جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "nanoparticles" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

This study aimed to investigate the extracellular synthesis of colloidal nanosized selenium (SeNPs) and tellurium (TeNPs) particles using the supernatant of Penicillium rubens, and to evaluate their biological activities.

Colloidal SeNPs and TeNPs were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Biological tests included antimicrobial tests using the well diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay, and flow cytometry, as well as antioxidant, urease inhibitory, thrombolytic, and anticoagulant assays.

The average hydrodynamic diameters of the synthesized SeNPs and TeNPs were determined to be 43.91 nm and 37.17 nm, respectively. TeNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 27 mm and a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg.mL-1. Flow cytometry analysis showed a dose-dependent bacterial cell death with TeNPs. However, SeNPs did not display any antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Neither TeNPs nor SeNPs showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Both TeNPs and SeNPs exhibited antioxidant properties, inhibiting 43.90±1.98% and 57.93±2.20% of DPPH free radicals at 1 mg.mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the mycofabricated NPs displayed a dose-dependent urease inhibitory activity with maximum inhibition of 63.81±1.69% and 46.95±3.39% at 1 mg.mL-1, respectively. However, neither TeNPs nor SeNPs showed thrombolytic or anticoagulant activity at 1 mg.mL-1.

Our findings demonstrate that mycofabricated nanosized selenium and tellurium particles possess significant antioxidant and urease inhibitory properties, with TeNPs showing promising antibacterial activity against E. coli. These results suggest potential applications for these nanoparticles in biomedical and agricultural fields.

Scientists have focused on the development of new drug delivery systems including pH-sensitive nanomaterials adaptive to tumor microenvironments. We aimed to fabricate a microfluidic system to synthesize and characterize curcumin (Cur)-containing PCL and Chitosan (CSN) polymeric nanoparticles against MCF7 breast cancer cells.

The microfluidic chip was fabricated by photolithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding procedure. The chip was Y-shaped and equipped with two inlets and one outlet. PCL and Chitosan (CSN) were dissolved in acetic acid overnight and mixed with Cur for three hours. The prepared solution was injected from one inlet and a solution of tween 80 in distilled water was injected from the other inlet. The nanoparticles were characterized in size, electrical charge, structure, drug loading, and drug release efficiency. Finally, the cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay at specific concentrations after 24 and 48 hr. 

The mean diameter/zeta potentials of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with and without Cur were 209 ±2 nm / +15 and 219 ± 4 nm /+3 , respectively. FTIR results confirmed the presence of all components in the nanoparticles. The Cur loading rate was 1.5%, and Cur represented a sustained release manner. Also, the release profile showed faster release in a low-pH medium. MTT assay results showed that Cur-containing nanoparticles exerted a significant effect on cell viability. 

It can be concluded that microfluidic systems can pave the way for nanoparticle synthesis easily rapidly and cost-effectively for cancer agent delivery. Based on our observations, PCL-CSN-loaded Cur nanoparticles represent appropriate characteristics and suitable anti-cancer effects.

Migraine, a serious neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide, is one of the most considerable burdens on the healthcare system and has significant economic implications. Even though various treatment methods are available, including medication, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapy, many migraine sufferers do not receive adequate relief or experience intolerable side effects. Hence, the present review aims to evaluate the nanoformulation regarding migraine therapy.

Between 2005 and 2024, specific keywords were used to search several databases, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. 

The nanoformulation field is an increasing field within nanotechnology that offers new solutions for treating migraine, including improving drug delivery, increasing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing side effects. By combining nanoscale materials with therapeutic agents, nanoformulations can enhance bioavailability, sustain drug release, deliver targeted drugs, and penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) more efficiently. Nanoformulation has the potential to be a useful tool for migraine therapy. However, several challenges still need to be overcome, such as the BBB penetration, safety and biocompatibility of the product, manufacturing, and scalability reproducibility to pass regulatory approval and affordability. To overcome these challenges, research efforts should be focused on developing innovative techniques to penetrate the BBB, target specific migraine pathways, incorporate personalized medicine approaches, and develop nanotechnology-based diagnostics.

A nanotechnology-based approach aims to revolutionize migraine therapy, improving patient outcomes and living standards by offering personalized and precise treatments.

Poor solubility and stability of naringenin result in its low bioavailability. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated as a potential carrier for the controlled delivery of naringenin to HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines. 

