جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « generalized anxiety disorder » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Considering the high prevalence of anxiety disorders, the high comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and the negative and lasting effects of social anxiety disorder on various aspects of a person's life, the present study investigated the effect of emotion regulation group therapy on the symptoms of social anxiety disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population included all the patients with social anxiety disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder referring to psychotherapy clinics in Shiraz, Iran, from among whom a sample of 30 people were selected by the available sampling method. Data were collected using Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-5 (SCID-5), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and the Social Interaction Anxiety Questionnaire (SIAS) and analyzed with SPSS version 27 software using the analysis of variance method with repeated measurements

The data obtained showed that emotion regulation group therapy could significantly reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder (p<0.001) and generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.001), the results remaining stable in a three-month follow-up (p<0.05)

Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that group therapy of emotion regulation is effective in, and can, thus, be used as a therapeutic intervention for, social anxiety disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on emotion regulation strategies, life expectancy, mental well-being, and social Adjustment in students with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of high school students with generalized anxiety disorder in Divandarreh city in the academic year 2022-2023. Using purposive sampling method, 28 of them were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (14 subjects) and control (14 subjects). Then, the experimental group received 10 sessions (90 minutes each) of cognitive-behavioral stress management protocol according to Antoni et al. (2007). To collect data, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Scale, life expectancy Scale, Mental Well-being Questionnaire, and California Social Adjustment Questionnaire were utilized. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-26 software.

The results indicated a significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p < 0.01) in pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages in emotion regulation strategies (p < 0.01), (pretest scores: 16.42, posttest: 28.42, follow-up: 27.14), life expectancy (p < 0.01), (pretest scores: 85.57, posttest: 119.28, follow-up: 105.07), mental well-being (total) (p < 0.01) (pretest scores: 92.71, posttest: 128.71, follow-up: 126.71), and social Adjustment (total) (p < 0.01) (pretest scores: 10.06, posttest: 18.70, follow-up: 17.15).

Considering the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training in enhancing emotion regulation strategies, life expectancy, mental well-being, and social Adjustment in students with generalized anxiety disorder, the results of the present study can be used in counseling and psychotherapy centers for intervention in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

Pervasive anxiety is one of the common disorders and psychological treatments such as cognitive analytical hypnotherapy have been effective on similar disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive analytical hypnotherapy on emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

Methods and Materials:

 The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder who referred to the house of counseling centers of Tehran in 2022. Sampling was available and 30 people who got the highest score in anxiety questionnaire (1990) were selected as a sample and then randomly assigned 15 people to the experimental group and 15 people to the control group. and were allocated by lottery method. The experimental group underwent cognitive analytical hypnotherapy for 8 sessions twice a week for 60 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. In order to collect data, anxiety (1990), self-efficacy (1961) and emotion regulation (2003) questionnaires were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and covariance analysis were used with SPSS version 25 software.

The results showed that cognitive analytical hypnotherapy has an effect on emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.001)

According to the results of this research, the use of cognitive analytical hypnotherapy intervention to increase emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder can be suggested

Emotional disorders are the most common spectrum of psychiatric disorders and one of its important types is generalized anxiety. Cognitive avoidance is also a meta-diagnostic construct that plays an important role in the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

The aim of this study was to comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy, biofeedback therapy and their combination therapy on cognitive avoidance in women with generalized anxiety disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up with the control group. In this study, the statistical population comprised all women with generalized anxiety disorder referred to the New Psychiatric Clinic of Boroujerd City in the year 2021. Using the available sampling method, 60 of them were selected and divided into four equal groups. The experimental groups underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy (8 sessions), biofeedback therapy (8 sessions), and combination therapy (8 sessions), while the control group received no training and remained on the waiting list. Spitzer’s generalized anxiety disorder scale and Sexton and Dugas cognitive avoidance questionnaire were used for data collection. The analysis of the data was conducted using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni’s post hoc test in SPSS-24 software, with a significance level of less than 0.05.

The results indicated that all three treatments significantly impacted cognitive avoidance in women with generalized anxiety during the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the control group (P<0.05). The combined treatment showed a larger average difference from the control group (-14.822) than cognitive  behavioral therapy (-9.956) and biofeedback (-9.911), indicating greater effectiveness in reducing cognitive avoidance (P<0.05).

