nanoparticles

Paper substrates are highly susceptible to fungal degradation, as fungi produce enzymes that decompose paper materials. This study investigates and compares the antifungal efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through various physical and biological methods. The fungal strains tested, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., were isolated from paper samples in a previous study, chosen for their more prevalence in contaminated paper. Five types of AgNPs, synthesized using both biological and physical methods, were evaluated. The biological methods involved the use of extracts from Juglans regia green husk, Malva sylvestris leaves, and cyanobacterial cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the AgNPs were determined using standard protocols. The MIC values of the AgNPs synthesized from different sources exhibited varying degrees of antifungal activity against the tested fungi. The AgNPs’ effectiveness ranked as follows: (1) AgNPs produced by Nostoc pruniforme, (2) AgNPs produced by M. sylvestris, (3) AgNPs produced by Nostoc IBRC-M5064, (4) AgNPs produced by J. regia, and (5) physically synthesized AgNPs. These findings highlight the potential of biologically synthesized AgNPs as environmentally friendly biocidal agents for preventing and controlling paper biodegradation.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite their differing pathophysiologies, these conditions are influenced by common factors, including genetics, environmental influences, and gut microbiota. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress significantly contributes to intestinal inflammation. Additionally, medicinal plants are recognized for their efficacy in treating various illnesses, forming the basis of many modern medications.

This study investigated the potential of rutin, a natural compound, by synthesizing it into nanoparticles. These rutin nanoparticles were designed to enhance drug solubility and intestinal absorption, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and shelf life.

Thirty adult rats were divided into six groups for this experiment. Excluding the control group, all were treated with 2 mL of 4% acetic acid (AA) followed by sulfasalazine. Subsequently, three different dosages of rutin nanoparticles (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) were administered. The evaluation included tests for glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as macroscopic and microscopic analyses.

Intracolonic administration of AA resulted in severe acute inflammation in the colonic tissue, which was improved by rutin nanoparticles in both microscopic and macroscopic aspects. Additionally, rutin nanoparticles modified TNF-α and oxidative stress-related markers, including GSH, NO, and SOD levels.

Our results indicate that rutin nanoparticles exhibit significant therapeutic effects in treating UC. These findings suggest the potential of natural products and their nanoparticle formulations in treating inflammatory diseases.

The success of endodontic treatments can be significantly impaired by persistent microbial pathogens, especially Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). The aim of this study was to investigate how the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) and arginine (Arg) can enhance the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of AH Plus, a widely used epoxy resin-based root canal sealer. The CsNPs were synthesized by ionotropic gelation and assessed for their size, morphology, chemical structure, and cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the modified sealers was evaluated against E. faecalis and C. albicans by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and agar diffusion method. Additionally, antibiofilm activity was assessed using a microtiter plate assay. Characterization of the CsNPs revealed an average size of 144 ± 12.8 nm by scanning electron microscopy and 182.4 nm by dynamic light scattering with a zeta capacitance of +49.2 mV. CsNPs maintained more than 68% cell viability at 625 μg/mL after 24 and 48 hours. Adding CsNPs and Arg significantly enhanced the impact of AH Plus sealer on antimicrobial and antibiofilm, especially at elevated additive concentrations. This study suggests that AH Plus sealers containing CsNPs and Arg may offer a promising approach to enhance endodontic treatment outcomes by efficiently combating resistant root canal infections.

Notwithstanding the numerous benefits associated with chitosan biopolymer in the fabrication of biodegradable films, its limited mechanical properties and susceptibility to moisture represent significant barriers to its broader application within the packaging sector. Therefore, in this study, chitosan film was combined with bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNF) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and then exposed to different doses of gamma rays to investigate its effect on physical properties of films.

In this study, three types of films with three different formulations were prepared along with a control group, and then the effect of gamma rays on their physical characteristics in the first stage and  structural properties were investigated in the second stage.

The outcome showed that ZnONPs significantly decreased the water vapor permeability (WVP) and increased the opacity of films (p < 0.05). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) test showed that the presence of ZnONPs and gamma ray irradiation improved the heat resistance of cellulose-chitosan films. The moisture content (MC) of cellulose-chitosan films significantly decreased after being combined with zinc oxide nanoparticles and the irradiation process. The solubility of films showed a significant decrease by adding ZnONPs and increasing irradiation doses. According to the results of FTIR, the samples of the tested films under the influence of irradiation treatments did not show significant difference in the spectrogram.

