acid analysis. We aimed to determine the local normal range of amino acids in dried blood spot (DBS) samples of neonates using LC-MS/MS.

A total of 1005 samples from healthy neonates of northeast and east of Iran aged 2-7 days were utilized for normal range determination. The amino acids were extracted from dried blood spot samples using organic solvent and then analyzed using LC-MS/MS system. The 1%, 2.5%, 97.5%, and 99% percentiles were calculated, and the results were compared to the global cut-off values.

The results showed that glutamic acid has the highest concentration range among amino acids evaluated in this study (178.94 – 421.31mmol/L). Moreover, the plasma concentrations of Glycine (142.65 – 397.06 mmol/L), Alanine (97.00–349.72 mmol/L), Proline (63.77 – 236.53 mmol/L), and Tyrosine (25.79 – 150.58 mmol/L) were in the next ranks. Comparing the obtained results with the global values obtained in the R4S study indicated a slight difference between the obtained local normal values and the global values.

The calculated values were slightly different from global values obtained in the R4S study and regional values calculated in other studies. This further emphasized the importance of the local establishment of reference values, which facilitates the correct interpretation and diagnosis in the Newborn Screening Programs.

Male infertility is usually determined by the manual evaluation of the semen, namely the standard semen analysis. It is currently impossible to predict sperm fertilizing ability based on the semen analysis alone. Therefore, a more sensitive and selective diagnosis tool is required.

Twelve fresh semen samples were collected from fertile volunteers attending the Avicenna Fertility Center (Tehran, Iran). The seminal plasma (SP) was prepared and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analysis. Thirty-four amino acids including essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA), and non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAA) relative concentration were determined, and the correlation between their concentration with spermiogram parameters and TAC of the SP was analyzed.

Significant positive correlations have been found between selected amino acids with the motility (Met and Gln, rs=0.92; Cys, rs=0.72; and Asn, rs=0.82), normal sperm morphology (Met, rs=0.92; Cys, rs=0.72; Glu, rs=0.92; and Asn, rs=0.82), and sperm concentration (Trp, Phe, and Ala). In contrast, several AAs, including Gly, Ser, and Ile showed negative correlations with sperm concentration (rs=-0.93, r=-0.92, and r=-0.89, respectively). Furthermore, TAC showed a positive association only with Tyr (rs=0.79).

The strong positive/negative correlations between the seminal metabolic signature and spermiogram demonstrate the significance of determining metabolite levels under normal conditions for normal sperm functions. Combining the metabolome with the clinical characteristics of semen would enable clinicians to look beyond biomarkers toward the clinical interpretation of seminal parameters to explain the biological basis of sperm pathology.

Context:

There are severe and rare groups of genetic disorders due to defects in metabolic pathways, and they are generally called inborn errors of metabolism. Amino acids, as the building blocks of proteins, have many important structural and functional roles in the human body. The deficiencies of functional enzymes cause defects in metabolic pathways and lead to aminoacidopathies. The diagnosis of aminoacidopathies is challenging for most physicians, as they can present with multiple overlapping symptoms.

Evidence Acquisition: 

PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and CINAHL were searched with MeSH terms: ‘inborn errors of metabolism’ OR ‘Metabolism, Inborn Errors’ (MeSH) AND ‘Humans’ (MeSH) AND ’Amino Acids/therapeutic use’[MeSH] AND ‘Newborn, Child’ (MeSH) OR ‘child’ OR ‘newborn’ AND "Neonatal Screening"[MeSH].

This study summarized some important issues, including clinical and laboratory diagnoses of phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, methionine, homocysteine and cysteine, sulfite oxidase deficiency, molybdenum cofactor deficiency, tryptophan, glycine, hyperoxaluria, creatine deficiency disorders, serine, proline, glutamine, and urea cycle defect.

The prognosis of many metabolic disorders has improved due to recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. The biochemical knowledge of clinicians should be improved to comprehend metabolic disorders. As the diagnostic methods are based on organic acids in urine and acylcarnitine profile, it is necessary to enhance biochemistry knowledge to understand the logic.

