جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « anti-infective agents » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

One of the most common preventive methods of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is preoperative skin preparation. Selecting the skin antiseptic before surgery is an important step that can reduce SSI risk.

The present study was performed with aim to compare the effect of 7.5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and 70% alcohol versus 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHG) and 70% alcohol on the microbial count of the surgical site in the abdominal surgery.

This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted between March 2017 and July 2018 at the educational-therapeutic centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The patients aged ≥18 years who underwent elective abdominal surgery were randomly assigned into two groups to have their skin cleaned before surgery with CHG-alcohol or PVP-I-alcohol. Also, before skin prep, after the primary prep and after the secondary prep, microbial cultures were taken. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 16) and Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon and U-Mann-Whitney tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The microbial counts mean differences before and after skin preparation with PVP-I-alcohol were significant (P<0.05). Also, the microbial counts mean differences before and after skin preparation with CHG-alcohol were significant (P<0.05). Overall, both antiseptic groups significantly reduced microbial counts. Although the skin preparation with CHG-alcohol was better than the PVP-I-alcohol solution, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P>0.05).

Implications for Practice: 

This study did not demonstrate an overall superiority of 2% CHG over 7.5% PVP-I skin preparation solution or vice versa. Both groups can be used to prepare patients' skin before abdominal surgery due to the affordability conditions and availability.

Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch (Arecaceae) is an edible, extensively used shrub to small tree dispersed in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Arabian Peninsula. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of the fruit and seed extracts of Nannorrhops ritchiana were evaluated in vitro.

The plant sample was collected from a wild population in Saraydan village, Iranshahr, Sistan and Baluchistan, and the methanolic extracts of the seeds and fruits were obtained by the maceration method The Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric protocols were followed for quantifying total phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively. The total antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts were also measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and disc diffusion method, respectively. Antimicrobial activity was investigated on 5 Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus, pneumoniae, Rhodococcus equi, Bacillus subtilis subsp. Spizizenii and Enterococcus faeca) and 3 Gram-negative (Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhi) bacteria, and 3 fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans).

The total phenolic content of the seeds was higher than that of fruit (331.33±8.3 vs 360.93±10.23 μg gallic acid equivalents/g, respectively) while, the total flavonoid content of seeds was almost half as much as that of fruits (70.50±3.1 vs 127.70 ±5.25 μg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively). The ethanolic seed extract exhibited better scavenging ability for DPPH with IC50 of 117.77 ± 6.3 μg/mL compared to fruit extract with IC50 of 204.34±7.59 μg/mL. Moreover, the ethanolic extracts at initial concentrations inhibited the growth of several tested pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.

These findings suggest that the fruits and seeds of Nannorrhops ritchiana are rich sources of phenolic compounds with natural moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties which can be a candidate for possible dietary and/or medication applications.

Hygrophila schulli which is known as “Neermulli’’ in the vernacular is an herbaceous plant native to Sri Lanka. Ancient medicinal literature suggests the use of H. schulli whole plant or its parts for the treatment of different communicable and non-communicable diseases including diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. Active constituents and secondary metabolites including alkaloids, tannins, steroids, proteins, flavonoids, and glycosides are identified to possess antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, anticataract, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, hematopoietic, diuretic, antiurolithiatic, antipyretic, neuroprotection, and anti-endotoxin activities. In this review, we reviewed clinical studies, patents, and analytical studies from the earliest found examples from 1886 to the end of 2021. We critically analyzed and attempt to summarize the information based on bioactivities and chemical composition of H. schulli plant extracts which will be of future use for researchers in this field.

The release of secretions and aerosols during dental procedures is a common way of transmitting viral infections in the dental environment. Therefore, the use of effective antiviral materials such as Silver-containing solutions at non-cytotoxic doses can be of great importance. The present study aimed to review the antiviral effects of silver nanoparticles on infectious viruses for the purpose of disease prevention.

In this review, databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, were electronically searched for relevant articles, using the following keywords: “nano-silver”, “antiviral”, “virus”, and “disinfection”. A total of 291 relevant articles published during 2010-2022 were found; according to the inclusion criteria, only 20 studies were directly included in this study. Full-text articles written in English, which openly examined the cellular effects of silver nanoparticles on infectious viruses, were carefully selected.

Using nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles for dental practice disinfection purposes is documented and can be advantageous for their antiviral effects.

Incorporating nanoparticles into dental materials is the most common application of nanoparticles in dentistry, which leads to an increase in antimicrobial properties of dental materials. Cancer diagnosis and treatment, regeneration of alveolar bone defects, and treatment of tooth hypersensitivity are the other emerging applications of nanoparticles in dentistry.

This study aimed to assess the impact of recommended mouthwashes (chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and povidone-iodine) used during the COVID-19 pandemic on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.

