جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "heart disease risk factors" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"
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BackgroundThe risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to be far greater than that in the general population. Adropin regulates endothelial function and may play a role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment was reported to have a protective effect on both renal and cardiovascular function. This study investigated whether adropin is associated with renal and cardiovascular outcomes after using ACEI treatment in CKD rats.MethodsIn 2021, in Zagazig, Egypt, rats were assigned to: GI, control group (n=8); GII, CKD group (n=8), and GIII, CKD+captopril group (n=8), in which CKD rats received 100 mg/Kg/day captopril orally. Adropin levels, renal function, blood pressure, and various CVD risk factors were measured. Renal, cardiac, and aortic tissues were examined histologically and immunohistochemically to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). To analyze data, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation tests were used (SPSS version 18, P<0.05 is significant).ResultsAdropin was significantly lower in GII than in GI and GIII (P<0.001). Adropin in GII and GIII was negatively correlated with atherogenic index (P=0.019 and P=0.001, respectively), atherogenic co-efficient (P=0.012 and P=0.013, respectively), troponin I (P=0.021 and P=0.043, respectively), and nitric oxide (P=0.025 and P=0.038, respectively). VEGFR-2 expression decreased in GII and was elevated in GIII (P<0.001).ConclusionAdropin levels were significantly correlated with most CVD risk factors in CKD and captopril-treated CKD rats, indicating a role for adropin in the pathogenesis of CVD in CKD. It also refers to its implication in the ameliorative effect of ACEI treatment, possibly by affecting VEGFR-2 and nitric oxide release.Keywords: Adropin, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
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The life expectancy and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in patients with inborn errors of immunity are systematically increasing. The aim of the study was to assess cardiovascular risk factors and to evaluate the heart in echocardiography in patients with primary antibody deficiency (PAD). Cardiac echography and selected cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index, sedentary lifestyle, nicotine, glucose, C-reactive protein, lipid profile, uric acid level, certain chronic diseases, and glucocorticoid use, were analyzed in 94 patients >18 years of age with PAD. Of the patients,25.5% had a cardiovascular disease (mostly hypertension, 18%), 10.5% smoked, 17% were overweight, 14% were obese, and 15% were underweight. Abnormal blood pressure was found in 6.5% of the patients. Lipid metabolism disorders were found in 72.5% of in the studied cohort, increased total cholesterol (45.5%), non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (51%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (47%), and triglycerides (32%) were observed. Furthermore, 28.5% had a decrease in HDL and 9.5% had a history of hyperuricemia. The average number of risk factors was 5 ± 3 for the entire population and 4 ± 2 for those under 40 years of age. Elevated uric acid levels were found de novo in 4% of participants. In particular, 74.5% of the patients had never undergone an echocardiogram with a successful completion rate of 87% among those tested. Among them, 30% showed parameters within normal limits, primarily regurgitation (92.5%). New pathologies were identified in 28% of patients. Prevention in patients with PAD, aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk, should be a priority.
Keywords: Echocardiography, Heart disease risk factors, Primary immune deficiency, Primary prevention, Primary antibody deficiency -
This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and garlic supplementation on fatigue and cardiovascular risk factors in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twenty-eight patients who fulfilled the European League Against Rheumatism- American College of Rheumatology (EULAR-ACR) criteria for RA were assigned to three groups, exercise + placebo (E+P) (n = 6), exercise + garlic supplement 500 mg twice/day (E+G), (n = 11) and garlic supplement 500 mg twice/day (G), (n = 11) for 8 weeks. The training program consisted of working on an ergometer 3 sessions/week with a heart rate equal to 60% of VO2max and gradual overload. The outcomes of this study were a comparison of changes in the mean value of the fatigue assessment questionnaire score (FSI), cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. For data analysis, paired t-tests and ANCOVA were used using SPSS software (P ≤ 0.05). The results of the paired t-test showed that after the intervention, the levels of fatigue decreased in the E+G (P = 0.025) as well as in the G (P = 0.002), while it did not change in the E+P (P = 0.151). Additionally, the amount of cholesterol did not change in any of the study groups, and the amount of LDL decreased only in E+G (p=0.028). Furthermore, ANCOVA analysis showed that, there is no significant difference between the study groups in the levels of fatigue (P = 0.962), cholesterol (P = 0.922) and LDL (P = 0.626) after the intervention. According to the results, aerobic exercise and the consumption of garlic can be effective in reducing fatigue and the risk factors of cardiovascular.Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Garlic, fatigue, heart disease risk factors, Rheumatoid arthritis
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Background and Purpose
Considering that diabetic patients have low physical fitness and are prone to cardiovascular diseases, there is a need to conduct studies for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. The present study investigates the effect of concurrent training (CT) on some cardiovascular risk factors, serum estradiol, and physical fitness indicators in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and MethodsThe research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. A total of 30 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into CT and control (CON) groups. Concurrent training was performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The CT program included resistance training with elastic bands, running with an intensity of 70%-85% of the maximum heart rate, and skipping rope training with 40-45 jumps per minute. Forty-eight hours before and after the intervention, blood samples were collected from all participants in a fasting state to evaluate serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol levels, and estradiol. The VO2 max and upper body and lower body strength indicators were also assessed in all participants. The data was analyzed using the statistical method of ANOVA with repeated measures.