Naringenin was loaded in HNTs at different HNTs: drug ratios (w/w) of 30, 24, 16, 8, and 4, then characterized by SEM (Scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The effect of naringenin loaded in HNTs on its solubility was investigated by an innovative change in the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Cytotoxicity of naringenin and naringenin-loaded HNTs was investigated by MTT assay. 

At a ratio of 30, the highest encapsulation efficiency (87.7± 5%), and at a ratio of 4, the highest loading capacity was obtained (12± 0.6%). The drug release study indicated prolonged drug release from naringenin-loaded HNTs (67±5% after 24h). Naringenin showed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 400 ±4 µg/mL. Naringenin solubility after loading was considerably increased and subsequently, showed 2.2-fold higher antioxidant activity than the free drug. Cytotoxicity assay indicated the anticancer activity of naringenin was significantly improved after loading. 

HNTs can be a promising carrier for the delivery of naringenin.

Hybrid nanocarriers have realized a growing interest in drug delivery research because of the potential of being able to treat, manage or cure diseases that previously had limited therapy or cure. Cancer is currently considered the second leading cause of death globally. This makes cancer therapy a major focus in terms of the need for efficacious and safe drug formulations that can be used to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality globally. The major challenge encountered over the years with cancer chemotherapy is the non-selectivity of anticancer drugs, leading to severe adverse effects in patients. Multidrug resistance has also resulted in treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy over the years. Hybrid nanocarriers can be targeted to the site and offer co-delivery of two or more chemotherapeutics, thus leading to synergistic or additive results. This makes hybrid nanocarriers an extremely attractive type of drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Hybrid nanocarrier systems are also attracting attention as possible non-viral gene vectors that could have a higher level of transfection, and be efficacious, with the added advantage of being safer than viral vectors in clinical settings. An extensive review of various aspects of hybrid nanocarriers was discussed in this paper. It is envisaged that in the future, metastatic cancers, multi-drug resistant cancers, and low prognosis cancers like pancreatic cancers, will have a lasting solution via hybrid nanocarrier formulations with targeted co-delivery of therapeutics.

Application of the nanomaterials to preparing X-ray shields and successfully treating multiresistant microorganisms has attracted great attention in modern life. This study aimed to prepare flexible silicone-based matrices containing Bi2O3, PbO, or Bi2O3/PbO nanoparticles and select a cost-effective, cytocompatible, and antibacterial/antifungal X-ray shield in clinical radiography. In this experimental study, we prepared the nanoparticles by the modified biosynthesis method and fabricated the X-ray shields containing 20 wt% of the nanoparticles. The X-ray attenuation percentage and Half Value Layer (HVL) of the shields were investigated for the photon energies in the range of 40-100 kVp in clinical radiography. The antibacterial/antifungal activities of the shields were evaluated using a colony count method for the gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis) bacteria, and Candida albicans fungus. The shield toxicity was investigated on A549 cells. The highest X-ray attenuation percentage and the lowest HVL were obtained using the shield containing Bi2O3 nanoparticles. Although all shields displayed antimicrobial activity, the shield containing Bi2O3/PbO nanoparticles showed the most effective reduction in the colony counts. Both X-ray shields containing nano Bi2O3 and Bi2O3/PbO demonstrated high cytocompatibility on A549 cells at a concentration as high as 500 µg/ml. The shield with PbO nanoparticles was also cytocompatible at a concentration of 50 µg/ml.   The best X-ray attenuation performance is attributed to the silicone-based matrix with nano Bi2O3; however, the flexible shield with Bi2O3/PbO nanoparticles can be cost-effective and cytocompatible with the best antibacterial/antifungal properties.

Statement of the Problem: 

Dentin bonding with etch-and-rinse adhesives involves demineralizing the 5-8µm of the surface dentin to create micro space for resin infiltration. The presence of continuous fluid movement in dentin tubules and positive pulpal pressure prevents complete water replacement by resin monomers. This results in areas of demineralized dentin, which contain collagen fibers without resin infiltration. The exposed collage fibers are subjected to enzymatic degradation leading to less durable hybrid layer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing effect of the nanoparticles on the resin dentin bonding interface.