A total of 52 human premolar teeth were divided into 4 groups (N=13) consisting of no intervention (control group), 0.2% chlorhexidine, 1.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2% povidone-iodine. Following immersion in the mouthwashes, orthodontic brackets were bonded to enamel surfaces. Then, the brackets were debonded using a universal testing machine. The specimens were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was assessed. One-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used for statistical analysis and P<0.05 was considered significant.

The SBS of the experimental groups decreased compared to the control group. The highest SBS mean value was observed in the controls and the lowest was found in the 0.2% povidone-iodine group. Significant differences in SBS values were found between the 0.2% povidone-iodine group and the 1.5% hydrogen peroxide group when compared to the control group (P=0.023, P=0.028, respectively). SEM analysis revealed similar characteristics among the groups, with a closer resemblance between the chlorhexidine and control groups. Additionally, these groups exhibited greater etching depth compared to the other groups.

Our findings highlight the importance of careful selection and application of mouthwashes in orthodontic procedures. While 1.5% hydrogen peroxide and 0.2% povidone-iodine may have some impact on bond strength, their use can still be considered acceptable within defined limits.

Zhumeria majdae Rech. F. & Wendelbo. traditionally has been used in several remedies, as a carminative agent especially for children, as an antiseptic agent, and it is used in treating diarrhea, stomach irritations, headaches, colds, convulsions, spasms, dysmenorrhea, and healing wounds. According to clinical studies, it is highly effective for reducing inflammation and pain, treating bacterial and fungal infections, morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, withdrawal syndrome symptoms, convulsions, and diabetes. The goal of this review is to find therapeutic opportunities by analyzing the traditional uses and pharmacological effects of the chemical constituents of Z. majdae.The information on Z. majdae in this review was gathered from scientific databases or search engines (PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, SID, Google Scholar, and Microsoft Academic). The literature cited in this review dates from 1992 to 2021. Several bioactive components including linalool, camphor, manool, and bioactive diterpenoids are presen in different parts of Z. majdae. Various properties were observed such as antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, larvicidal, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Also, the effect of Z. majdae on morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, and withdrawal syndrome as well as its toxicology has been established. Although there are in vitro and animal studies on several pharmacological effects of Z. majdae, the lack of clinical studies is significant. Therefore, further clinical trials should be performed to confirm the in vitro and animal findings.

 Oral health is part of general health. Dental caries is the most common chronic disease worldwide. Considering the significance of plaque control, complications of chemical agents, and the optimal antimicrobial efficacy of nanoparticles, this study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by the green method using Rhus coriaria L. extract against oral pathogenic microorganisms.

 In this in vitro experimental study, Rhus coriaria fruit was dried at room temperature. It was then ground, and its aqueous extract was obtained by the maceration technique. The effects of AgNPs synthesized by the green method in different concentrations were evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), and Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius) using the well-plate technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were also calculated. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney test.

 The MIC values were 1024 µg/mL for S. mutans and E. faecalis, and 512 µg/mL for S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. acidophilus. The resistance of S. mutans and E. faecalis was higher than that of S. sobrinus, S. salivarius and L. acidophilus. According to the growth inhibition zones and MBC test results, S. salivarius had the highest resistance to AgNPs followed by L. acidophilus, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, and E. faecalis. 

 AgNPs synthesized by the green method using Rhus coriaria extract was effective against oral pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, they may be used in the formulation of mouthwash and toothpaste.

 The health benefits of probiotic bacteria are not unknown to anyone. On the other hand, indigenous dairy sources are a potential source of native probiotics. This study aimed to describe the inhibitory activity of Cell-Free Supernatant (CFS), planktonic cells, and biofilm form of Lactobacillus strains isolated from native dairy sources on food pathogens.

Antibacterial activities of the CFS of lactobacillus strains were assessed by the microplate method and via violet staining, and in planktonic cells, and biofilm forms were performed by the spread plate method.

The results showed that despite the large differences in biofilm formation power among the strains, most of them can produce biofilm. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. delbrueckii subsp. Lactis, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis formed the strongest biofilm, respectively. Planktonic states reduce the pathogens bacterial by about 1.43 log, but in biofilm forms, decreased Listeria monocytogenes by about 4.8 log compared to the control, and in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a growth reduction of about 2.8 logs was observed.

According to the study, biofilm produced by probiotic strains can be considered a new approach for biological control. Also, indigenous dairy sources can be considered by researchers to extract natural and beneficial probiotics.

The present study aimed to compare the antimicrobial properties of Iranian Mass mouthwash and alcohol-free Oral-B mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans).

In this in vitro study, S. mutans and C. albicans were separately cultured on BHI agar plates. The agar well-diffusion method was used to compare the antimicrobial properties of Mass and Oral-B mouthwashes, and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as the positive control and saline as the negative control. The diameter of growth inhibition zones was then measured. The experiment was performed in triplicate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the two mouthwashes were determined for each microorganism using the broth micro-dilution method. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test (Benjamini-Hochberg).

The mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone of S. mutans was 26.33 and 27.66 mm for Mass and Oral-B mouthwashes, respectively. These values were 18 mm and 17.66 mm, respectively for C. albicans. There was no significant difference in the mean diameter of growth inhibition zones of the two mouthwashes against C. albicans (P=0.38) or S. mutans (P=0.23). The MIC of Mass and Oral-B mouthwash for S mutans was in 1/1024 dilution ratio and the MIC of Mass and Oral-B mouthwashes for C. albicans was in 1/512 and 1/256 dilution ratios, respectively. The MBC values were the same as the MIC values for both mouthwashes.

Mass mouthwash was as effective as Oral-B mouthwash against S. mutans and C. albicans.

 Microorganisms are the main culprits responsible for many oral conditions including dental caries and periodontal diseases. To increase the quality of dental treatments, we can produce dental materials with antimicrobial properties. Nanoparticles with their antimicrobial activities can help achieve this goal. The purpose of this study was to describe the applications of nanoparticles in different fields of dentistry.

An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar to find articles related to the applications of nanoparticles in dentistry. No limitations were set regarding the date of publication or the language. We selected 73 articles and summed up the information.

Nanoparticles can be effectively used in various fields of dentistry including prosthodontics, oral medicine, periodontics, implant therapy, bone augmentation, restorative and preventive dentistry, orthodontics and endodontics, as well as in dental office disinfectants.

 Incorporating nanoparticles into dental materials is the most common application of nanoparticles in dentistry, which leads to an increase in antimicrobial properties of dental materials. Cancer diagnosis and treatment, regeneration of alveolar bone defects, and treatment of tooth hypersensitivity are the other emerging applications of nanoparticles in dentistry.

One of the main problems with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) used for the fabrication of oral removable appliances is plaque accumulation due to surface porosities. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in this material might help tackle this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PMMA acrylic resin incorporated with propolis nanoparticles (PNPs).

Antimicrobial properties of acrylic resin incorporated with PNPs were assessed against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Acrylic discs were fabricated in four groups: A control group without PNPs and three experimental groups containing 0.5%, 1% and 2% concentrations of PNPs. Disc agar diffusion (DAD) test was performed to determine the antimicrobial effects of PNPs by measuring the microbial growth inhibition zones on Muller-Hinton agar plates. The eluted components test evaluated the viable counts of microorganisms in liquid medium after 24 and 72h. Finally, biofilm inhibition test assessed the efficacy of PNPs for inhibition of biofilm formation. P<0.05 was considered significant. 

The acrylic discs failed to produce microbial inhibition zones in the DAD test. Discs containing 1% and 2% nanoparticles showed anti-biofilm effects on all four microbial species. The colony counts of all microorganisms significantly decreased following exposure to liquids containing nanoparticles after 24 and 72h in eluted component test.

PMMA acrylic discs incorporated with PNPs presented some antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, L. acidophilus, and C. albicans

The application of disinfectant agents is a common way to fight against microorganisms. Although there are different types of disinfectant agents to fight COVID-19, many of them do not have the required quality and efficiency. The present work was aimed to evaluate the quality of the available disinfectant agents using gram-negative E. coli bacteria.

In the laboratory phase of the research, the gram-negative E. coli bacteria were used to evaluate the quality of disinfectants. According to the proposed laboratory method, microbial kit was prepared and used to evaluate the performance of disinfectants.

According to the obtained findings, 1.0 mL of the prepared microbial suspension in the test tube, as microbial kit, was used for the quality assessment of the selected disinfectants. In case of growth of microorganisms in optimum conditions, the quality of disinfectants was undesirable, and if microorganisms were not grown, the quality of disinfectants would be appropriate in terms of its effect on gram-negative bacteria.

E. coli can be used as a reliable indicator for assessing the quality of the disinfectant and antiseptic agents used against COVID-19.

Formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm leads to persistent infection in tissue or on exter-nal and indwelling devices in patients. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is used for eradication of bacterial biofilms and it has diverse applications in the healthcare system. However, there is not sufficient information on the behavior of biofilms during the CAP exposure period. Pre-established S. aureus biofilms were exposed to CAP for 0 to 360 sec, then subjected to washing steps and sonication. Subsequently, biomass, number of colonies, vitality of bacteria, structure of colonies, size of produced particles, and viability of bacteria were evaluated by different assays including crystal violet, colony-forming unit, MTT, scanning electron mi-croscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and dynamic light scattering assays. The results showed that the strength of biomass increased in the first 60 sec, then decreased to less than no-CAP treated controls. Moreover, short CAP exposure (≤60 sec) ehances the fusion of the biofilm extracellular matrix and other components, which results in preservation of bacteria during ultra-sonication and washing steps compared with control biofilms. The S. aureus biofilm structure only breaks down following more CAP exposure (> 90 sec) and demolition. Interestingly, the 60 sec CAP exposure could cause the fusion of biofilm compo-nents, and large particles are detectable. According to this study, an inadequate CAP exposure period prevents absolute eradication of biofilm and enhances the preservation of bacteria in stronger biofilm compartments.