ResultsThe results showed a significant increase in VO2 max, serum estradiol, upper and lower body muscle strength, and a significant decrease in serum triglyceride and glucose in the CT group compared to the CON group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio and total cholesterol (P>0.05).
ConclusionEight weeks of concurrent training can improve physical fitness indicators and some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.
Keywords: Exercise, Heart disease risk factors, Estradiol, Diabetes mellitus -
Background
Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), which result from acute myocardial infarction and revascularization, are preventable causes of sudden cardiac death. This study aimed to determine the incidence, types, and risk factors of VAs in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at the cardiology department of a tertiary care cardiac center in Zanjan, Iran. All the patients were monitored during hospitalization, and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and the outcomes were recorded.
ResultsAmong 315 patients, the mean age was 62.14±10.11 years, and 76.2% were male. Male gender was significantly associated with VA occurrence (P=0.038). Among the patients, 50.5% had VAs, of which 26.4% were sustained ventricular tachycardia (sustained VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Sustained VT and VF, but not total arrhythmias, were more common in anterior infarctions. Most arrhythmias occurred during the first 12 hours, and frequent premature ventricular contractions (43.3%) and idioventricular rhythm (20.1%) were the most common. A history of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was associated with substantially reduced arrhythmias (P=0.017 and P=0.013, respectively). However, cardiovascular risk factors exerted no statistically significant effects on the VA type.
ConclusionApproximately half of our patients experienced reperfusion-induced VAs. Overall, gender and a history of PCI and CABG were significantly associated with VA occurrence. Therefore, males and patients without a positive history of PCI and CABG should receive antiarrhythmic drugs as a precaution.
Keywords: Cardiac arrhythmias, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Heart disease risk factors, Outcome assessment, ST-elevation myocardial infarction -
Background and Objectives
Voluntary activity decreases in the elderly, and this causes many physical problems and cardiovascular risk factors in these people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of selected aerobic exercise in water on some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight elderly men.
MethodsAfter measuring anthropometric indices, 34 overweight men (age: 64/84± 5/56) (≥ 25 Kg/m BMI) were randomly selected and divided into two groups of exercise in water (n = 17) and control (n = 17). The exercise program included aerobic exercise in water with an intensity of 45 to 65% of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, blood samples were taken from all subjects to measure serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution and after assuming the normality of the data, correlated t-test was used to examine intragroup changes and independent t-test was used for intergroup differences. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results were evaluated at a significance level of less than 0.05.
ResultsExercise in water led to a significant reduction in the percentage of fat (P£0.03), weight (P£0.01), body mass index (P£0.01), blood pressure (P£0.001), TG (P£0.00), Cholesterol (P£0.01), LDL (P£0.02), But there was no significant difference in HDL index between the two groups.
Conclusion8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water can probably have positive effects on reducing some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight older men. Therefore, these exercises can be used to recommend exercise by sports and health experts in these people.