The three experimental remineralizing nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology, size, and composition. A total of 48 extracted non-carious human third molar teeth were sectioned at 2 mm below the cemento enamel junction. Class I cavity was prepared and the tooth samples were placed in an intra pulpal pressure simulation device. After etching of the prepared cavity, the samples were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) as follows: (1) control group(c) (n=10) (2) Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) (n=10) (3) Chitosan-nanohydroxyapatite (Chi-nHAP) (n=10) (4) Mesoporous silica-hydrox-yapatite (MS-nHAP) (n=10). After 30 days remineralization period, the samples were evaluated for micro tensile bond strength, hybrid layer morphology, and mineral composition of the hybrid layer. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc tests.

Scanning electron microscopic observation of nanoparticles revealed irregular particle shapes with calcium phosphate ratio of 1.60. The zeta analyzer showed a mean diameter of 161.0 nm, 323.0nm, 185.0nm for nHAP, Chi-nHAP, and MS-nHAP respectively. Post hoc Bonferroni test revealed significantly higher bond strength for nHAP, Chi-nHAP, and MS-nHAP when compared to control group. MS-nHAP resulted in the uniform deposition of apatite crystal on the surface without any evidence of dentinal tubules openings and had higher mineral to matrix ratio compared to other groups.

MS-nHAP nanoparticles can be considered as a reliable source of calcium and phosphate for biomimetic remineralization of hybrid layer. Application of nanoparticle remineralization precursors before application of dentin bonding agents results in remeralization of exposed collagen fibers thereby improving the clinical longevity of hybrid layer.

Recurrent caries were attributed to the lack of antibacterial properties of the dental materials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and calcium fluoride nanoparticles (CaF2NPs) are broad‑spectrum antibacterial agents. The object of the study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of composite‑incorporated AgNPs and CaF2NPs on Streptococcus mutans.

This experimental study forty‑eight disks containing 0.5, 1, and 1.5% wt AgNPs s (n = 24) and 5, 10, and 15% wt CaF2NPs were prepared from flowable composite resin (n = 24). The third group consisted of 9 types of the combination of AgNPs and CaF2NPs (n = 72). A field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy analysis system was used to test for the presence of nanoparticles in composite resins. The antibacterial efficacy of dental composite was evaluated by disk diffusion agar test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration were conducted. Data were analyzed using one‑way ANOVA and multiple Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) tests. Significance level was set at 0.05.

Nanoparticles added to composite produce bacterial inhibition zone. The greatest inhibition of bacterial growth was recorded in the third group which contained both nanoparticles (P < 0.05). MIC values decreased after adding CaF2 NPs to the AgNPs‑containing composite. The results of the FE‑SEM test indicate the presence of AgNPs and CaF2NPs in the dental composite resin sample. On the other hand, the formation of AgNPs and their elemental nature were proved using energy dispersive X‑ray microanalysis EDX analysis. According to the results, composite resins containing 0.5% of AgNPs s and 15% of CaF2NPs exhibited a significantly lower antibacterial activity compared to the 1.5% and 1% of AgNPs s with 15% of CaF2NPs (P < 0.05).

Dental composite resins‑containing CaF2NPs and AgNPs showed anti‑bacterial activity against S. mutans.

The application of nanotechnology in the molecular diagnosis and treatment of cancer is essential. This study aimed to investigate the influence of curcumin-coated ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) as a T1 contrast agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). . In this experimental study, the influence of curcumin-coated USPIO (Fe3O4@C) on the diagnosis of the cancer cell line was investigated. After synthesis, characterization, and relaxation of Fe3O4@C, the contrast changes in T1-weight MRI to mouse colon carcinoma 26 cell line were evaluated in vitro. Fe3O4@C nanoparticles (NPs) are good at imaging; based on a relaxometry test, the r1 and r2 relaxivities of Dotarem were 3.139 and 0.603 mM−1s−1, respectively. Additionally, the r1 and r2 relaxivities of Fe3O4@C were 3.792 and 1.3 mM−1s−1, respectively, with the rate of 2.155 of r2/r1 NPs.  The NPs can be identified as a positive contrast agent with a weight of T1 in MRI. The coresh-ell Fe3O4@C NPs can be effective in cancer treatment and diagnosis because of the therapeutic effects of curcumin and the properties of USPIO.

Natural herbs have garnered significant research recently as their components target multiple disease signaling pathways, making them highly potential for various disease prevention and treatment. Embelin, a naturally occurring benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes, has shown promising biological activities such as antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial. Various mechanisms have been reported, including monitoring genes that synchronize the cell cycle, up-regulating multiple anti-oxidant enzymes, suppressing genes that prevent cell death, influencing transcription factors, and preventing inflammatory biomarkers. However, the hydrophobic nature of embelin leads to poor absorption and limits its therapeutic potential. This review highlights a wide range of nanocarriers used as delivery systems for embelin, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles, nanoemulsion, and metallic nanoparticles. These embelin nanomedicine formulations have been developed in preclinical studies as a possible treatment for many disorders and characterized using various in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models.

