escherichia coli

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a concerning public health issue even before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on AMR has not been comprehensively investigated.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of AMR before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Data from hospital records of cancer patients in the hematology ward were obtained for this cross-sectional study using a census sampling method from January 2018 to July 2023. Clinical specimens were collected, including urine, stool, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, pleural fluid, oropharynx, blood, and synovial fluid. All specimens were sent to the central laboratory of the hospital. The obtained samples were cultured on blood agar (Merck) and MacConkey agar (Merck) media and incubated for 24 hours. The classification of strains as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

In the present study, 382 isolates were obtained from 186 (48.7%) males and 196 (51.3%) females admitted to the hematology ward at Taleqani Hospital. Among the 382 isolates, 102 were Escherichia coli , 97 were Klebsiella pneumoniae , 51 were Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 49 were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus , 30 were S. aureus , and 53 were other species. There was a changing trend in the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ceftazidime for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus , as well as in multiple agents including meropenem, amikacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam for P. aeruginosa . For K. pneumoniae , there was a significant change in the antibiotic susceptibility patterns for amikacin, piperacillin, and ceftriaxone. For S. aureus , a significant difference was observed in the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of meropenem and clindamycin. For E. coli , significant differences were found in antibiotic susceptibility patterns for imipenem, amikacin, and cefazolin.

Although we have navigated through the COVID-19 pandemic, its consequences, such as altered trends in AMR, continue to pose challenges to the healthcare system. Coronavirus disease 2019has influenced the resistance patterns of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Monitoring adherence to guidelines is crucial to prevent further spread of resistant strains, particularly in developing countries where improvements in attitudes toward antibiotic prescription and hygiene standards are needed.

Septic arthritis (SA) is an orthopedic emergency mainly caused by bacteria. SA due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) is rare with a poor prognosis. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli in SA patients in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2021 to December 2023. 220 samples were collected from SA patients from tertiary care hospitals. Joint aspirates (2ml) and blood (5ml) were analyzed for microbial and hematological examination.

There were 5.45% samples positive, and 94.5% negative for E. coli. SA due to E. coli was more common in male (6.2%) than female (4.6%) patients with the knee being the most affected joint (6.3%). E. coli was more common in patients aged 41-60 years (7.7%), lower socioeconomic (6.9%), and illiterate (8.6%) patients. Suspected patients showed a significant increase in the levels of white blood cells (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), notably, these levels were further elevated in E. coli-positive patients. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based identification of E. coli showed clear bands of 204bp of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence analysis using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool found high similarity with pathogenic E. coli from Egypt and China. The identified E. coli strain showed significant resistance to common antibiotics: amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, gentamicin, tetracycline, and erythromycin.

Antibiotic resistance in E. coli from SA patients suggests the need for accurate antibiotic selection to ensure prompt treatment.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated glucose levels, leading to complications such as infections and impaired wound healing. Diabetic wounds are prone to bacterial infections, with common pathogens including Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Coelomic fluid of Eisenia fetida (CFEF) exhibits antimicrobial properties, making it a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of CFEF on diabetic wound pathogens, alongside analyzing its protein content and antioxidant activities.

This study used bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. CFEF was extracted using warm water and electric shock methods. Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford method, and protein analysis was conducted via Tricine SDS-PAGE. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, superoxide dismutase, and catalase assays. Antibacterial activities were tested by disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods.

The study showed that CFEF exhibited significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities against common bacteria found in diabetic wound infections. The warm water shock method yielded superior results compared to the electric shock method.

CFEF demonstrates promising antibacterial and antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative for treating diabetic wound infections. Further research is needed to evaluate its clinical application and safety.

The secretion of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is a universal event among bacteria. In this study, we characterized OMVs from pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and assessed the effect of pathogenic OMVs on NLR signaling pathways.

OMVs were extracted by differential centrifugation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SDS-PAGE, Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test, and nucleic acid extraction. Then, the Caco-2 cells were treated with the pathogenic OMVs to evaluate their effect on NLR signaling pathways.

SEM showed that pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains produced OMVs in the range of 9-72.9 and 45-270 nm, respectively. The SDS-PAGE revealed that both OMVs had protein bands ranging from 25 to 100 kDa. The LAL test displayed that the concentration of LPS was 2.368 and 0.055 EU/ml in pathogenic and non-pathogenic OMVs, respectively. The evaluation of nucleic acid contents showed no significant difference between both types of OMVs. The assessment of pathogenic OMVs' effect on NLR genes demonstrated that the expression level was changed in some genes.

