جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pm2.5 » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The harmful effects of particulate matter (PM) are amplified in older adults, who experience a decline in physiological function, reducing their ability to expel and detoxify inhaled PM. Moreover, older adults may be more vulnerable to fine particulate toxicity due to underlying medical conditions. We assessed the effects of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on depressive mood (DM) in adults aged > 65 yr using community-based data.

In the 2017, Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) data, data of PM2.5 and community factors were constructed based on participants who responded to DM in a sample of 67,802 individuals. To evaluate the effect of PM2.5 on DM among older adults, a multilevel regression model was constructed using individual-(KCHS) and community-level data (PM2.5, green area per capita, urban area, social welfare budget, health, and social business). For PM2.5, an independent variable, quartiles were used to classify regions according to concentration.

A positive correlation was found between PM2.5 and DM of older adults. Compared to Q1, the odds ratio increased to 1.15 (95% CI 0.76-1.74) in Q2, 1.55 (95% CI 1.02-2.35) in Q3, and 1.60 (95% CI 1.16-2.20) in Q4.

DM may increase in older individuals living in areas with high PM2.5. Systematic mental health management is required for older individuals residing in such areas.

Air pollution stands as a significant environmental threat impacting human health across the globe, encompassing both developed and developing nations. This study aimed to survey the temporal variations of PM2.5 and gauge its potential health effects in the city of Mashhad over the period of 2010-2018. This cross-sectional study was carried out among the residents of Mashhad city. PM2.5 concentration data spanning the years 2008-2019 were collected and subjected to analysis using Excel and AirQ software. The results indicate that the highest concentration of PM2.5 was associated with the year 2010, while the lowest concentration was observed in 2015. The analytical findings demonstrated that for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations, the relative risk for total mortality increased by 10.47%. Furthermore, based on the Air Quality Index (AQI) results, 2010 exhibited the most adverse condition in terms of PM2.5 concentrations in Mashhad city. In general, long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 significantly contributed to mortality in the megacity of Mashhad. As air pollution is a modifiable risk factor, it is advisable to implement sustainable control policies to protect public health.

Exposure to Particulate Matter (PM) can cause ill health effects such as coughing, allergies, decreased lung function, chest discomfort and pain. The current study aims to monitor particulate matter concentrations on the highways in Nashik, India and to estimate its exposure to the bikers in the form of Respiratory Deposition Doses (RDDs) with its seasonal variation.

Low-cost air quality monitor was mounted on the bike to measure Particulate Matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations at breathing level. Extensive mobile monitoring was performed on seven highway stretches passing through city limits at morning and evening peak hours for all the weekdays for three seasons.

The PM concentrations differed on each route seasonally as well as at peak hours in morning and evening. The maximum PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations monitored were 119.84 μg/m3 , 218.85 μg/m3 and 239.25 μg/m3 respectively on Route R3 in Winter morning. The maximum RDDHD exposure on R5 and R3 in Winter mornings was due to PM10. While maximum RDDTB and RDDAL exposure on R5 in Winter morning and evening was due to PM2.5. Also, the seasonal and particle size effect on RDD has been studied which exhibits higher rise in exposure in Winter mornings due to PM2.5.

This study reveals that maximum exposure was observed during Winter mornings. The results recommend that seasons have a substantial effect on PM concentrations and their exposure. The minimum exposure was observed in monsoon, followed by summer and the maximum exposure was seen in winters.

The environmental conditions potentially predispose the northern part of the Persian Gulf to the occurrence of dust storms. Outdoor PM2.5 and their water-soluble ions in Bushehr port were studied from December 2016 to September 2017.

A total of 46 outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected by high-volume air sampler and eight water-soluble ions, including Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K+ , F-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- in PM2.5 were also measured by ion chromatography (IC).

The 24-hour average concentration of PM2.5 was in the range of 22.09 to 292.45 μg/m3. The mean concentration of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 was in the range of 0.10 ± 0.14 to 6.76 ± 4.63 μg/m3.The major water-soluble ions were the secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42- and NO3-), which accounted for nearly 41% of total water-soluble ions in PM2.5. The total water-soluble ions level of PM2.5 in winter was higher than that in spring and summer. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that the source contributions of PM2.5 were in the order of dust (55.8%), sea salt (17.1%), secondary sulfate (11.8%), industries (7%), vehicular emission (4.7%), and secondary nitrate (3.7%).