It is suggested that combined therapy be used as a therapeutic method to reduce cognitive avoidance in women with generalized anxiety disorder in psychological counseling and service centers.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and behavioral activation therapy on cognitive avoidance and emotion regulation in people with generalized anxiety disorder.
The research was of an applied type, with a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all the people suffering from generalized anxiety disorder in Mashhad in 2019, out of which 45 samples were selected from the Pulse of Life Psychotherapy Clinic and divided into 3 groups of 15 people (2 experimental groups and 1 control group). Randomly replaced and in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up, they responded to the general anxiety disorder scale of Spitzer et al. (2006), cognitive avoidance by Sexton and Dagas (2008) and emotional regulation difficulty by Gertz and Romes (2004). The first group received 8 sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy by Kabat-Zinn et al. (1992) and the second group received 8 sessions of behavioral activation therapy by Dimigian et al. (2008) and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data was analyzed using Spss statistical software.
The results of analysis of variance with repeated measurement showed that both treatments were effective on cognitive avoidance and emotion regulation of the sample (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference in the effect of the two methods (p<0.227).
Both treatments can be used to reduce the psychological problems of people with generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent mental health condition, characterized by an individual’s excessive and persistent worry about various social situations. It is a common problem which can induce numerous physical and mental alterations in the person affected.

The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an integrated transdiagnostic treatment approach in alleviating symptoms of worry, anxiety, and depression and improving emotional regulation in patients diagnosed with GAD.

In this semi-experimental study, a pretest-posttest, control group design with a follow-up was employed. The research population consisted of all clients aged 18-51 years with GAD in Sanandaj, Iran, during 2018. The research sample comprised 20 patients diagnosed with GAD based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These diagnoses were confirmed through structured interviews conducted by a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist. The samples were selected via convenience sampling and randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. The research utilized several assessment tools, including the Beck Depression Inventory (1961), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988), the Pennsylvania Anxiety Inventory (1990), and the Emotional Regulation Inventory (2008). The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test in SPSS Version 24 software.

According to the results, the integrated transdiagnostic treatment had an impact on reducing anxiety and depression. However, it was not effective in alleviating anxiety and improving emotional regulation in patients with GAD (P≤0.001).

The integrated transdiagnostic treatment method utilized in this study proved to be effective in alleviating worry and depression in patients diagnosed with GAD. Consequently, it is recommended for use in the therapeutic management of worry and depression symptoms in individuals suffering from GAD.

Covid-19 is a new and unknown type of disease originating from the virus of the covid family, which causes the death of about 2% of patients with acute respiratory symptoms. The main symptoms of this virus are fever, cough, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, etc. (1). In the meantime, generalized anxiety disorder is a type of general anxiety from the set of anxiety disorders in DSM-5, which makes people with this disorder constantly worry about future events; So that this chronic worry causes disturbance in the daily functioning process of a person and makes him suffer a lot (4). Despite the mentioned content, it is difficult to separate people with generalized anxiety disorder from normal people, and for this reason, several views have been presented about the cause of morbid anxiety (5). Cognitive theorists believe that false beliefs cause anxiety. For example, Ellis states that external factors cannot make a person anxious and it is the feeling of incompetence to deal with threatening risks that makes him anxious (6). Also, researches about generalized anxiety show that one of the main characteristics of people with generalized anxiety is referential thinking, which is one of the metadiagnostic processes that has a high correlation with emotional disorders, and in general, it can be said that it is the same characteristic in most mental disorders (8).On the other hand, people with general anxiety also have difficulty organizing their emotional experiences and find them annoying. So, these people do not use the positive skills of cognitive emotion regulation (15). Cognitive regulation of emotion is one of the most important criteria for diagnosing the level of mental health. Because people in stressful situations use various strategies such as magnifying the event, positive evaluation, acceptance, and planning (16). The cognitive regulation of emotion is an internal and external conflict. Any damage in the cognitive regulation of emotion makes people more vulnerable to depression and anxiety disorders (17). According to the above material, the researcher is trying to answer the question, is there a difference between referential thinking and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of people with generalized anxiety who have recovered from Corona and the normal group?

The current research is descriptive and causal-comparative based on the objectives and method of data collection. The statistical population of the present study was composed of people who visited one of the health centers of Alborz province in November and December 2019 (about 300 people). Among them, 50 people whose corona test was positive and after 2-3 weeks their test was negative and based on Spitzer's generalized anxiety questionnaire, they were diagnosed with corona anxiety disorder. Available and targeted sampling method after completing the consent form and observing the ethical principles of the research by the researcher (confidentiality and the least possibility of harm or risk) as a sample in the group recovered from Corona and 50 people who were tested from the beginning was negative and the score of anxiety questionnaire of generalized disorder was not significant, they were selected as healthy group. And after explaining the purpose of the research, they completed questionnaires of referential thinking (Ehring et al., 2010), generalized anxiety (Spitzer et al., 2006) and cognitive regulation of emotion (Garnefsky et al., 2001). Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kalmogorov Smirnov tests to check the normal distribution of data, Levine's test to check the homogeneity of variances and multivariate variance analysis using spss software version 25 for analysis Data statistics were used.