Keywords: Elderly, aerobic exercise in water, Heart Disease Risk Factors, overweight -
زمینه و هدف
داشتن رژیم غذایی مناسب حایز اهمیت زیادی است. تعداد زیادی از عوامل خطرساز در بروز بیماری های قلبی - عروقی موثرند که با تغییر آنها می توان از بروز این بیماری کاست. این مطالعه به منظور تعیین ارتباط میزان دانش تغذیه ای و سطح فعالیت بدنی با شیوع سندرم متابولیک و برخی از عوامل خطر قلبی - عروقی در یک واحد نظامی انجام شد.
روش بررسیاین مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی روی 97 نظامی ورزشکار و غیرورزشکار انجام شد. پرسشنامه دانش تغذیه ای استاندارد Wardle و Parmenter سال 1999 و پرسشنامه فعالیت بدنی Baecke (Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire) تکمیل شد. نمره آمادگی جسمانی آزمودنی ها و شاخص های پیکری اندازه گیری شد. شیوع سندرم متابولیک بر اساس معیارهای ATP III بازنگری شده و IDF محاسبه شد.
یافته هامیانگین میزان دانش تغذیه ای آزمودنی ها متوسط به پایین بود. بین میزان دانش تغذیه ای، سطح فعالیت بدنی و نمره آمادگی جسمانی و مقادیر عوامل خطر قلبی عروقی همبستگی معنی داری وجود داشت (P<0.05). همچنین بین میزان دانش تغذیه ای، سطح فعالیت بدنی و نمره آمادگی جسمانی با پیشگیری سندرم متابولیک همبستگی معنی داری وجود داشت (P<0.05).
نتیجه گیریبا افزایش دانش تغذیه ای، سطح فعالیت بدنی و نمره آمادگی جسمانی، مقادیر عوامل خطر قلبی - عروقی کاهش و احتمال پیشگیری سندرم متابولیک افزایش می یابد.
کلید واژگان: دانش تغذیه ای, تمرین ورزشی, سندرم متابولیک, عوامل خطر بیماری قلبیBackground and ObjectiveHaving a proper diet is very important. Many risk factors are involved in the development of cardiovascular disease that by changing them, the incidence of this disease can be reduced. This study was performed to determine the relationship between nutritional knowledge and level of physical activity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and some cardiovascular risk factors in militaries men.
MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study was performed on 97 athletes and non-athletes militaries men. The standard Parmenter and Wardle Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire of 1999 and Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire were completed. Subjects' fitness scores and physical indicators were measured. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, based on revised ATP ш and IDF was calculated.
ResultsThe mean nutritional knowledge of the subjects was moderate to low. There was a significant correlation between the nutritional knowledge, level of physical activity and fitness score and cardiovascular risk factors (P<0.05). Also there was a significant correlation between the nutritional knowledge, level of physical activity and fitness score with preventing metabolic syndrome (P<0.05).
ConclusionWith increasing nutritional knowledge, physical activity and fitness scores the risk of cardiovascular factors reduces and the possibility of metabolic syndrome prevention increase.
Keywords: Nutrition Sciences, Exercise, Metabolic Syndrome, Heart Disease Risk Factors -
Background
All patients with stable coronary artery diseases (CAD) require medical therapy (MT) to prevent disease progression and recurrent cardiovascular events, alleviate symptoms, and reduce mortality. Nonetheless, little is known about the clinical outcomes of unrevascularized patients taking MT for stable coronary artery disease and the status of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor control in Iran
ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the impact of medical therapy in unrevascularized CAD patients on risk factor modification and re-hospitalization among patients referred to the Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center.
MethodsAn unmatched cohort study was conducted to collect demographic, risk factors, comorbidity, and re-hospitalization data about stable CAD patients in 2014 and followed until 2021. A multivariate regression analysis was applied to explore the relationship between re-hospitalization as the dependent variable and independent variables.
Results290 stable CAD patients were included in our cohort. More than 60% were males. The mean age of participants was (55.9±5.4) years. Being male, AOR = 0.513 (95% CI, 0.24 – 0.85, p= 0.048); hypercholesterolemia, AOR = 4.10 (95% CI, 1.07 – 15.62, p= 0.040); ejection fraction below 40%, AOR = 4.05 (95% CI, 1.50 – 10.97, p= 0.006); current smoker, AOR = 2.18 (95% CI,1.03 – 4.62, p= 0.042); three-vessel involvement AOR = 10.39 (95% CI, 2.37-45.77, p=0.002) were independently associated with re-hospitalization.