According to the results, dust and sea salt are the main sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Bushehr port, which should attract much attention.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental risks to human health. The particulate matter tend to be carcinogenic for humans and can pose a greater hazard to children due to their immaturity and lack of development of the immune system. The current study is aimed to investigate the difference in the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the ambient air in the breathing height of children and adults.

Particulate matter were measured cross-sectionally in sidewalks, streets, alleys, squares, and parks of Tehran simultaneously at two heights of 160 cm and 70 cm from the ground. As well as, other variables such as vegetation, buildings and meteorological data were also measured in each location.

There was a difference between the concentration of PM2.5 at the breathing height of children, with the average concentration of 52.0 μg/m3, and the concentration of PM2.5 at the breathing height of adults with the average concentration of 51.6 μg/m3, with p-value of 0.013. Even though the difference is significant, it does not seem to have a significant impact on health. No significant difference was observed between the PM10 concentration at the breathing height of children and adults; however, there was significant difference between the concentrations of PM2.5 with the clean air standard of Iran and data from monitoring stations.

The amount of PM2.5 and PM10 is almost the same in children and adults based on the difference in breathing height.

Background & Aims:

About 40 000 people in Iran annually die due to exposure to a concentration of airborne particulate matter less than PM2.5. This study aimed to zone the concentration of particulate matter PM2.5 and predict the total number of deaths of people over 30 due to all causes of these particles in Ahvaz during 2008-2017.

This analytical-descriptive study was based on estimation modeling. The data relating to the concentration of PM2.5 during 2008-2017 were obtained from the Environmental Protection Organization of Khuzestan province, and the 10-year mortality data were obtained from the Deputy of Health of Khuzestan province. The normality of data distribution was checked in SPSS by the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff normality test methods. Finally, the central tendency, indices of dispersion, distribution, and relative dispersion were examined as well. For the spatial analysis of PM2.5 using ArcGIS 8.10 through the IDW method, relative to the amount of changes in the PM2.5 concentration in Ahvaz in terms of pollution, after normalizing the data, the deaths attributed to PM2.5 were estimated by AirQ + .

The results showed that the highest and lowest daily PM2.5 concentrations during a ten-year period in Ahvaz were 234.19 μg/m3 and 18.15 μg/m3 in 2009 and 2017, respectively. The comparison of relative risk indices and the number of cases attributed to PM2.5 for death from all causes in the basic incidence of 55.806 people in the population over 30 demonstrated that the highest and lowest relative risk was 1.44 in 2010 and 1.23 in 2014, respectively. Further, the highest and lowest total number of deaths due to all causes attributed to PM2.5 were 1344 in 2010 and 811 in 2014, respectively. Based on the results of the correlation test between PM2.5 and the total mortality of people over 30 for all causes, there was a significant correlation at a 99% confidence level.

The results revealed the presence of pollution round the clock and the high impact of PM2.5 on public health in Ahvaz. Based on these results, during ten years of the study, 10,201 cases corresponding to 64.22% of all deaths from all causes were attributed to PM2.5, which is a warning for the public and officials to look at this problem, not as a temporary, but as a pervasive problem that affects every member of the society and stops the process of air pollution by taking effective measures.

 Electrosurgical units produce the highest level of surgical smoke. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine concentration of surgical smoke compounds produced in orthopedic surgeries.

 The present study was performed on 20 patients in the operating room units of 5 Azar Hospital in Gorgan, Iran. Twenty smoke specimens were collected from electrosurgical units during orthopedic surgeries. The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) was determined using an air-sampling pump and SKC charcoal sorbent tubes. The collected data were analyzed using frequency distribution as well as generalized linear and ranked logistic regression tests in SPSS software (version 17).

 Most patients had a body mass index (BMI) level of >24 kg/m2. The mean age of patients was 25.28 years. The average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 540 µg/m3, 430 µg/m3, and 340µg/m3, and 390µg/m3, respectively. The concentration of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) was 22.75 µg/m3. Benzene values were higher than the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health limit. The PM2.5 values were unhealthy for sensitive groups according to the Air Quality Index. Moreover, BMI had a significant association with the amount of benzene produced intraoperatively (p=0.016). The findings also showed that the surgery duration had a significant association with toluene production (p=0.049).

 The concentration of BTEX compounds was low, but the PM2.5 values are high in the studied operating rooms. Long-term exposure to BTEX compounds can be considered as a health risk for operating room personnel.

