جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "entrapment" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

The study focused on the amylase enzyme, widely used in the industrial starch liquefaction process. We looked into the best way to immobilize the native strain Bacillus licheniformis, which is the only alpha-amylase-producing bacterium, by trapping it in calcium alginate gel. This is a promising way to increase enzyme output.

We examined the effects of alginate content, biomass age, initial cell loading (ICL), bead size, and solidification duration in calcium chloride solution on enzyme synthesis. We conducted batch fermentations using both immobilized and free cells.

Alpha-amylase production significantly increased with the alginate concentration ratio, achieving a maximum enzyme yield of 23.5 U/mL at a 30 g/l alginate concentration, utilizing an initial cell loading of 1.5 g in 150-200 beads per flask. These involved cells from a 12-hour culture with a bead size of 5.0 mm, were solidified for 24 hours in a 2.5% (w/v) calcium chloride solution. The yield of the immobilized cells was approximately 111.71% higher than that of the free cells, which produced 11.1 U/ml. The immobilized cells consistently generated alpha-amylase over five repeated cycles, attaining a peak value of 23.5 U/ml during the first cycle, which was 2.2-fold more than the control (free cells).

We used a basic mass balance analysis to understand the growth of both fractions and the dynamics of amylase production in free cells and cells immobilized in Ca-alginate beads. The production of alpha-amylase in immobilized cells results in enhanced volumetric activities during fermentation. Notable advantages of this technique encompass prolonged stability, reuse and recycling, and the potential for adaptable regeneration.

Entrapment of drugs within polymers have been used to modify dosage drug release. The aim of this work is to compare the entrapment potentials of water soluble povidone and or β-cyclodextrin polymers in encapsulated erythromycin. Drug-polymer interaction was determined using FTIR, SEM and DSC. Using 23 factorial design, 8 variant polymer combinations were devised. Wetted erythromycin and polymer mix was kneaded and granulated. The granules were dried and analysed for drug-loading and micromeritic properties before being filled into a hard gelatin capsule. The capsules were analysed for physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. The FTIR spectrum of the drug-polymer depicts the leading peaks of erythromycin. SEM images and DSC thermogram of the drug-polymers showed irregular fluffy and porous structures, and reduction in endothermic temperatures respectively. The granules showed Carr’s index, Hausner ratios and angle of repose < 24.07, 1.31 and 30.51° respectively, and over 97.81 % drug entrapment. All capsules met USP specification for weight uniformity. Erythromycin-povidone capsules disintegrated within 15 min, had 53 % dissolution in 15 min, and 53 – 100 % dissolution within 180 min. At 25 mg/ ml, erythromycin-povidone capsule gave zones of inhibition of 37.67 – 39.83 mm. FTIR analysis of the erythromycin-polymer mix indicated compatibility of erythromycin with the polymers, the SEM indicated formation of amorphous complex, while the DSC inferred non-complex interaction and improvement in solubility. In comparison with formulations with erythromycin-β cyclodextrin complex, erythromycin-povidone complex showed better promise in enhancing erythromycin capsule formulation and antimicrobial properties.

Considering the growth of the population and the consequent high growth rate of elderely individuals, there is a great need to attend and recognize the problems related to the physical and psychological health of patients with dementia and their caregivers. Therefore, the present study aimed to find the effect of emotion efficacy therapy on entrapment and guilt in caregivers of patients with dementia.

It was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and control group. The statistical population of the study included the caregivers of patients with dementia who were referred to neurology clinics in Isfahan in 2022, among whom 30 were selected by purposive sampling, taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups each comprising 15 caregivers. The experimental group underwent eight sessions of 90-minute emotion efficacy therapy, and the control group was placed on the waiting list without intervention. The data were collected by Entrapment Scale and Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire and were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that emotion efficacy therapy significantly affected entrapment and guilt in caregivers of patients with dementia (p<0.05). Furthermore, the interaction of the effect of time and group membership was also significant for entrapment (internal, external), guilt (guilt about self-care, guilt about doing wrong by the care recipient, and guilt about not rising to the occasion as caregivers) except for the factor of guilt about having negative feelings towards other people and guilt about neglecting other relatives (p>0.05). It showed that the changes in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages were significant in each group. The level of difference between the groups in the entrapment was 37.4%, and it was 49.3% for the guilt.

Emotion efficacy therapy affects and changes the stimuli and underlying factors, including ineffective beliefs and thoughts; as a result, it can be used to decrease the entrapment and the guilt in the caregivers of patients with dementia.

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are common elbow fractures in children. Supracondylar fractures have two subtypes: flexion, which makes up less than 2% of all such fractures, and extension, which makes up more than 98% of supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Supracondylar fractures of the humerus can develop vascular and neurological complications, either following the fracture itself due to the detached pieces of bone or after reduction or K-wire fixation therapy. The most common complication is damage to the brachial artery. 

Our patient is a healthy 7-year-old right dominant boy who sustained a Gartland type III fracture following a fall and was admitted to the Emergency Ward. At first, a weak pulse was detected in the distal part of the right upper extremity. After the reduction using 2 K-wires, the distal pulse of the limb became undetectable. Vascular examination revealed that the adventitia of the brachial artery was trapped between the condyle parts. The artery was then released, and the distal pulse returned.

This case shows that although entrapment and pulling of the adventitia of the brachial artery between the condyles of the humerus following a supracondylar fracture is a rare occurrence, it can happen in this type of fracture. After reduction using K-wires percutaneously, a neurovascular examination in all cases of supracondylar fractures is necessary. In supracondylar fractures with pink pulseless limbs, immediate arterial exploration can achieve a markedly better outcome than simply monitoring.

Context: 

The anatomy of the radial nerve is prone to entrapment, each with different symptomology. Compression of entrapment of the radial nerve can occur near the radiocapitellar joint, the spiral groove, the arcade of Frohse, the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), and at the radial tunnel. Those who require repetitive motions are at increased risk of peripheral neuropathy syndromes, including repetitive pronation and supination, trauma, or systemic disease; however, t the influence of all risk factors is not well understood. Depending on the location of entrapment, radial nerve entrapment syndrome presents different symptoms. It may include both a motor component and a sensory component. The motor component includes a dropped arm, and the sensory component can include pain and paresthesia in the distribution of the radial nerve that resolves with rest and exacerbates by repetitive pronation and supination.

Evidence Acquisition: 

Diagnostic evaluation for radial nerve entrapment, apart from clinical symptoms and physical exam, includes electromyography, nerve conduction studies, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative management for radial nerve entrapment includes oral anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification, and splinting. Some recently performed studies mentioned promising minimally invasive techniques, including corticosteroid injections, peripheral nerve stimulation, and pulsed radiofrequency.

 When minimally invasive techniques fail, open or endoscopic surgery can be performed to release the nerve

 Endoscopic surgery has the benefit of decreasing incision size and reducing time to functional recovery.