جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « individual rights » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

It is desirable to apply only legal norms based on the administration of justice, but in special circumstances that originate from surroundings or personal circumstances, the administration of justice can lead to rigid and unconvincing consequences for individual and social conscience. In such cases, applying the rule of fairness, especially in the form of corrective fairness, can soften the administration of justice. Accordingly, the present study seeks to discuss the ethical justification for using the rule of fairness in criminal convictions.

The present study is theoretical and the study method is descriptive-analytical. The method of conducting research is library, which is based on documentary and library sources to review the subject, focusing on legal and jurisprudential sources. Ethical Considerations: In carrying out the various stages of the present study, ethical and scientific principles, including citing scientific sources and fiduciary, have been observed.

In some criminal offenses, which also carry criminal convictions, although these punishments are considered fair by law, they may not be very acceptable in terms of public conscience or the intentions of the convicts. Understanding the circumstances of criminal acts, distinguishing between intentional or inadvertent criminal acts, paying attention to the public conscience in accepting or not accepting convictions, are among the cases that raise the principle of fairness as a support for the realization of justice.

The rule of justice seeks to reconcile criminal convictions with human and public conscience and to distinguish between crimes by understanding the circumstances and contexts of the crime. In addition, the results of fairness are the promotion of forgiveness, devotion and understanding between the litigants, the provision of conditions for participation between the prevailing party and losing party, as well as creating a flexible environment for a fairer judgment in criminal matters. Therefore, the central point of the rule of fairness in criminal convictions is to respect the rights of individuals, the public interest and to prevent the violation of individual rights.

This paper refers to deterrence as one of the bases of ethical principles of punitive damage. This is why the question is raised, "how does punitive damage contribute to codification of ethical principles in society by adoption of deterrence approach?" Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the deterrent aspects of punitive damage ethically.

The present survey adopts descriptive-analytical approach so as to attend the deterrent aspects of punitive damage in ethical fields. To do so, data collection is done through library review of main texts, books, papers and surveys on the matter.

Although punitive damage has not been yet acknowledged in Iranian legal laws, there are similar notions like late payment damage, penalty clause, and compensation which act like the notion and contribute to social and individual ethics. In ethical field, punitive damage is based on a deterrent approach which prevents from social violations and offenses and provides people with a model of ethical life in which other members of the society are also inhibited from committing crimes.

Punitive damage with its effective deterrent aspects can develop a new approach to individual and social ethics so as to compensate for socio-economic rights effectively and to prevent undesirable events from happening in future.

Individual citizenship rights or the regulations and rules that determine the boundaries between individual rights and the jurisdictions of government are among the key discussions in the contemporary world. In Islamic government of Iran the relationship between individual rights and government is of specific place and individual rights have been explained in full details in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran and it has not remained silent in this regard; because Iranian constitutional law is mainly driven from Islamic jurisprudence and its most important part is the delineation of the basic rights and freedoms of individuals which is in line with Islamic values. Although in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran the terms citizen and citizenship rights have not been used there are still other relevant terms like nation's rights, public rights, general rights, individual and social rights which have been frequently used; needless to say, their comprehensive explanation requires deep and detailed research. Then, the current study seeks to determine the place of individual rights of citizens in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law and at the same time provide a short outline of its relevant general regulations and rules.

Individual and social rights have various dimensions which often constitute the major parts of international human rights. In the same vein, rights of future generations in the field of environmental health have been lately introduced into political and social circles in the form of solidarity rights. The current study intends to assay the future generations’ rights of enjoyment of environmental health in international law and Iranian law and also the need for conservation of environment for the future generations. It also seeks to provide solutions for the environmental challenges. Accordingly, the most important findings of the present research is the relationship of individual and social rights of future generations with human rights approaches due to acceptability and understandability of the problem of human rights for the world people, its high compatibility with the cultural and value elements of various societies, existence of various human rights institutions and organizations in most world countries and also the expansion of social media and movements in the field of human rights issues which in turn can pave the path for the realization of individual and collective rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. Particularly as to Iranian society, one should say that defense of human rights and institutionalization in this field based on Islamic and Iranian values and cultures can be considered as a path for defense of the rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. The present study takes advantage of descriptive-analytic method and the data have been collected using library documents and sources.

In Holy Quran it has been frequently stipulated that God has created the bounties in the world for mankind and there is a kind of relationship between the created bountie and him. The Creator of the universe and the Lord of all affairs has codified the laws governing the individuals and human societies and obligated man to observe the divine rules and regulations. The rights of every human individual as a citizen have been observed by the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) in his relations with them. Islamic sources particularly those of Shia origin have addressed various aspects of individual citizenship rights in Islamic government in direct and indirect ways. Imam Khomeini was a seasoned expert in Islamic studies and his various political and social ideas were basically grounded in his interpretation of the Islamic resources. He revealed various perspectives concerning the strategic patterns of Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the necessity of better and further explanation of the Islamic and Shia sources. The first human right is the right to selfhood and knowledge of one's true place as the noblest creature on the planet that is assayed by the current essay in the light of the verses of Holy Quran, words of divine saints and the knowledge of the property rights of individuals. Then, to this end, the present study using a library based research method, documented studies deals with the individual citizenship rights in Islamic Republic of Iran based on the words of Imam Khomeini.