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals bound to airborne particulate matter (PM) in high-traffic districts of Tehran and to determine the carcinogenic risk and hazard quotient (HQ) of these metals through a descriptive-applied method.

Six indoor/outdoor stations were established in three high-traffic districts. Each station was sampled (n = 36) with six replicates in winter 2018. After extraction of the metals from fiberglass filters by acid digestion based on the ASTM method, the concentrations of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) device. The human health risk was evaluated according to the U.S. EPA standard method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Spearman correlation and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

Districts 2, 3, and 15 were the most high-traffic areas of Tehran, respectively. Average heavy metal concentrations were in order of Al > Fe > Pb > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cr > As > Ni > Cd, which were significantly different in indoor and outdoor environments. The correlations between heavy metal concentrations, carcinogenic risk, and HQ were significant in all three districts (p<0.05). Mean carcinogenic risk variables, HQ levels, and heavy metal concentrations in all three regions were in the order of districts 15 > 2 > 3, and outdoors > indoors.

Based on the results, serious measures are recommended to control traffic congestion in Tehran for the prevention of cancer risk and other health hazards caused by heavy metal bonded TSP (Total Suspended Particulate Matter).

In the present study, the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were measured within and around the city of Arak from March 2016 through March 2017. The measurements were done every 12 days by means of TSI DustTrak sampler containing specific heads for PM10 and PM2.5. The sampling points included eight stations within the city as well as two stations around the city. The average (±SD) values of 108.56 ±55.56 and 42.58 ±15.88µg/m3 were obtained for daily concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. PM10 showed the maximum concentrations during summer (144.47µg/m3 ) followed by spring (109.44 µg/m3 ), autumn (100.92µg/m3 ), and winter (77.12µg/m3 ). On the other hand, the highest values of PM2.5 was observed during winter (44.13 µg/m3 ) followed by autumn (42.74µg/m3 ), summer (37.58µg/m3 ) and spring (33.77 µg/m3 ). The correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 was highest in winter (R2=0.9288) followed by spring (R2=0.6728), summer (R2=0.6713), and autumn (R2=0.5592). It was concluded that more than 57 and 19% of the PM2.5 and PM10 samples exceeded the Iranian national ambient air quality standards, respectively.

In the 21st century, air pollution has become a global and environmental challenge. The increase in cases of illness and mortality due to air pollution is not hidden from anyone. Therefore, in this study, we estimated the mortality rate due to cause by air pollution agents (PM2.5) in the southernmost city of Khuzestan province (Abadan city) at 2018-2019.

To estimate the mortality duo to air pollution, data related to PM2.5 particles daily concentrations was received from the Abadan Environmental Protection Organization. The average 24-h concentrations of PM2.5 were calculated using Excel. Then, mortality data were obtained from the Vice Chancellor for Health, Abadan University of Medical Sciences. Finally, by AirQ+ software, each of the mortality in 2018-2019 in Abadan was estimated.

The obtained data indicated that the concentration of PM2.5 particles within the one-year period was higher than the value set by WHO guideline and EPA standard. Which caused the citizens of Abadan to be exposed to PM2.5 more than 8.23 times than the guidelines of the WHO and 5.34 times more than the standard of the EPA. The output of the model used in this study was as follows: natural mortality (462 cases, AP: 38.25%), mortality duo to LC (6 cases, AP: 32.18%), mortality duo to COPD (8 cases, AP: 26.64%), mortality duo to Stroke (86 cases, AP: 71.26%), mortality duo to IHD (183 cases, AP: 68.34%) and mortality duo to ALRI (2 cases, AP: 32.9%).

Planning appropriate strategies of air pollution control to reduce exposure and attributable mortalities is important and necessary

Isfahan is one of the most important industrial cities in central Iran that air pollution has been the biggest challenge of this city in recent years.  So, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of meteorological parameter on particulate matter concentration (PM2.5) in ambient air of Isfahan metropolitan, from March 2019 to March 2020.