The addition of BCNF and ZnONPs to chitosan-based films and the simultaneous application of gamma ray irradiation technology improved the physical properties of chitosan films.

A modified polyol method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is presented in this work. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide were prepared at 140 °C by the modified polyol method using Sapindus mukorossi plant extract in combination with ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) as a green and cost-effective approach. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). UV-Vis spectrophotometry investigation reveals that ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit a characteristic absorption peak at 360 nm. TEM images revealed that the nanoparticles ranged in size from 15 to 35 nm, with an average size of 21 nm, and exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. This structure was achieved by heating the precursor solution. The addition of high-molecular-weight PEG enhanced the reducing activity and improved the stability of the nanoparticles. The antibacterial activities of ZnO NPs against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96) and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (MTCC-452) were also screened. Additionally, the nanoparticles were tested for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281) and Candida albicans (MTCC-854). The inhibition zone observed for these microorganisms ranged from a minimum of 1.66 mm to a maximum of 18.33 mm. These findings suggest that the synthesized ZnO NPs could be potential candidates for antimicrobial applications in healthcare and environmental remediation.

This study aimed to investigate the extracellular synthesis of colloidal nanosized selenium (SeNPs) and tellurium (TeNPs) particles using the supernatant of Penicillium rubens, and to evaluate their biological activities.

Colloidal SeNPs and TeNPs were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Biological tests included antimicrobial tests using the well diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay, and flow cytometry, as well as antioxidant, urease inhibitory, thrombolytic, and anticoagulant assays.

The average hydrodynamic diameters of the synthesized SeNPs and TeNPs were determined to be 43.91 nm and 37.17 nm, respectively. TeNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 27 mm and a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg.mL-1. Flow cytometry analysis showed a dose-dependent bacterial cell death with TeNPs. However, SeNPs did not display any antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Neither TeNPs nor SeNPs showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Both TeNPs and SeNPs exhibited antioxidant properties, inhibiting 43.90±1.98% and 57.93±2.20% of DPPH free radicals at 1 mg.mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the mycofabricated NPs displayed a dose-dependent urease inhibitory activity with maximum inhibition of 63.81±1.69% and 46.95±3.39% at 1 mg.mL-1, respectively. However, neither TeNPs nor SeNPs showed thrombolytic or anticoagulant activity at 1 mg.mL-1.

Our findings demonstrate that mycofabricated nanosized selenium and tellurium particles possess significant antioxidant and urease inhibitory properties, with TeNPs showing promising antibacterial activity against E. coli. These results suggest potential applications for these nanoparticles in biomedical and agricultural fields.

G. lucidum mushroom has been recorded in conventional medicine for more than 2000 years due to has several bioactive compounds including triterpenoids (GLTs). This study aimed to extract and detect of the triterpenoids and biological synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles by using the aqueous extract of this mushroom, then evaluate their antifungal activity against four dermatophytes. From the 1000 g of G. lucidum dried fruiting bodies powder which were used in this study, 16.1 g GLTs was extracted. HPLC was used to analyses GLTs and detection of Ganoderic Acid by using (Ganoderic Acid A) as a standard. The results showed that the concentration of Ganoderic acid in the sample was 985 µg per gram of the extract. ZnO nanoparticles were biosynthesized by using 1 gm of zinc chloride salt with 10 ml of G. lucidum aqueous extract to obtain ZnO nanoparticles. The biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterize by using different approaches included UV spectrophotometer, FTIR, AFM, EDX, and FESEM. These techniques demonstrated the biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter 44.62 nm. The result of antifungal activity of these compounds showed significant difference among treatments for inhibit the four dermatophytes. The combinations between GLTs with ZnO nanoparticles showed synergistic effect to inhibit the growth of M. canis, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, and T. mentagrophytes. The concentration 100 mg/ ml of this treatment showed highest inhibition percentage followed by 50 and 25 mg/ml. In other words, the inhibition percentage increased by increasing the concentrations of the tested treatments.

Scientists have focused on the development of new drug delivery systems including pH-sensitive nanomaterials adaptive to tumor microenvironments. We aimed to fabricate a microfluidic system to synthesize and characterize curcumin (Cur)-containing PCL and Chitosan (CSN) polymeric nanoparticles against MCF7 breast cancer cells.