ConclusionGaps were identified concerning CAD risk factor control. Higher re-hospitalization was associated with female gender, smoking, presence of hypercholesterolemia, and reduced ejection fraction. Therefore, improving health lifestyle modification interventions tailored to individual patients with a particular focus on females is essential.
Keywords: real-world evidence, heart disease risk factors, odds ratio, statin, therapy, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers -
Introduction
Screening of high-risk patients and accelerating their therapeutic procedures can reduce the bur-den of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of HEART score in predictingthe risk of one-month major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in these patients.
MethodsIn this prospectivecross-sectional study, the accuracy of HEART score in patients over 18 years old who presented to emergencydepartment following acute chest pain, was evaluated during a 21-month period. Each patient was followed upregarding the incidence of MACE for one month via phone call and the hospital’s integrated health informationsystem.
Results240 cases with the mean age of 60.50 ± 16.07 years were studied (56.3% male). MACE wasobserved in 77 (32.1%) cases. The most common MACE was percutaneous coronary artery revascularization(PCAR) (12.9%). The mean HEART score of studied cases was 4.74 ± 2.12. The mean score of cases with MACEwas significantly higher than others (6.25 ± 1.97 versus 4.03 ± 1.79; p < 0.0001). Based on this score, the risk ofMACE was high in 34 (14.2%), moderate in 118 (49.2%), and low in 88 (36.7%) cases. The incidence of one-monthMACE was 85.3% in high-risk cases, 35.6% in moderate one, and 6.8% in low-risk cases based on HEART score.The area under the ROC curve of HEART score in predicting the risk of MACE was 0.796 (95% CI: 0.736 – 0.856).The best cut off point of HEART score in this regard was calculated as 4.5. The sensitivity and specificity of thisscore in 4.5 cut off were 83.11% (95% CI: 72.49 – 90.35) and 66.25% (95% CI: 58.38 – 73.35), respectively.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the present study the mean HEART score of ACS patients with one-month MACEwas significantly higher than others and the incidence of MACE in high-risk patients was significantly higher.But the overall accuracy of score in predicting one-month MACE in ACS patients was in moderate range
Keywords: Chest pain, heart diseases, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Emergency Service, Hospital -
Objective
We evaluated cardiometabolic burden in women planning assisted reproduction in order to identify subgroups at higher risk of pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease.
Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study we investigated 60 infertile women with BMI≥25 kg/m2 referred to the Center for Assisted Reproduction. All women underwent metabolic, anthropometric parameters and ultrasound evaluation of ectopic fat depots.
ResultsAll women had waist ≥80 cm. We found that 93.3% of women had pathological subcutaneous, 58.3% visceral and 80% para-perirenal fat; all women had fatty liver. Visceral fat and severity of steatosis were significantly related to the presence of metabolic syndrome (OR =5.7; p=0.03). A significant negative correlation between low HDL-c and para-perirenal fat (p<0.0001), a significant positive correlation with fasting plasma glucose and para-perirenal fat (p=0.001) were found. We observed a significant positive correlation between visceral fat and hs-CRP (p=0.002), HOMA-IR (p=0.04) and triglycerides (p=0.002), a significant negative correlation with HDL-c (p=0.05).
ConclusionThis study by highlighting a clinically “dangerous liaison” between ectopic fat depots and metabolic/inflammatory markers, might permit to identify women with a worse metabolic phenotype and encourage lifestyle changes for improving their general and reproductive health together.
Keywords: Assisted Reproductive Techniques, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Women’s Health -
مقدمه
بر اساس نتایج تحقیقات پیشین، افسردگی با بیماریهای قلبی- عروقی ارتباط دارد. همچنین، پروبیوتیکها ممکن است در برابر بیماریهای قلبی- عروقی اثر محافظتی نشان دهند. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش پروبیوتیکها در این ارتباط بود.