The surface functionality of nanomaterials (NMs) with suitable biomolecules may enhance their biocompatibility and make them more effective for biological applications. Furthermore, functionalization of various materials with biomolecules would also yield more secure and biocompatible nanomaterials for different applications. The present research was designed to evaluate the amino acids-based surface functionality of silver nanoprisms (AgNPrs). Silver nanoprisms were prepared by chemical method and further capped with amino acids such as L-cystine (Cys), L-glycine (Gly) and L-tyrosine (Tyr). Characterization of the newly-synthesized NMs was performed by using various techniques. Prepared nanomaterials (NMs) were assessed for their in vitro antioxidant activity using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing power (FRP), and hydrogen peroxide (HP) scavenging assays. In vivo antioxidant potential of the same was evaluated in cadmium-intoxicated Mus musculus model. Tyr-AgNPrs (p < 0.05), Cys-AgNPrs (p < 0.05) and Gly-AgNPrs (p > 0.05) showed enhanced DPPH scavenging activity. Whereas the Cys-AgNPrs displayed enhanced FRP activity and Tyr-AgNPrs displayed enhanced HP scavenging activity. The AgNPrs and cadmium exposed mice displayed a decreased (p < 0.05) catalase (CAT) activity in G2 and G3, whereas it increased in G4. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased in the G2 (p < 0.05) and G5 (p > 0.05) groups, whereas it increased in the G3 (p < 0.05), G4, and G6 groups of mice. The G2 showed a slightly decreased glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity (p > 0.05). The levels of reduced glutathione (p < 0.05) and metallothioneins (p > 0.05) were elevated in cadmium-intoxicated group. The results revealed that the cystine-AgNPrs and tyrosine-AgNPrs demonstrated higher antioxidant potential in comparison to other treatments. It is concluded that biomolecules-conjugated AgNPrs can work efficiently with more biocompatibility for various nanotechnological and biomedical applications.

Violet-almond oil (VAO) as a widely used remedy with various healing properties in traditional Persian Medicine (PM), suffers from a lack of standardization parameters. This study intended to determine some physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of VAO. Organoleptic properties (including color, smell, turbidity, appearance, and viscosity) were determined by sensory evaluation. Specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, fatty acid profile, and amino acid profile were determined by appropriate methods. The total phenolic content and microbial load also were measured. It was characterized as a light yellow and thin oil with a mild odor, density of 0.91 g/ml, a refractive index of 1.470, acidity index of 1.66, and saponification value of 189.61. Total phenol and flavonoid contents based on Gallic acid and Routine were 0.014 and 0.048 mg/ml, respectively. Its main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. Glutamine and ornithine were the most abundant amino acids, respectively. The general characteristics obtained may provide preliminary data for the standardization of this valuable traditional remedy.

 The leading cause of mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is the high rate of nucleotide misincorporation during reverse transcription. Most mutations were found within the “a” determinant of the S gene’s major hydrophilic region (MHR). They resulted in escape mutants due to amino acid changes in the MHR. However, mutations outside the MHR can also trigger escape mutants.

 This study focused on further molecular studies on the MHR of genotype D of HBV DNA isolated from patients with chronic HBV infection, together with the coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) in their serum samples.

 In this study, serum samples from 83 patients with chronic HBV infection were analyzed by serological and immunological tests for the concurrence of HBsAg and anti-HBs. In addition, the mutation in the HBV DNA was assessed by nucleotide sequencing of S genes within, upstream, and downstream of the MHR.

 Among 83 patients with chronic HBV infection, the coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs were detected in 11 (13.25%) individuals. Mutations in eight amino acids of seven samples analyzed for nucleotide sequencing were observed at 27 different sites in three locations, namely upstream, within, and downstream of the MHR. The mutations affected the structure of the epitope and the appearance of an escape mutant.

 The results indicated that mutations downstream and upstream of the MHR play a role in the coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in patients with chronic HBV infection.

Stellaria media Linn., a member of the family Caryophyllaceae, is generally known by the name of Chickweed. This plant is extensively cultivated globally and is inherent to Africa, Asia, China, Europe, and North America. It is a well-known medicinal plant with immense therapeutic uses. Nutritional studies have revealed the presence of protein, especially 16 amino acids, vitamins, and minerals such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc. Phytochemicals, mainly flavonoids, isoflavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and anthraquinone are present in chickweed. It has multiple therapeutic potentials like anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanial, anti-anxiety, and toxicity profiles. The crude extracts and their metabolites did not show any toxicity in the experimental animal. This review summarizes the nutritional, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicity studies on this plant concerning its future use in pharmacological drugs.

Dried blood spot samples are suitable for diagnosing some congenital errors of metabolism; however, they provide limited benefit in the regular monitoring of amino acids.

The present study aimed to evaluate alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), citrulline (Cit), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), isoleucine (Ileu), leucine (Leu), methionine (Met), ornithine (Orn), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), and valine (Val) amino acid concentrations in dried blood and plasma samples obtained simultaneously.