The microfluidic chip was fabricated by photolithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding procedure. The chip was Y-shaped and equipped with two inlets and one outlet. PCL and Chitosan (CSN) were dissolved in acetic acid overnight and mixed with Cur for three hours. The prepared solution was injected from one inlet and a solution of tween 80 in distilled water was injected from the other inlet. The nanoparticles were characterized in size, electrical charge, structure, drug loading, and drug release efficiency. Finally, the cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay at specific concentrations after 24 and 48 hr. 

The mean diameter/zeta potentials of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with and without Cur were 209 ±2 nm / +15 and 219 ± 4 nm /+3 , respectively. FTIR results confirmed the presence of all components in the nanoparticles. The Cur loading rate was 1.5%, and Cur represented a sustained release manner. Also, the release profile showed faster release in a low-pH medium. MTT assay results showed that Cur-containing nanoparticles exerted a significant effect on cell viability. 

It can be concluded that microfluidic systems can pave the way for nanoparticle synthesis easily rapidly and cost-effectively for cancer agent delivery. Based on our observations, PCL-CSN-loaded Cur nanoparticles represent appropriate characteristics and suitable anti-cancer effects.

Poor solubility and stability of naringenin result in its low bioavailability. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated as a potential carrier for the controlled delivery of naringenin to HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines. 

Naringenin was loaded in HNTs at different HNTs: drug ratios (w/w) of 30, 24, 16, 8, and 4, then characterized by SEM (Scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The effect of naringenin loaded in HNTs on its solubility was investigated by an innovative change in the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Cytotoxicity of naringenin and naringenin-loaded HNTs was investigated by MTT assay. 

At a ratio of 30, the highest encapsulation efficiency (87.7± 5%), and at a ratio of 4, the highest loading capacity was obtained (12± 0.6%). The drug release study indicated prolonged drug release from naringenin-loaded HNTs (67±5% after 24h). Naringenin showed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 400 ±4 µg/mL. Naringenin solubility after loading was considerably increased and subsequently, showed 2.2-fold higher antioxidant activity than the free drug. Cytotoxicity assay indicated the anticancer activity of naringenin was significantly improved after loading. 

HNTs can be a promising carrier for the delivery of naringenin.

Migraine, a serious neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide, is one of the most considerable burdens on the healthcare system and has significant economic implications. Even though various treatment methods are available, including medication, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapy, many migraine sufferers do not receive adequate relief or experience intolerable side effects. Hence, the present review aims to evaluate the nanoformulation regarding migraine therapy.

Between 2005 and 2024, specific keywords were used to search several databases, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. 

The nanoformulation field is an increasing field within nanotechnology that offers new solutions for treating migraine, including improving drug delivery, increasing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing side effects. By combining nanoscale materials with therapeutic agents, nanoformulations can enhance bioavailability, sustain drug release, deliver targeted drugs, and penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) more efficiently. Nanoformulation has the potential to be a useful tool for migraine therapy. However, several challenges still need to be overcome, such as the BBB penetration, safety and biocompatibility of the product, manufacturing, and scalability reproducibility to pass regulatory approval and affordability. To overcome these challenges, research efforts should be focused on developing innovative techniques to penetrate the BBB, target specific migraine pathways, incorporate personalized medicine approaches, and develop nanotechnology-based diagnostics.

A nanotechnology-based approach aims to revolutionize migraine therapy, improving patient outcomes and living standards by offering personalized and precise treatments.

Hybrid nanocarriers have realized a growing interest in drug delivery research because of the potential of being able to treat, manage or cure diseases that previously had limited therapy or cure. Cancer is currently considered the second leading cause of death globally. This makes cancer therapy a major focus in terms of the need for efficacious and safe drug formulations that can be used to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality globally. The major challenge encountered over the years with cancer chemotherapy is the non-selectivity of anticancer drugs, leading to severe adverse effects in patients. Multidrug resistance has also resulted in treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy over the years. Hybrid nanocarriers can be targeted to the site and offer co-delivery of two or more chemotherapeutics, thus leading to synergistic or additive results. This makes hybrid nanocarriers an extremely attractive type of drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Hybrid nanocarrier systems are also attracting attention as possible non-viral gene vectors that could have a higher level of transfection, and be efficacious, with the added advantage of being safer than viral vectors in clinical settings. An extensive review of various aspects of hybrid nanocarriers was discussed in this paper. It is envisaged that in the future, metastatic cancers, multi-drug resistant cancers, and low prognosis cancers like pancreatic cancers, will have a lasting solution via hybrid nanocarrier formulations with targeted co-delivery of therapeutics.