The demographic and descriptive results showed that the average age of the subjects in the normal group was 34.77 and the group with general anxiety recovered from Corona was 35.33 years old. The highest number of subjects was 33 years old (26 subjects: 53.8% married and 46.2% single) and the least number of subjects was 40 years old (7 subjects: 42.9% married and 57.1% single). Also, the largest number of subjects had undergraduate education.It was also found that the mean and standard deviation of referential thinking in the group with general anxiety recovered from Corona was higher than the normal group, but the scores of the normal group were higher in the variable of cognitive regulation of emotion.The results of the multivariate analysis of variance test showed that there is a significant difference between the referential thinking and the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of the normal group and the group with general anxiety recovered from Corona (P < 0.001). On the other hand, by observing the effect size calculated in Table 2, it seems that referential thinking explains 7.2% and cognitive emotion regulation strategies explain 45.2% of the variance of this difference.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing referential thinking and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in people with general anxiety recovered from Corona with the normal group. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the two groups of normal people and people with general anxiety recovered from Corona in reference thinking variables, so that the scores of people with generalized anxiety recovered from Corona are higher than healthy people. In the explanation of the obtained findings, it can be said that referential thinking increases a person's worry by creating repetitive negative thoughts and mental rumination, and since the structure of worry is one of the main characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder (24), it can be said that it is one of the causes of the disorder Pervasive anxiety is the presence of referential thoughts, and after that, people who have faced a lot of life and financial losses due to the corona situation show the diagnostic criteria of generalized anxiety disorder with symptoms of referential thoughts.Another finding of the current research showed that there is a significant difference between people with generalized anxiety who have recovered from Corona and healthy people in using cognitive emotion regulation strategies; So that people withgeneralized anxiety recovered from Corona use negative strategies in the cognitive regulation of emotion far more than healthy people. In explaining the results of the data, it can be mentioned that human emotions play an important role in his life, especially in adapting to life changes and unpleasant environmental and stressful events, especially when a person has a negative emotional experience such as Chronic diseases or a threatening event are encountered. Research results show that people who use incompatible strategies are more vulnerable to emotional problems (18). On the other hand, it seems that people who use non-adaptive strategies in the stressful conditions of the outbreak of the Corona virus show far more symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.The findings of this research showed that there is a difference between referential thinking and cognitive emotion regulation strategies between two groups of people with generalized anxiety who recovered from Corona and the normal group. In this way, in addition to the problems and complications related to their disease, people with corona are also involved in some psychological problems. These issues and problems can cause the aggravation and continuation of the symptoms and complications of the Covid-19 disease. Therefore, it is necessary for specialists in this field to pay special attention to the psychological aspects of patients. Timely psychological examinations of these patients can play an important role in preventing the exacerbation and continuation of symptoms and complications.

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the elderly. Mental health problems, including depression and anxiety disorders, are common in the elderly with diabetes while they are usually not diagnosed. Patients with co-occurrence of diabetes and psychiatric disorders have a worse prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and depression in patients over 60 years old with type II diabetes.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study included 300 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2021. The existence of anxiety and depression was measured using Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF), Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Short form-Persian version (GAI-SF-PV), and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). 

Most of the patients were female (56.7%), married (95%), with a diploma or less (86.6%), Arab (57.7%), with average economic status (69%), and living with family (97%). Controlled diabetes was reported in most people using medicines and insulin (94.3%). The rates of generalized anxiety and depression based on the mentioned inventories and the DSM-V were 33.8% and 40.7%, respectively.

The findings of our study showed a high prevalence of depression and anxiety in diabetic patients over 60 years of age. Low level of education, poor economic status, uncontrolled blood sugar, and gender are independent risk factors affecting anxiety and depression. Moreover, life without a family was an independent risk factor for generalized anxiety disorder in diabetic patients over 60 years of age.

Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the anxiety disorders that has caused many problems in the field of health for nurses. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in anxiety sensitivity, deficits in emotional processing and distress tolerance of nurses with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this study included all nurses living in Karaj city in 2022. 30 nurses suffering from generalized anxiety disorder were selected as a sample by convenience sampling and randomly replaced in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. During eight 90-minute sessions, the experimental group was subjected to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 2 days a week, but no intervention was performed on the control group. Both groups (control and experimental) responded to the emotional processing scale-revised (EPS-R), anxiety sensitivity index (ASI) and distress tolerance scale (DTS) before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance was used using SPSS software version 23.

There was a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the intervention group and the control group, so that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly led to a decrease in anxiety sensitivity and deficits in emotional processing and an increase in distress tolerance in the intervention group (P>0.01).