Wound infection with multidrug resistant bacteria is a challenge of today’s medicine. Novel antibacterial agent such as nanoparticles are required to combat such threat. This study aims to find an alternative therapeutic agent to combat the drug resistant bacteria. 

During period (June to September 2022), 157 clinical samples were collected from different wound infections in different hospitals in Erbil city-Iraq. A total of 83 (52.86%) Gram negative bacteria were identified depending on 16S rRNA (PCR), sequencing and GenBank database. Silver, zinc and Ag–Zn composite nanoparticles from Sesamum indicum seeds were biosynthesized. Then, tested against Klebsiella variicola and Pantoea ananatis in vitro and in vivo using albino wistar rat model. 

Findings showed that antibacterial effects with inhibition zone of each AgNPs and ZnNPs against K. variicola was 15 mm, while, for Ag-Zn composite nanoparticles was 12 mm. Otherwise, inhibition zone of the same NPs against P. ananatis was 14, 22 and 21 mm, respectively. The healing time varied among treatment groups. The healing time for wounds treated with NP-based creams were notably shorter compared to traditional treatments and non-treated group. The healing time of wounds infected with K. variicola treated by AgNPs, ZnNPs, Ag-Zn NPs, Vaseline, fusidin, mebo and non-treated groups were 13, 15, 14, 20, 16, 16 and 32 days, and for wounds infected with P. ananatis were 14,17, 14, 27, 28, 16 and 33 days, respectively. 

These results are promising in terms of nanoparticles’ potential ability to be used against pathogenic bacteria.

Due to the lack of available data, the aim of the current study includes the protective effect of a nano-emulsion containing Nigella Sativa (NS) and Propolis extract (comparing the macroscale and nanoscale form) on the mineral content of enamel after tooth brushing.

Methods and materials:

 In this experimental study, 6 human premolars were sectioned buccolingually and the specimens were randomly divided into four groups treated with either bulk or nanoparticles of propolis, nano-emulsion, and none (as control). The treatment procedure was seven consecutive days while the specimens were etched and brushed every day. The Ca and P content of the enamel surface were quantified by EDX/SEM while the surface roughness was recorded by profilometer. Moreover, the SEM micrographs of the specimens were captured. In the end, analyzing the data was done using One Way ANOVA, LSD post Hoc (=0.05).

The Ca and P content of the groups had significant differences with each other (P= 0.000 and 0.000). On the other hand, the surface roughness of the experimental groups had no significant difference with each other (0.27).

The beneficial effect of both NS+Propolis as a barrier on tooth surface was confirmed. However, their effect on the mineral content of enamel is still questionable.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be considered as the new antibacterial agents. The antibacterial effects of synthesized AgNPs from Iranian pistachio hulls on several antibiotic-resistant bacteria were assessed in this study. 

In an experimental study, AgNPs were synthesized by reducing Ag+ ions using pistachio hulls. Several methods characterized the qualities of AgNPs. Antibacterial activities of the AgNPs against six gram-positive and gram-negative standard bacteria and 30 multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates were investigated by well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. 

The aqueous extract of pistachio hulls had an acceptable potential to synthesize AgNPs, and the formed nanoparticles displayed suitable size and acceptable stability in solutions. Antibacterial activities of the AgNPs were detected against two standard strains, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, with growth inhibition zones of 13 and 11 mm, respectively. MIC were 10 mg/ml for E. coli and 20 mg/ml for S. aureus. MBC for both bacteria was the same as MIC. MIC and MBC AgNPs against 15 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates ranged from 40 to 10 mg/ml. In extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli isolates, 11 and 3 isolates have MIC equal to 20 and 10 mg/ml, respectively. Three ESBL E. coli isolates had 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/ml MBC; in other isolates, MBC and MIC were the same. 

The green synthesis of AgNPs using pistachio hull can replace common chemical and physical methods. AgNPs displayed antibacterial activities, and they could replace some antibiotics.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been utilized in different fields over the last decades. These nanoparticles can pose significant risks to various organs such as the liver. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on liver histology, serum biochemistry, and spatial arrangement of the hepatocytes in the female New Zealand white rabbit.