Hepatocellular carcinoma, represents one of the greatest burdens in the oncology domain, with a significant negative global health and mortality rates. Glycine max, a plant used for centuries in various traditional medicine approaches, has shown good anti-cancer potential. The main objective of study was to analyse the anti-cancer activity of nanoparticle of Glycine max . Nanoparticles were synthesized with Glycine max pods extract and a silver nitrate aqueous solution. Moreover, these are characterized via SEM-EDX, UV, XRD, and DLS analysis. Cell viability and cytotoxicity of bioinspired AgNPs was accessed using MTT as well as the trypan blue assay. Structural alterations of HepG2 cells were analysed by phase contrast microscope, showing significant results at a dose of 30 μg/ml. The upregulated expression of Annexin-V protein confirms that cell death occurred through apoptosis . Glycine max has demonstrated its capability to produce AgNPs with apoptotic activities in vitro, offering a promising and economical solution for potentially combating hepatocellular carcinoma.

Considering the damage caused by heavy metal pollution, researchers and environmental health organizations have prioritized developing methods to remove heavy metal ions from polluted water. This study reviews existing literature on the use of agricultural waste, as well as the modification of agricultural waste with iron and iron oxides, for heavy metal removal.

The systematic review included a search for relevant literature published between 2000 and 2022 in English, with 50 articles being selected for inclusion. After removal of duplicates and screening for eligibility, thematic analysis was conducted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of practical, economic methods for preparing and modifying agricultural waste for heavy metal removal.

A total of 50 articles were selected for inclusion, covering the preparation and modification of adsorbents from cellulose sources and agricultural waste. Thematic analysis revealed that agricultural waste is an environmentally friendly adsorbent with a high capacity for removing cadmium, lead, and arsenic from aqueous solutions. Moreover, modified adsorbents with iron and iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrated superior adsorption capacities compared to their unmodified counterparts.

This review highlights the potential of utilizing cellulose sources, particularly processed fruit waste, as a suitable material for preparing carbon-based adsorbents and modifying their surfaces with iron and iron oxide nanoparticles. Their abundance, adsorption capacity, low cost, and availability make them a promising solution for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions.

This study evaluated the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles combined with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a universal bonding agent to caries-affected dentin (CAD). Forty extracted molar teeth were ground to expose dentin. CAD was induced by immersing specimens in 10% citric acid for 4 hours. Samples were divided into five groups (n=8) based on the surface treatment following acid etching: Group 1: CAD treated with hesperidin, Group 2: CAD treated with ZnO nanoparticles and hesperidin, Group 3: CAD treated with grape seed extract, Group 4: CAD treated with ZnO nanoparticles and grape seed extract, and Group V: Control (no surface treatment). G-Premio Bond was applied and then composite resin cylinders were bonded to the dentin surface. After thermocycling, the bond strength of the specimens was measured using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, at a significance level of P < 0.05. A significant difference in SBS was observed between the study groups (P < 0.001). Group 2 demonstrated the highest SBS (9.73 ± 0.37 MPa), followed by group 4 (8.76 ± 0.11 MPa), group 1 (7.68 ± 0.27 MPa), and group 3 (6.47 ± 0.34 MPa). The lowest bond strength was observed in the control group (4.32 ± 0.46 MPa).  All pairwise intergroup comparisons were statistically significant (P < 0. 05). Surface treatment with ZnO nanoparticles and MMP inhibitors enhances the bond strength of universal bonding agents to caries-affected dentin.

Application of the nanomaterials to preparing X-ray shields and successfully treating multiresistant microorganisms has attracted great attention in modern life. This study aimed to prepare flexible silicone-based matrices containing Bi2O3, PbO, or Bi2O3/PbO nanoparticles and select a cost-effective, cytocompatible, and antibacterial/antifungal X-ray shield in clinical radiography. In this experimental study, we prepared the nanoparticles by the modified biosynthesis method and fabricated the X-ray shields containing 20 wt% of the nanoparticles. The X-ray attenuation percentage and Half Value Layer (HVL) of the shields were investigated for the photon energies in the range of 40-100 kVp in clinical radiography. The antibacterial/antifungal activities of the shields were evaluated using a colony count method for the gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis) bacteria, and Candida albicans fungus. The shield toxicity was investigated on A549 cells. The highest X-ray attenuation percentage and the lowest HVL were obtained using the shield containing Bi2O3 nanoparticles. Although all shields displayed antimicrobial activity, the shield containing Bi2O3/PbO nanoparticles showed the most effective reduction in the colony counts. Both X-ray shields containing nano Bi2O3 and Bi2O3/PbO demonstrated high cytocompatibility on A549 cells at a concentration as high as 500 µg/ml. The shield with PbO nanoparticles was also cytocompatible at a concentration of 50 µg/ml.   The best X-ray attenuation performance is attributed to the silicone-based matrix with nano Bi2O3; however, the flexible shield with Bi2O3/PbO nanoparticles can be cost-effective and cytocompatible with the best antibacterial/antifungal properties.