According to the obtained results, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, on the one hand, by implementing techniques that are related to the component of mindfulness, reduces anxiety sensitivity in nurses, and on the other hand, by changing patterns Cognitive and identification of cognitive errors leads to an increase in the ability to control thoughts and emotions and to improve the way of dealing with negative emotions, which in turn improves the emotional processing and distress tolerance of nurses with generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, it is recommended as an effective intervention to reduce the cognitive and emotional problems of nurses with generalized anxiety disorder.

 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most frequent and pervasive anxiety disorders characterized by persistent and excessive worrying or anxiety about some events or activities. These people's difficulties in controlling worry cause many personal and social problems that need to be addressed. GAD's Information processing models show how anxious individuals process threatening information as a causal role in developing and preserving worry. Substantial evidence exists in which individuals with GAD and high worry and anxiety levels demonstrate attentional bias to threatening information. Based on the literature, it is possible to rehabilitate attentional biases in these people through potential attention training programs. Training attention may decrease attention biases to threatening information, cause reduced anxiety and worry levels in individuals with GAD, and improve their personal and social functions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation of attentional bias to reduce the attentional bias on conscious and unconscious levels in Iraqi adolescents with GAD.

 The present study was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design and a three–month follow–up in a group of Iraqi adolescents with GAD. The statistical population was all the Iraqi adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 living in Najaf City, suffering from GAD. The sample included 17 adolescents (7 girls and 10 boys) with GAD selected from the statistical population using the targeted sampling method. Instruments used to screen anxiety disorders and assess attention biases in the sample were the Screen for Child Anxiety–Related Emotional Disorders (SCARD) (Birmaher et al., 1997) and the Dot–Probe test. The Dot–Probe test was used to evaluate unconscious (stimulus presentation time of 200 ms) and conscious (stimulus presentation time of 500 ms) levels of attention bias for the fearful and neutral facial emotion expressions. After screening participants between 15 and 18 for GAD with the SCARED by a certified psychiatrist, those qualified to attend our study completed the Dot–Probe task before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention. The intervention consisted of 12 one–hour sessions of a cognitive rehabilitation program called ABR, which was created by its creator. To analyze the collected data, repeated measures of variance analysis and post hoc test LSD were done using SPSS software. Time levels (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) were used as within–subject factors in repeated measure analyses. Differences in reaction times to congruent and incongruent stimuli were assessed for conscious and unconscious situations.

 The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in reaction time variables to congruent stimuli and attention bias index in the conscious situation from pretest to follow–up (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the reaction time to the incongruent stimulus from the pretest to the follow–up (p=0.250). Also, in the unconscious situation, between the reaction time to the congruent stimulus (p=0.111) and the attention bias index (p=0.061), no significant difference was observed from the pretest to follow–up. However, the reaction time to the incongruent stimulus from the pretest to follow–up showed a significant difference (p=0.018). The results of the post hoc test LSD showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores (p=0.002) and follow–up (p<0.001) in the reaction time variable to the congruent stimulus in the conscious situation, and according to the average values, the posttest and follow–up scores compared to pretest decreased. However, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up scores, which indicated the persistence of the intervention effect over time (p=0.490). For the index of attention bias in the conscious situation, the follow–up test results indicated a significant difference between the pretest, posttest, and follow–up scores (p=0.004). In other words, the index of attention bias in the posttest and follow–up compared to the pretest was accompanied by a decrease. However, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up scores in the attention bias index in the conscious situation, indicating the intervention effect's durability over time (p=0.390). In the unconscious situation, the results showed only a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores for reaction time to the incongruent stimulus (p=0.021).

 Based on the findings, the cognitive rehabilitation intervention of correction of attention bias (ABR) can penetrate and be effective at the unconscious level in addition to correcting the attention bias at the conscious level, and can create changes in the attention bias at two levels in people with GAD.

The present article is a review with the aim of investigating the effects of exercise and physical activity on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in different populations.

To collect information, articles were first searched using the keywords of “generalizes anxiety disorder”, “sport”, “acute exercise”, “aerobic training”, and “resistance training”. The research was conducted between 2015 and 2020, and the databases used included Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer. Finally, 12 articles met the standard and set criteria and were selected. After selecting the articles, the information related to each extracted article was reviewed using a specific checklist and in summary form.

The types of aerobic and strength training used to improve GAD in different people have had positive results (including improvement of sleep and personality and improvement of anxiety disorders). Research also shows that the mechanisms that cause exercise to have such effects are a combination of biological and psychological factors.

Physical activity while reducing the symptoms and complications of mental illness can act as an effective treatment and even prevention for anxiety disorders such as GAD.