روشها:
در این مطالعه، 50 بیمار مبتلا به اختلال افسردگی اساسی (Major depressive disorder یا MDD) که کاندید دریافت فلوکستین بودند، به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. گروه مداخله، فلوکستین (20 میلیگرم) همراه با مکمل پروبیوتیک حاوی لاکتوباسیلوس هلوتیکوس و بیفیدوباکتریوم لانگوم را به میزان 109 × 3 واحد تشکیل کلونی و گروه شاهد فلوکستین و دارونما را طی 8 هفته دریافت نمودند. جهت اندازهگیریهای بیوشیمیایی، از بیماران 10 میلیلیتر خون ناشتا گرفته شد.
یافتهها:
پس از 8 هفته،کاهش معنیداری در سطوح پروتئین واکنشگر C با حساسیت بالا (High-sensitivity C-reactive protein یا hs-CRP) سرم افراد در گروه دریافتکنندهی پروبیوتیک نسبت به گروه دارونما مشاهده شد (989/0 ± 599/2 در مقابل 361/1 ± 704/2 میلیگرم در دسیلیتر، 017/0 = P). اگرچه در پایان مداخله، افزایش معنیدار سطوح کاتالاز (443/3 ± 060/30 در مقابل 908/6 ± 230/26 واحد، 037/0 = P) و کاهش معنیدار سطوح مالون دیآلدهید (Malondialdehyde یا MDA) (574/3 ± 120/15 در مقابل 169/3 ± 390/17 میلیگرم در دسیلیتر، 029/0 = P) در گروه پروبیوتیک قابل توجه بود، اما پس از 8 هفته، تفاوت معنیداری بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد. تغییرات سطوح سایر متغیرها معنیدار نبود.
نتیجهگیری:
مصرف پروبیوتیکها اگرچه از طریق کاهش التهاب عمومی بدن میتواند بر بهبود وضعیت قلبی- عروقی موثر باشد، اما به صورت اختصاصی با کاهش خطر بیماریهای قلبی- عروقی مرتبط نیست.
کلید واژگان: اختلال افسردگی اساسی, پروبیوتیک ها, عوامل خطر قلبی- عروقیBackgroundDepression has been associated with cardiovascular disease in previous research. They also have stated that probiotics have a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of probiotics in this association.
MethodsIn this study, fifty patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who were candidates for fluoxetine were randomly selected and divided into two groups. One group received fluoxetine (20 mg) with a probiotic supplement which contained Lactobacillus holoticus and Bifidobacterium langum (2 × 109 CFU/g for each) and another group received fluoxetine with a placebo during 8-week period. 10 ml of fasting blood was taken from patients for biochemical measurements.
FindingsAfter 8 weeks of intervention, patients in the probiotic group had significant decrease in serum highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels compared with the placebo group (2.599± 0.990 vs. 2.704 ± 1.361 ng/ml, P = 0.017). At the end of the study, although, there was significant increase in catalase (30.06 ± 3.443 vs. 26.24 ± 6.908 U, P = 0.037) and decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) (15.13 ± 3.574vs. 17.40 ± 3.170 mg/dl, P = 0.029) levels in the probiotic group, but after 8 weeks, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Other variables did not change significantly.
ConclusionAlthough probiotics can improve cardiovascular status by reducing general inflammation in the body, they are not specifically associated with lower risk of cardiovascular diseases
Keywords: Depressive disorder, Major, Probiotics, Heart disease risk factors -
Background and Aim
Disorders of lipid metabolism threaten human life in all countries with different percentages and causes of cardiovascular diseases and reduced physical activity has accelerated the spread of these complications. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of TRX training and traditional resistance training on some cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary women.
Materials and MethodsIn this quasi-experimental study, 28 inactive women with a Mean±SD age of 21.07±1.41 years and a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22.52±4.25 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three exercise groups of TRX, traditional resistance training, and control. The experimental groups performed the traditional resistance training protocol and TRX three sessions per week for eight weeks, while the control group did not participate in any training program during the study. Blood samples were taken from all subjects before and 48 hours after the last training session for analysis of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and TC/HDL ratio were used. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, T-dependence test, and one-way analysis of variance, and the significance level was P<0.05.