Amino acid concentrations were determined in the plasma, and dried blood spot samples obtained simultaneously from 145 patients (50 females and 95 males). Amino acid concentrations in the plasma and dried blood spot samples were studied by LC-MS/MS using original kits.

There were significant differences between dried blood spots and plasma in all amino acid concentrations, except for Met and Val. Bland-Altman analysis revealed the highest mean differences in Glu (-148.1), Gly (-70.1), and Ala (-58.1). Deming regression analysis showed that plasma and dried blood spot samples were consistent concerning Cit, Met, Phe, and Tyr concentrations.

Differences in methodology and sample can influence amino acid concentrations. Dried blood spot samples might cause errors in amino acid screening programs.

Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), belongs to the family Lamiaceae is a known herb that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat many disorders and give fragrance to different food and beverage products. In this study, the effects of the foliar spray of L-phenylalanine on essential oil content and chemical composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), at field condition in Horeh, Saman city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, southwestern Iran, were investigated.

This study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were including three levels of the foliar application of L-phenylalanine including 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L. Distilled water was used as a control.

The essential oil contents of the treatments ranged between 0.11 to 0.19% (v/w). Statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences among treatments for essential oil contents of M. officinalis. Neral, Z-Citral, E-Citral, Geranial, Citronellal and β-Caryophyllene were the six major compounds of M. officinalis essential oil. The results indicated that the foliar application of L-phenylalanine have significant impacts on main constitutes of the essential oil and generally the application of L-phenylalanine spraying have beneficial and effective role in improving the essential oil content and some of chemical composition of lemon balm.

The plant biostimulants as environmentally friendly products can be effective for increasing the quantity and quality of lemon balm essential oil. Application of L-phenylalanine can be a promising strategy in achieving organic production of medicinal plants such as lemon balm.

 Rotavirus-induced diarrhea (RD) could cause disorders in food protein and fat metabolism of infants the changes of which have not been clearly revealed; however, relevant studies are limited.

 The aim was to investigate the changes of proteins, amino acids and fatty acids profiles in fecal samples of the infants caused by RD.

 A total of 30 fecal samples were collected from 15 RD infants and 15 healthy infants. The compositions of fecal proteins, amino acids and fatty acids profiles in all fecal samples were analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), automatic amino acid analyzer and gas chromatography (GC), respectively.

 Compared to H infants, the feces in RD infants had lower contents of proteins with 50 - 55, 79 - 80, and 84 - 85 KDa, meanwhile higher contents of proteins with 67 - 69 KDa. The levels of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycinc, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, and proline in the feces from RD infants were significantly lower than that of H infants (P < 0.05). The relative proportions of butyric acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, cis-11, 14-icotenic acid, cis-11, 14, 17- epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, cis-13, 16-docosanoic acid, and cis-7, 10, 13, 16,19 docosapentaenoic acid in feces from RD infants decreased significantly compared to those of H infants (P < 0.05). On the contrary, significant increases in the relative proportions of caprylic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, cis-10-heptadecaenoic acid, oleic acid, and γ-linoleic acid were found in the; feces of RD infants (P < .05).

 RD changed the proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids profiles in infants feces, which improved the understanding of relationship between RD and fecal metabolites profile.

The present study aims to investigate the pathological mechanisms mediating the effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 48 hr on the spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) stage of the pilocarpine rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. This was carried out through assessment of amino acid neurotransmitter levels, the main oxidative stress parameters, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus. The experimental animals were divided into 4 groups: control, epileptic, PSD, and epileptic+PSD groups. Data indicated that PSD in epileptic rats induced a significant decrease in GSH levels. TNF-α increased significantly in the PSD group and decreased significantly in both epileptic rats and epileptic rats deprived of paradoxical sleep. PSD induced a significant increase in glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate and a significant decrease in GABA. In epileptic rats and epileptic rats deprived of PS, a significant increase in aspartate and a significant decrease in GABA and taurine were recorded.   The present data suggest that exposure to PSD for 48 hr did not worsen the alterations produced in the present epileptic model. However, epileptic, PSD, epileptic + PSD groups showed a state of hyperexcitability and oxidative stress. PSD may increase the susceptibility of animals to the development of epilepsy.

The reasonable use of amino acids (AAs) in parenteral nutrition (PN) is very critical to the growth and development of premature infants. However, the appropriate dose of AAs has not been determined. Our study was designed to investigate the clinical effect of two different doses of AAs in PN for low birth weight premature infants.