Statement of the Problem: 

Dentin bonding with etch-and-rinse adhesives involves demineralizing the 5-8µm of the surface dentin to create micro space for resin infiltration. The presence of continuous fluid movement in dentin tubules and positive pulpal pressure prevents complete water replacement by resin monomers. This results in areas of demineralized dentin, which contain collagen fibers without resin infiltration. The exposed collage fibers are subjected to enzymatic degradation leading to less durable hybrid layer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing effect of the nanoparticles on the resin dentin bonding interface.

The three experimental remineralizing nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology, size, and composition. A total of 48 extracted non-carious human third molar teeth were sectioned at 2 mm below the cemento enamel junction. Class I cavity was prepared and the tooth samples were placed in an intra pulpal pressure simulation device. After etching of the prepared cavity, the samples were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) as follows: (1) control group(c) (n=10) (2) Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) (n=10) (3) Chitosan-nanohydroxyapatite (Chi-nHAP) (n=10) (4) Mesoporous silica-hydrox-yapatite (MS-nHAP) (n=10). After 30 days remineralization period, the samples were evaluated for micro tensile bond strength, hybrid layer morphology, and mineral composition of the hybrid layer. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc tests.

Scanning electron microscopic observation of nanoparticles revealed irregular particle shapes with calcium phosphate ratio of 1.60. The zeta analyzer showed a mean diameter of 161.0 nm, 323.0nm, 185.0nm for nHAP, Chi-nHAP, and MS-nHAP respectively. Post hoc Bonferroni test revealed significantly higher bond strength for nHAP, Chi-nHAP, and MS-nHAP when compared to control group. MS-nHAP resulted in the uniform deposition of apatite crystal on the surface without any evidence of dentinal tubules openings and had higher mineral to matrix ratio compared to other groups.

MS-nHAP nanoparticles can be considered as a reliable source of calcium and phosphate for biomimetic remineralization of hybrid layer. Application of nanoparticle remineralization precursors before application of dentin bonding agents results in remeralization of exposed collagen fibers thereby improving the clinical longevity of hybrid layer.

Recurrent caries were attributed to the lack of antibacterial properties of the dental materials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and calcium fluoride nanoparticles (CaF2NPs) are broad‑spectrum antibacterial agents. The object of the study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of composite‑incorporated AgNPs and CaF2NPs on Streptococcus mutans.

This experimental study forty‑eight disks containing 0.5, 1, and 1.5% wt AgNPs s (n = 24) and 5, 10, and 15% wt CaF2NPs were prepared from flowable composite resin (n = 24). The third group consisted of 9 types of the combination of AgNPs and CaF2NPs (n = 72). A field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy analysis system was used to test for the presence of nanoparticles in composite resins. The antibacterial efficacy of dental composite was evaluated by disk diffusion agar test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration were conducted. Data were analyzed using one‑way ANOVA and multiple Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) tests. Significance level was set at 0.05.

Nanoparticles added to composite produce bacterial inhibition zone. The greatest inhibition of bacterial growth was recorded in the third group which contained both nanoparticles (P < 0.05). MIC values decreased after adding CaF2 NPs to the AgNPs‑containing composite. The results of the FE‑SEM test indicate the presence of AgNPs and CaF2NPs in the dental composite resin sample. On the other hand, the formation of AgNPs and their elemental nature were proved using energy dispersive X‑ray microanalysis EDX analysis. According to the results, composite resins containing 0.5% of AgNPs s and 15% of CaF2NPs exhibited a significantly lower antibacterial activity compared to the 1.5% and 1% of AgNPs s with 15% of CaF2NPs (P < 0.05).

Dental composite resins‑containing CaF2NPs and AgNPs showed anti‑bacterial activity against S. mutans.