ResultsIn the intragroup evaluation of TC indices (P=0.001), TG (P=0.023), LDL (P=0.024), VLDL (P=0.023), and TC/HDL ratio (P=0.021) in the traditional resistance training group, and TG indices (P=0.001), VLDL (P= 0.001) and TC/HDL ratio (P=0.004) in the TRX group from the pre-test stage to the post-test showed a significant decrease, while the amount of HDL decreased in the traditional resistance group and increased in the TRX group, which this decrease and the increase was not statistically significant. Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference in some indicators in both experimental groups than the control group, but no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups in any of the indicators.
ConclusionAccording to the findings of this study, it can be said that regular TRX and traditional resistance exercise both lead to improved lipid profile that is associated with cardiovascular disease and is a useful factor in preventing cardiovascular disease and inactive women. Both TRX and traditional resistance training programs can be used in this regard.
Keywords: Resistance Training, TRX training, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Sedentary Behavior, Women -
BACKGROUND
Reduction of cardiovascular risk (CVR) is based on the correction of risk factors, especially dyslipidemia. Due to the limiting factors of conventional lipid-lowering medications, the investigation of alternative approaches is necessary.
METHODSThe present open, comparative, randomized, and parallel investigation was conducted on 77 patients. Participants were of both sexes, 40-74 years-of-age, and had dyslipidemia. The participants were divided into 2 groups; the treatment group (n = 41) received a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and simvastatin 20 mg once a day, and the control group (n = 36) received simvastatin 20 mg once a day. The trial included 5 visits; screening on the first 2, and treatment on the next 3 (on weeks 4, 8, and 12). On visits 1, 3, 4, and 5, the lipid profile was evaluated and CVR was calculated using 5 tools.
RESULTSThe combination treatment led to a more pronounced decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) after 8 weeks (P = 0.002 and 0.016, respectively), that persisted after 12 weeks (P < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Reduction in TC and LDL by ³ 20% was observed more predominantly in the treatment group. A significant reduction was observed in CVR in the treatment group according to the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) score (P = 0.004). Reduction of CVR by ³ 20% was mostly observed as a result of prescribing combination therapy according to the Framingham Risk Score (70.7%; P = 0.003), 2013 ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Calculator (51.2%; P = 0.035), PROCAM (65.9%; P < 0.001), and WHO CVD risk chart (56.1%; P = 0.012).
CONCLUSIONAdditional supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum was more effective in the reduction of TC, LDL, and CVR according to PROCAM and the attainment of treatment goals regarding lipid profile and CVR levels.
Keywords: Dyslipidemias, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Lactobacillus Plantarum -
Background and Aim
Cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction, is one of the common causes of death, disability, and productivity reduction globally, which is also rising in Iran. This study evaluated the share of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in myocardial infarction in the Iranian population.
Materials and MethodsA descriptive-analytic and retrospective study was conducted on 361 patients with myocardial infarction in Alborz, Iran, in 2015-2019. Data collection was done by reviewing records of patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction with ECG changes or increased cardiac enzymes (CPK-MB, Troponin I). Then required information was extracted, and intended data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics by the SPSS software.
ResultsAmong the subjects in the study, 71/1% were male, and 28/9% were female. The majority of samples were between the ages of 60 to 71(33/8%), and the least of them were under 30 years old (1/7%). 82.68% of the samples had a positive family history. The most common modifiable risk factors of myocardial infarction in this study were first Hypertension (42/4%), then Diabetes (31/6%), smoking (32/04%), and Hyperlipidemia (15%). Hypertension was significantly associated with gender, age, and diabetes, and Hyperlipidemia is also positively associated with diabetes and Hypertension.
ConclusionMyocardial infarction is common in men and patients with Hypertension in the Iranian population. High blood pressure is also associated with gender, age, and diabetes. The prevalence of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and coronary artery occlusion increases with increasing age. Therefore, training a healthy lifestyle and controlling modifiable risk factors from an early age can significantly prevent various cardiovascular diseases in the future.
Keywords: Heart Disease Risk Factors, Myocardial Infarction, Patient, Modifiable, Non-modifiable
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