The characterization of OMVs showed that both strains of E. coli secrete OMVs in different sizes and contents. Besides, it was revealed that OMVs can regulate gene expression.

Urinary tract infections are one of the world's major health problems. In addition, clinical disorders may result from the presence of bacteria or fungi in urine. The aim of this study was to isolate Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains from midstream urine samples, and to determine molecular characterization of encoded Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) genes.

Collected urine samples were streaked on MacConkey, blood and EMB agar plates, then identifying E. coli isolates by using antibiotic susceptibility tests. ESBL production was measured using double disc diffusion. Furthermore, uniplex PCR was performed to identify two ESBL genes (blaCTX and blaTEM).

Among 412 isolates, 198 (48.1%) were E. coli strains, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., Enterococci sp. and Proteus sp. with frequency of 132 (32.0%), 51 (12.4%), 15 (3.6%), 10 (2.4%), and 6 (1.5%) respectively. Female participants who were between the ages of 40 and 49 years old, married, and pregnant were more likely to develop urinary tract infections (UTIs). E. coli species were present in 189 (95.5) of the recurrent UTIs. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates, the highest percentage of resistance and susceptible rates were found for nalidixic acid (75.8%) and gentamicin (64.1%) respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, 25 (12.6%) were ESBL-producers. The blaCTX-M gene was genetically confirmed in 20 (10.1%) of the isolates.

E. coli is the most common cause of UTI and ESBL production leads to increased resistance to common antibiotics and complicates treatment strategies.

The emergence of resistance in bacteria, and the existence of various types of infection and contamination in the hospital and society is the basis for research to find new antibacterial compounds.

EthyleOctahydrospiro[indene-2,3'-pyrrolizidine]-1,3-diones-pyrrolizidine]-2'carboxylate (5) was synthesized during one-pot reaction of ninhydrin, proline and ethyl acrylate in ethanol solvent. The antibacterial effect of the synthesized derivative on the mentioned bacteria was investigated by surface culture methods in Mueller Hinton agar culture medium and microdilution, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the synthesized derivative..

The analysis of the results showed that the MIC and MBC values of the newly synthesized compound against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were 1.56 and 3.12 μg/mlL, respectively. In addition, the MIC and MBC values of the synthetic compound against Escherichia coli (E. coli) were 0.39 μg/mlL and 0.78 μg/mlL, respectively. MIC and MBC values of standard gentamicin against E. coli bacteria were 3.2 and 6.4 μg/mL, respectively. MIC and MBC values of standard gentamicin against E. coli bacteria were 3.2 and 6.4 μg/mlL, respectively.

The derivative synthesized with indane and pyrrolizidine pharmacophores showed good antibacterial power against S. aureus, E. coli bacteria. Conclusion The antimicrobial test results revealed that the synthesized compound at an equivalent concentration exhibited a higher inhibitory impact on the Gram-negative E. coli bacteria than Gram-positive S. aureus. However, it demonstrated a more potent effect on the Gram-negative bacteria. The compound causes the immediate death of Gram-negative bacteria by destroying or disrupting the function of the outer membrane. This combination could be effective in treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial contamination of surfaces and water of dental units of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.

This cross‑sectional descriptive study was conducted on the surgery and periodontal units at the Faculty of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Totally, 108 samples were collected from different parts of the dental units. Total Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, and Escherichia coli were counted before and after disinfection by deconex.

The results of this study showed that before and after disinfection, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Coliforms were the most frequent bacteria in periodontal (100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively) and surgery wards (100%, 100%, and ˃83%, respectively). There was no significant relationship between pre and postdisinfection in terms of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa for other parts of the surgery and periodontics units (p ˃0.05). Furthermore, the statistical results indicated that all parts of the surgery and periodontics surfaces were statically significant pre and postdisinfection in term of Coliforms (p ˂ 0.05).

It can be concluded that the rate of microbial pollution in water lines and surfaces of the dental units is high. Furthermore, since a significant number of bacteria were identified after disinfection, it indicates the improper use of disinfectants.

Avian colibacillosis are infections caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli which causes high morbidity, high mortality, and significant economic losses. Antibiotics such as tetracycline are an important treatment choice for colibacillosis in Iran. However, the irrational use of antibiotics has caused high antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to estimate the tetracycline resistance rate among E. coli isolates from broilers in Iran.

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Islamic World Science Citation, Scientific Information Database, and MagIran databases were searched from 2013 and 2023. Risk of bias assessment was assessed with Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. For meta-analysis, a random effects model with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was used. Subgroup analysis for the year of publication and sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of individual studies were conducted and a province-level map of point estimates was drawn.