This randomized controlled study included 191 preterm infants who admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June 2015 to December 2016 and they were randomly divided into Group 1 (n = 81) and Group 2 (n = 110). In Group 1, the starting dose of AAs dose was 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day, which was increased by 0.5 g/kg with the maximum dose at 3.5 g/kg/day. In Group 2, the starting dose of AAs was 1.8–2.5 g/kg/day and was increased by 1.0 g/kg with the maximum dose at 4.0–4.5 g/kg/day. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, body weight, body length, total calorie intake, nonprotein calorie intake, total protein intake, liver and kidney function, and complications of the two groups of preterm infants.

The start of enteral feeding and the recovery of birth weight in Group 2 were earlier than those in Group 1 (3.83 ± 3.15 day vs. 5.53 ± 5.63 day, P = 0.016 and 6.36 ± 4.88 day vs. 8.48 ± 9.27 day, P = 0.043, respectively). The duration of PN and the time before total enteral nutrition were shorter in Group 2 than in Group 1 (16.46 ± 10.33 day vs. 21.41 ± 18.00 day, P = 0.029 and 15.47 ± 10.54 day vs. 19.47 ± 14.57 day, P = 0.038; respectively). The duration of mechanical ventilation (1.12 ± 2.62 day vs. 3.31 ± 8.13 day, P = 0.028) in Group 2 was shorter than that in Group 1.

High doses of AAs in the early PN for preterm infants facilitate the promotion of early growth and development, advance recovery of birth weight, reduce the duration of PN, and reduce respiratory support without increasing the incidence of complications.

The diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases require high quality pollen allergen extracts for reliable test results and effective treatments. The quality of the pollen allergen extracts is influenced by pharmacologically inert ingredients, such as stabilizers which are added to prevent the degradation of the allergenic activity. This study was conducted to develop a stabilizer formulation in order to protect the allergenic activity of the pollen’s extracts.

Pine and orchard grass pollen allergen extracts were incubated for 40 days at 37 °C. The effects of chemicals were examined via inhibition ELISA on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 40 to evaluate the ability of the pollen allergen extracts to inhibit specific IgE in the sera of sensitized patients.

Our findings showed that the pine pollen and orchard grass allergen extracts treated with Lys/Glu had the best stabilizing effect resulting in a 97% IgE inhibition following the 40 days of incubation. In the non-treatment group, the IgE inhibition decreased to 23% at the end of the 40 days. The orchard grass pollen allergen extracts receiving no treatment decreased to 12% IgE inhibition following the 40-day incubation.

Amino acids are able to act as an effective stabilizer for pollen allergen extracts and prevent the degradation of their activity over time. Particularly applying Lys/ Glu in pollen allergenic extracts can protect allergenic activity and potency of the pollen extracts to inhibit specific IgE in human sera.

Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb. (Syn. Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.)belongs to Apiaceae family. It is found abundantly in northern provinces of Iran as an edible plant. Hundreds of years ago, Eryngium genus was known as a medicinal herb in Persian medicine books which was named “Qaracaane” and the plant’s roots were used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional parameters in roots, spring and autumn leaves of E. caucasicum for the first time.

The parameters including proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, ash, moisture and calorie) were measured by the standard methods of the AOAC, mineral contents (iron, zinc, copper and manganese) were measured by atomic absorption and amino acid contents was measured by RP-HPLC.

Regarding the results, it was found that the autumn leaves showed the highest amount of fiber, protein, moisture, zinc, copper and manganese. Also, spring leaves contained the highest levels of calorie, while the roots showed much more ash, carbohydrate and iron content. In terms of amino acids contents, threonine was the dominant among the rest of essential amino acids in all investigated parts of E. caeruleum. The results showed that both the aerial parts and the roots of Eryngium caeruleum could be good sources of nutritional ingredients.

According to the obtained results it can be concluded that E. caeruleum has the capacity for prospective production of new natural medicinal supplements in order to improve body health and prevent or treat diseases.

Molasses is a significant by-product of sugar beet or sugar cane refining industry. In this work, the effects of storage temperature and packaging on the contents of free amino acids (AAs) in sugar beet and sugar cane molasses after freeze drying were inquired. The effect of different variables such as, temperature (4 and 25˚C) and light (Metallized polypropylene container and Normal polypropylene container) were evaluated to determine the optimum condition for storage of AAs molasses. The results showed that metallized polypropylene container was the suitable light container to maintain AAs from sugar beet and sugar cane molasses since AAs might be denatured by the light. Furthermore, low temperature had better influences on AAs during storage since high temperature might destroy AAs therefore AAs might be stabilized for a long time at low temperature. The finding in this study might be employed for other industries such as medical and pharmaceutics industries to store the valuable AAs.