The rabbits received 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) intraperitoneally once every 3 days for 28 days. The serum levels of the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and zinc were assessed 48 hr following the first administration. The histopathological changes and Voronoi tessellation were evaluated after the last administration.

Our findings showed that the ZnO NPs significantly increased the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and zinc. The histopathological findings showed ballooning degeneration, and sinusoidal congestion in ZnO NPs administrated groups. The Voronoi tessellation diagrams also confirmed that ZnO NPs changed the regular spatial arrangement of hepatocytes to random and cluster patterns.

In conclusion, the ZnO NPs alter the liver spatial arrangement and induce hepatic pathological changes that may affect liver function in rabbits.

Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in both men and women. This study investigated the anticancer efficacy of a new synthetic form of quinolone nanoparticles (QNPs) against colon cancer cells. As an experimental model, we investigated methods to prevent the development of colon cancer in adult male albino rats induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH).

Forty adult male rats (weighing 150-200 g) were randomly assigned to four groups of ten as follows:Group 1: Normal rats considered the reference group.Group 2: Normal rats treated intraperitoneally with 100 μg/kg/day of quinolone.Group 3: Rats with induced colon cancer by DMH.Group 4: Rats with colon cancer, as the experimental model, and administered QNPs at 100 μg/kg/day for 6 weeks.

The results showed that QNPs significantly improved the treatment of induced colon cancer in rats. This finding was supported by significant increases in CD4, colon SOD, and GPx activity, as well as in GSH and CAT levels. Further discoveries included a significant decline in the serum values of CEA, CA19-9, AFP, TNF-α, IL1β, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, colon DNA damage, MDA, and NO. The histopathological results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of QNPs, which were successful in halting the development of colon cancer in an experimental animal model.

The findings of the current study demonstrated that QNPs were able to prevent colon cancer in rats by enhancing their immune system, lowering inflammatory markers, and improving damaged oxidative stress tolerance.

The toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been proven in the female reproductive system. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a natural antioxidant and bioactive component of Nigella sativa.

We evaluated the efficacy of TQ on ovarian tissue following toxicity induced by AgNPs in female mice.

24 female NMRI mice (5-6 wk, an average weight of 33 gr) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 6/each): control, AgNPs (500 mg/kg, gavage), TQ (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), and TQ+AgNPs. Mice were treated every day for 35 days. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were measured. The optical disector and stereological techniques were utilized to estimate the follicular count, their volume at different developmental stages, and the structure of ovarian tissue.

In the AgNPs group, the serum concentrations of TAC (p = 0.01), luteinizing hormone (p < 0.001), follicle-stimulating hormone, the volume of corpus luteum (p < 0.001), and the number of follicles decreased significantly compared to the control group. Nevertheless, AgNPs significantly increased the MDA level. In the TQ+AgNPs group compared to the AgNPs group, a significant decrease in MDA level (p < 0.001) and a significant improvement in TAC (p = 0.03), and hormonal levels, the number of primary, preantral, and antral follicles (p = 0.04), and the volume of corpus luteum (p = 0.01) were observed.

TQ improved the number of follicles by reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in AgNPs-damaged ovarian tissue.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Shigella flexneri, an important cause of Shigellosis, has led to extensive research to find alternative treatment approaches. Therefore, the current study investigated the antibacterial effects of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Spirulina platensis on S. flexneri and the expression of pathogenic genes ipaB, ipaD, ipaH, and qnrS.

After synthesizing AgNPs using S. platensis, its antibacterial effects on S. flexneri were studied using the microdilution method with 96-well plates. In addition, to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 10 µL of the contents of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) well and the like were swapped on the nutrient agar medium. After RNA extraction, complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, and primer design, the expression levels of ipaB, ipaD, ipaH, and qnrS genes were evaluated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 8.

The MIC of the green synthesized AgNPs was measured as 0.0625 μg/mL, and its MBC was 0.125 μg/mL. The results of RT-PCR analysis indicated a significant decrease in the expression levels of pathogenic genes ipaB, ipaD, ipaH, and qnrS in AgNP-treated S. flexneri.

The green synthesized AgNPs using S. platensis had strong antibacterial effects on S. flexneri, and the action mechanism was attributed to the downregulations of ipaB, ipaD, ipaH, and qnrS genes. In vivo and clinical studies are needed in this respect.