 Today, the incidence of septic arthritis by Staphylococcus aureus has increased due to intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints, and underlying conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and immunosuppression. Pistacia atlantica has significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities.

 Considering S. aureus as the most important etiology of septic arthritis, this experimental study aimed to evaluate the effects of P. atlantica on septic arthritis.

 Septic arthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of S. aureus suspension in left stifles of rats, which were divided randomly into eight groups, containing ten per group, including normal: no intervention; control: septic arthritis was induced but not treated; Oral Placebo (OP): 14 days daily P.O.; Local Injected Placebo (LIP): a single dose intra-articular (IA injection) of normal saline; Oral P. atlantica (OPa): 14 days daily P.O. P. atlantica extract; Local Injected P.atlantica (LIPa): a single-dose IA injection of P. atlantica extract; Prophylactic Oral P. atlantica (ProOPa): prophylactic P.O. P. atlantica extract daily one week before the induction for 21 days; Prophylactic Local Injected P. atlantica (ProLIPa): a prophylactic single-dose IA injection of P. atlantica extract one week before the induction. For further evaluations, blood and histopathological samples were obtained.

 Pistacia atlantica oral medication reduced the physical symptoms of inflammation. Although hematological analysis showed a fall in the control group compared to the normal group, all medicated groups increased. The OPa group showed the closest WBC count (9.46 ± 4.12 × 109/L) to the normal group (P = 0.073). All histopathological parameters had significantly higher scores in the control group compared to the normal group. Although the scores increased in the groups that received P. atlantica, they decreased in the groups that received placebo, except for synovitis degree. The OPa group demonstrated a lower degree of synovitis (1.40 ± 0.51) than the control group; however, it was not significant (P = 0.690). Local injections revealed higher erosion scores (2.80 ± 0.63 for the LIPa group and 2.70 ± 0.48 for the ProLIPa group) than the control group (P < 0.05).

 Oral administration of P. atlantica alleviated the clinical symptoms. Cellular immunity activation and systemic benefits of oral P. atlantica were assessed. Histopathology confirmed the immune system involvement and antibacterial activity of P. atlantica. More erosion may be due to more bacterial debris with arthritogenic properties. Meanwhile, the probability of the stimulatory effect of P. atlantica extract for synovial content should not be ignored.

Inappropriate administration of antimicrobials has led to increased antibiotic resistance as well as burden of infectious diseases. Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) help prevent resistance through improved utilization of antimicrobial agents while potentially decrease costs of treatment.

We reviewed 186 infectious disease (ID) consultations from two internal disease wards in a tertiary center where ID specialists were asked to confirm carbapenem use in patients within 48 hours of initiation. The records were reviewed in terms of age, gender, and final decision about carbapenem use. The crude mortality rates during the 5-month period of the study (May to September 2016) as well as hospital spendings were compared with the same time of the year before implementation of the ASP.

Of 186 consultations conducted by the ID specialists, 28 consultations (15%) led to antibiotic change, 46 (25%) led to discontinuation, while in 112 (60%) carbapenems were continued. An estimate of 14,000 € were saved based on annual hospital costs during the 5-month period of the study. Although antimicrobial resistance patterns could not be evaluated, the crude mortality rate in the two IM wards was calculated to be 2.6% with no significant change compared to previous year (CMR: 2.9%).

Based on findings of the present study. ASPs for carbapenems (as wide-spectrum agents) can lower costs with no increased mortality rates in a tertiary center located in a middle income country.

Poultry meat is one of the most popularly consumed meats worldwide. With the increased consumption, the poultry industry is also facing major challenges in maintaining of safety and shelf life of the poultry meat. Microbial concerns related to poultry meat comprise of meat safety and shelf life as poultry meat is prone to contamination with spoilage as well as pathogenic microorganisms. Poultry may be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp. at various processing steps, posing significant health risk to the consumers. To reduce the predominance of food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. as well as spoilage microorganisms, poultry processors can employ a multi-hurdle approach wherein antimicrobial interventions are applied at various steps of processing. This article reviewed different poultry processing steps and the antimicrobial interventions used in the poultry processing sector to improve safety, shelf life, and quality of poultry meat. This review provides comprehensive knowledge on safety of poultry meat with special attention to Salmonella spp. for the poultry industry as well as researchers throughout the world.