Establishing theories for designing arbitrary protein structures is complicated and depends on understanding the principles for protein folding, which is affected by applied features. Computer algorithms can reach high precision and stability in computationally designing enzymes and binders by applying informative features obtained from natural structures. In this study, a position-specific analysis of secondary structures (α-helix, β-strand, and tight turn) was performed to reveal novel features for protein structure prediction and protein design. Our results showed that the secondary structures in the N-termini region tend to be more compact than C-termini. Decoying periodicity in length and distribution of amino acids in α-helices is deciphered using the curve-fitting methods. Compared with α-helix, β-strands do not show distinct periodicities in length. Also, significant differences in position-dependent distribution of physicochemical properties are shown in secondary structures. Position-specific propensities in our study underline valuable parameters that could be used by researchers in the field of structural biology, particularly protein design through site-directed mutagenesis.

The present study was carried out for determination of amino acid content in tubers of Dioscorea bulbifera using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The method involved the vapor phase hydrolysis of the sample, automated derivatisation of the amino acids with the aid of AccQ-Fluor reagent kit, separated on a high performance liquid chromatography equipped with photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) at 254 nm having column temperature of 37 ºC. The proportional molar concentration for each amino acid was calculated based on the concentration of standard amino acids and expressed as μg amino acid/mg sample. Methionine, aspartic acid and leucine were major components while as tyrosine was found minor from the plant on dry weight basis. The method is reliable, simple and economical for determining the amino acid content of Dioscorea bulbifera tubers.

Altered circulating amino acids levels have been observed in metabolic disorders, like obesity, type-2 diabetes, and other insulin-resistant states. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week walking on plasma amino acids (PAAs) in obese girls.

This clinical trial study (IRCT20180928041160N1) was conducted on 32 early/mid pubertal obese girls which they divided into interval-walking (IWG, n=12), continuous-walking (CWG, n=11) and control (CG, n=9) groups. The walking program (3-sessions/week for 8-weeks) consists of 30-min walking with 70-85%HRmax and 60-75%HRmax, respectively in the IWG (2-min walking and 1-min active rest) and CWG. The concentration of PAAs was measured at baseline and 72-hours after the last session in fasting state, using high-performance liquid chromatography. A repeated measures ANCOVA (group (3) * time (2)) with post hoc Bonferroni was used to analyze the data.

More the PAAs were not affected by interval or continuous walking training. A significant increase in lysine (p=0.003, 95%CI 24.08, 108.97) was observed only in the CG, and there was a significant difference between the CG and CWG (p=0.032). Global arginine bioavailability (GABA) significantly decreased in the CG (P<0.001, 95%CI -0.65, -0.21) and the IWG (p=0.004, 95%CI -0.60, -0.21). A significant increase in weight (p=0.043, 95%CI 0.27, 1.46), insulin (p=0.046, 95%CI -0.91, 9.01), and HOMA-IR (p=0.007, 95%CI 0.26, 2.63) were found only in the CG, and both insulin and HOMA-IR tended to decline in the CWG.

Except for lysine and GABA, all groups roughly showed similar changes in more amino acids. Continuous-walking could improve the plasma level of lysine and GABA, which along with an improvement of fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR.

The liver is vulnerable to the toxicity induced by xenobiotics. On the other hand, it has been found that several endogenously-found amino acids have hepatoprotective properties. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of taurine, glycine, and histidine on the liver function in an ex vivo model of prolonged organ perfusion.

Rat liver was isolated and perfused with a hemoglobin- and albumin-free Krebs‑Henseleit buffer (KBH). Liver injury biomarkers were monitored at scheduled time intervals.

The perfusate level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the potassium ion (K+) were gradually increased in control (Only KBH) group. The histopathological evaluation also revealed significant necrosis, sinusoidal dilation, and pyknosis in control liver. Moreover, significant increase in lipid peroxidation and depletion of hepatic glutathione stores were detected in the control group. It was found that taurine (5, 10 and 20 mM) and glycine (5, 10 and 20 mM)-containing KBH buffer significantly decreased the perfusate level of liver injury biomarkers. Furthermore, lower liver tissue pathological changes, decreased lipid peroxidation, and higher glutathione content was detected in amino acid-treated groups. Histidine administration showed no significant protective effect on liver injury in the current study. On the other hand, combination amino acid administration (glycine and taurine) showed a better hepatoprotective profile.

The data obtained from the current study might help to provide safe hepatoprotective agents against xenobiotics-induced hepatotoxicity or preserve liver functionality outside the body.