Among 13 included studies, the pooled tetracycline resistance was 85% (95% CI: 76-92%) and I-squared was 94.29%. In subgroup analysis, resistance rate was higher for articles published in 2018-2023 (91%) compared to articles published in 2013-2017 (76%), but heterogeneity between groups was not statistically-significant (P=0.12). sensitivity analysis showed that the omission of individual studies caused no apparent change. The province-level map showed that most of the studies belonged to northern parts of Iran with Ardabil (99.65%) having the highest value.

Resistance against tetracycline in E. coli isolates from broilers in Iran is alarming. The sensible use of tetracycline is advised.

Dishcloths play a crucial role in keeping kitchen surfaces hygienically clean; however, they can also spread pathogens from spilled food to hands and other food items. The present study aimed to investigate the microbial load of dishcloths, with a specific focus on pathogenic bacterial contaminants they potentially harbor.

A total of 50 samples were collected from households in the Hyderabad district of Pakistan. Specific media were used to isolate the bacteria. Additionally, the hygiene of dishcloths was evaluated visually, and questionnaires were administered to gather information on the various purposes of dishcloths, the source of water used, and the socio-demographic details of the participants.

The results showed that 42 out of 50 dishcloths had poor hygiene conditions. Almost half of the participants (48%) used the dishcloth for cleaning their kitchen surfaces, and only 18% of the participants washed it daily. Microbial assessment of dishcloths revealed widespread pathogenic contamination. Nearly all dishcloths tested positive for various microorganisms; 98% for total coliforms, 84% for Staphylococcus aureus, 82% for Vibrio cholerae, 74% for Shigella, 54% for Salmonella, 54% for Escherichia coli, and 26% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No significant relationship was found between
the frequency of dishcloth washing and the presence of total coliforms, as determined by the Kruskal-Wallis H-test (H = 2.981, P = 0.561).

The high level of microbial contamination in dishcloths can potentially transmit pathogens and cause infections. Implementing effective disinfection methods, such as boiling or regular washing with detergent, is essential to prevent pathogen transmission.

Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin with unique cell-penetrating abilities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, especially carbapenem-resistant strains. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and susceptibility profiles of Cefiderocol on carbapenem-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates among hospitalized patients.

One hundred twenty-nine patients more than 72 h admitted to hospitals participated from Feb. 2021 to Dec. 2022. Urine samples were examined to identify uropathogenic K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates based on microscopic morphology, cultural and biochemical methods. The carbapenemase production in the isolates was evaluated using modified Hodge tests and PCR. The MIC of Cefiderocol against carbapenemase-producing isolates was evaluated according to CLSI-2021 guidelines.

According to phenotypic and genotypic tests, among forty-two E. coli isolates (71.19%) were carbapenemase positive, 38 isolates had the blaOXA gene (90.47%), and among twenty-four K. pneumoniae isolates 96% contained the blaKPC gene. In MIC determination 55.24% of carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates were inhibited with ≤0.5 μg/ml of Cefiderocol, while only two strains (8.33%) of K. pneumoniae isolates showed resistance to the Cefiderocol (MIC90=2 μg/ml).

The present results demonstrate that the emergence of carbapenem-resistant uropathogenic bacteria poses a critical health threat to society. Based on the results, Cefiderocol demonstrated efficacy against carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates at low concentrations.

Any alteration in gut microbiota may result in the colonization of certain pathobionts, leading to the development of colon diseases. Some strains of Escherichia coli are pathobionts that can contribute to the initiation or progression of colon diseases through the induction of pro-inflammatory pathways or the production of genotoxins.

The present study was performed to investigate the association between certain E. coli pathobionts (cyclomodulin-positive and afa -C+ diffusely adherent E. coli ) and their characteristics with colon diseases.

Stool specimens were collected from patients referred to colonoscopy centers at two university-affiliated hospitals (Yazd and Kerman, Iran). A total of 67 patients voluntarily joined the study as the target group (21 cases of colorectal cancer and 46 cases of inflammatory bowel disease), along with 67 healthy individuals. Stool samples were screened for E. coli isolates using culture techniques. Cyclomodulin-encoding genes ( clbN , cnf , cdt , and cif ), as well as afa -C, were detected by PCR assay. Phylogrouping, virulence gene screening, antibiotic susceptibility evaluation, and biofilm formation assessment were also performed.

In comparison with the control group, afa -C+ DAEC was significantly associated with CRC (n = 8, 38.1%, P = 0.001) and IBD (n = 8, 17.4%, P = 0.026). The presence of clb N (n = 4, 19%) and cnf (n = 4, 19%, P = 0.053) was relatively associated with CRC. Most of the isolates from the patient group (n = 16, 23.9%) belonged to phylogroup B2. Iron uptake-related genes were also significantly associated with isolates from patients. No significant association was found between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in any of the studied groups.

This study provides preliminary data about the involvement of certain important E. coli pathobionts in colon diseases. As afa -C+ DAEC was associated with the colon diseases studied, it appears that it may be proposed as a putative marker for screening procedures. However, a definitive conclusion requires more comprehensive investigations.

Biological contamination of foods is a serious problem for human health. Animal and animal products may be contaminated by these biological and chemical contaminants. One of the most important causes of foodborne illness in humans is Escherichia coli. Fluoroquinolones can be used as a suitable treatment for enteric infections in food-producing livestock. We aimed to evaluate the current status of resistance of E. coli strains isolated from animals and animal products to fluoroquinolone in Iran.

 A systematic search was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from 2000 to Oct 2020. Nineteen studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria and analysis by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.

Based on the data analysis, The rates of antibiotic resistance in animal strains were as follows: Flumequine (75.1%), Enrofloxacin (55.2%), Danofloxacin (48.1%), Ciprofloxacin (48.4%), and Norfloxacin (52.9%). Next, the rates of quinolone resistance among E. coli strains isolated from animal products were Norfloxacin (45.5%), Ciprofloxacin (44.5%), and Enrofloxacin (60.9%). Based on the funnel plots and Egger's test, there was no significant publication bias.

We finally concluded that antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli is related to the overuse of antibiotics in livestock, especially fluoroquinolones.

Salivary abomasum disease (SAD) is a devastating disease causing significant mortality in Iranian goat and sheep herds. Understanding the causative agents is essential for developing effective preventive measures. This study investigated the potential role of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in SAD pathogenesis.

We isolated E. coli from kid goats aged 3-30 days experiencing a sudden, acute illness characterized by gait imbalance, and death within 48 hours during the kidding season. Following isolation, we employed multiplex PCR to identify the presence of Shiga toxin genes (Stx1 and Stx2) associated with virulence in STEC strains.

E. coli was isolated from 30 (75%) out of 40 animals. Notably, 7 (23.3%) isolates harbored the Stx2 gene, while only one isolate (3.3%) possessed the Stx1 gene.

These findings suggest a potential role for STEC, particularly strains carrying the Stx2 gene, in the development of SAD and multiple abomasal hemorrhages, in kid goats. The presence of Shiga toxin genes in a significant proportion of E. coli isolates highlights the importance of further research to elucidate their  contribution to SAD pathogenesis and inform the development of targeted interventions.

Resistance to antibiotics and the ability to develop biofilms, two main virulence determinants of Escherichia coli , play a crucial role in the persistence of infections.

The aim of this study was to evaluate aminoglycoside resistance and biofilm formation potential in E. coli isolates collected from hospitalized patients in the Southwest of Iran.

A total of 70 E. coli clinical isolates from different specimens were collected from Ahvaz teaching hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. All the isolates were identified as E. coli using conventional microbiological tests. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate method. Finally, PCR was conducted to detect virulence gene determinants, including fimbrial genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs), and 16S rRNA methylase (RMTase) genes.

Among aminoglycoside antibiotics, E. coli isolates showed the highest and lowest resistance rates to tobramycin (TOB; 51.4%) and gentamicin (GEN; 24.2%), respectively. Simultaneous resistance to GEN, amikacin, and TOB was observed in 28.5% of the isolates, representing the most common antibiotic resistance pattern. The prevalence of strong biofilm producers was higher in the extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype group compared to the multiple drug-resistant (MDR) group (76.1% vs. 23.8%). Among the 36 isolates resistant to at least one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, 36.1% had AME-related genes, either alone or in various combinations. Most isolates harboring AME genes were also positive for the presence of biofilm-related genes, including ecpA and fimA .

The most frequent AME-related genes were ant(2”) -Ia and aph(3’)-Ia , followed by aac(3’)-IIa . The findings of the present study provide probable evidence that GEN is an effective aminoglycoside against biofilm-producing and antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play significant roles in various cellular processes, and alterations in their expression levels can contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC).

This study aims to identify lncRNAs highly associated with poor prognosis in CRC and determine those that exhibit significant expression changes under the influence of Escherichia coli K-12.

Potentially susceptible lncRNAs to expression modulation in the presence of E. coli K-12 were identified by analyzing GSE50040 datasets. Data from the cancer genome Atlas (TCGA) were utilized to assess E. coli K-12-affected lncRNAs with the most significant impact on CRC pathogenesis. The association between the candidate lncRNA and patient prognosis was investigated using clinical data. The co-expression network was employed to identify pathways related to the identified lncRNA via the MsigDB database. To validate the in silico findings, CRC and adjacent normal samples were examined using the RT-qPCR method.

Cox regression analysis demonstrated that MIR17HG is a strong biomarker associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Increased expression of MIR17HG in cancer samples was correlated with key pathways involving cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and metastasis. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of MIR17HG in CRC samples was significantly higher than in normal samples. Further analysis revealed that MIR17HG expression is susceptible to suppression by E. coli K-12.

High expression of MIR17HG in cancer samples is associated with an increased probability of mortality in CRC patients. Our study highlights the potential of E. coli K-12 to reduce CRC malignancy by downregulating MIR17HG expression.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a leading cause of bacterial infections in humans.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in UTI.

A total of 642 urine samples were collected from suspected UTI patients and tested microbiologically. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for the isolated pathogens using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method.

Out of 642 urine samples, 308 (48%) were found to exhibit significant bacteriuria. Females had a higher rate of UTI (68%) than males (32%), with a higher prevalence in the middle-aged group, while males reported a higher prevalence in the elderly group, which was statistically significant. The most common organism was Escherichia coli (57.2%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.4%), Proteus spp. (3.6%), Enterococcus spp. (2.6%), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.9%). UTI were more common in middle-aged female patients (31 to 45 years), while in males, high prevalence was seen in older patients (>45 years). Meropenem, Gentamicin, Nitrofurantoin, and Co-Trimoxazole were amongst the most sensitive drugs against E.coli and K.pneumoniae.

Due to the irrational and injudicious use of antibiotics, commonly isolated uropathogens have a changing resistance pattern, resulting in reduced treatment effectiveness. This could be overcome by routine antimicrobial resistance surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship measures, and culture-guided therapy.

Fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX), a flavoenzyme classified as an oxidoreductase, serves as a diagnostic enzyme in HbA1c measurement tests. This research focuses on statistically optimizing lactose-induced expression to produce soluble recombinant FPOX.

A Plackett–Burman design was used to identify key factors influencing enzyme expression, which were further optimized using a central composite design.

The results indicated that glycerol, yeast extract, tryptone, and lactose significantly affected FPOX activity. The maximum enzyme activity and biomass concentration were achieved under the optimum conditions of yeast extract (10.12 g/L), tryptone (13.44 g/L), K₂HPO₄ (2.62 g/L), and lactose (12.79 g/L). When the lactose-inducible induction strategy was examined at the shake flask scale, FPOX activity (28.77 U/mL) was 18.5-fold higher than with the IPTG induction protocol. Additionally, the increased biomass yield (49.0 g/L compared to 22.0 g/L) further supported the appropriateness of utilizing lactose-inducible expression.

Together, our findings indicated that the design of experiment methodology can be utilized effectively to enhance the production of the FPOX enzyme with lactose as the inducer.

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria classified into non-pathogenic and pathogenic serotypes. This study aimed to blend phenotypic and genotypic techniques to identify Escherichia coli isolated from patients and dogs.

80 samples were collected from humans and dogs with UTI or diarrhea cultured on MacConkey, EMB, and nutrient agars. The suspected E. coli bacteria was confirmed using a PCR-based molecular method. Two bacterial identification techniques were applied to detect the zoonotic transmission possibility; a phenotypic analyzer using Antibiotic Susceptibility test Patterns and molecular genotypic technique depending on the presence of four exact genes in each isolate.

All the isolated E. coli were multi-drug and strongly resistant (100%) to Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, Oxacillin, and Vancomycin. Meanwhile, they were highly susceptible to imipenem (100%). The ASP5 (i) was the dominant pattern among human and animal isolates and the most common shared pattern among the four groups of samples. The results showed that 31 of 50 (62%) isolates have similar ASPs; however, only 16 (53.3%) shared the same phylogenetic groups. Furthermore, the molecular genetic group C is highly prevalent in dog isolates, whereas group E was the commonest among human isolates.

Both methods would be more accurate and better explain bacterial transmission and acquiring new antibiotic-resistance genes.