In this cross‑sectional descriptive study, 19 sampling points in Isfahan city were chosen using GIS software. Sampling of PM2.5 was carried out for 24 hour using the sampling pilot during the four seasons in the air of Isfahan city. Sampling of PM2.5 was performed using PTFE filters (37mm, 1µ) peripheral pump and Personal Modular Impactor (Based on NIOSH Guideline). The concentration of particles collected on the filter was calculated by gravimetric method. Meteorological parameters including temperature, humidity, pressure, Precipitation, UV and Wind speed were recorded during sampling through portable devices. Finally, for the processing of PM2.5, relationship between PM2.5 concentration and meteorological parameters was assessed by SPSS24 and EXCEL software, and to draw the graphs, Excel and R software were used, respectively. ArcGIS 10.3 was used for the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation technique was applied to generate maps for annual averages.

Seasonal variation trends of PM2.5 particles showed that maximum and minimum annual mean concentrations has happened in Winter and Summer season with the value of 64.06 and 31.32 µg/m3, respectively. Also the citizens of Isfahan are exposed to PM2.5 pollutants 4-5 times more than the EPA-recommended standard (10 µg/m3). The findings of this study also show that there is a positive correlation between PM2.5 particle concentration and temperature, relative humidity and pressure (p<0.05). Moreover, a weak and negative correlation was found between ultraviolet radiation, Precipitation, and Wind speed with PM2.5 particle concentration (p>0.05).

The highest concentrations of particles were observed in winter season. Also, the particle concentration scatter map shows that the central and north and northeast regions of Isfahan are more polluted than other areas. Therefore, to protect the health of citizens of Isfahan, appropriate policies and strategies should be adopted to reduce the concentration of particulate matter and other pollutants in the ambient air of this city`.

 This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 on the health-related aspects including the total mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran, during 2012–2016 using the AirQ2.2.3 software. The effects of meteorological parameters on the PM2.5 and PM10 levels were also investigated. 

 Meteorological parameters, population, and the pollutant data were obtained from the Department of Environmental Protection, Karaj (Alborz, Iran). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 24 software to study the relationship between the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and the meteorological parameters. 

 Our results showed a direct relationship between the PM10 concentration and the temperature (r = 0.34, P < 0.018) and relative humidity (r = 0.37, P < 0.5). However, there was a negative relationship between the PM10 concentration with wind speed (r < −0.328, P < 0.014) and precipitation (r < −0.179, P < 0.327). Similarly, there was a direct relationship between the PM2.5 concentration and the temperature (r = 0.41, P < 0.014) and relative humidity (r = 0.37, P < 0.05). On the other hand, a negative relationship was observed between the PM2.5 concentration with wind speed (r < −0.138, P < 0.010) and precipitation (r < −0.12, P < 0.201). The total number of death, death due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and hospital admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were equal to 1619, 1096, 306, and 4822, respectively. 

 The results of this study showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 should be reduced through applying the management strategies to improve the health of the residents in Karaj city.

Air pollution is a major social problem, particularly in developing countries, where the rapid expansion of industries, cities, and traffic is the main cause of increased air pollution.

This ecological study (correlation) has been conducted with the aim of analyzing the correlation between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) amount and the rate of stroke mortality in Mashhad during the years 2014 and 2015.

Data were collected from hospitals, the Monitoring Center of Environmental Pollutants, and the Bureau of Meteorology in Khorasan Razavi Province and were analyzed to evaluate the correlation.

The results show that the correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and the rate of stroke mortality in different seasons in 2014 and 2015 are 0.997 and 0.902, respectively. The correlation was stronger in 2014 and is significant at a confidence level of 0.01.

According to the results, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 decreased from 29.261 (μg/m3) in 2014 to 25.283 (μg/m3) in 2015, and also, the annual rate of stroke mortality decreased by 4.4% in 2015.

One of the most important contaminants in the cement industry are environmental suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10), which cause respiratory and pulmonary diseases in humans.

This descriptive - analytical study was carried out in 2016-2017 on the peripheral particulate matter of Khash cement plant. Sampling was performed at 8 environmental stations of Khash Cement Company in spring, summer, fall and winter. A total of 576 samples were sampled of peripheral particulate matter.

The amount of particulate matter was PM2.5 2.82 to 24.63 µg/m3 , respectively. The highest PM2.5 content was obtained in spring (24.32±2.51 µg/ m3 ). The lowest amount of particulate matter PM2.5 in different seasons were measured in substation (P<0.05). The amount of particulate matter was PM10 19.98 to 68.22 µg/m3 , respectively. The highest PM10 content was obtained in autumn (64.92±3.76 µg/m3 ). The lowest amount of particulate matter PM10 in spring and summer were measured in substation (P<0.05), but the lowest amounts in the autumn at the entrance door and in winter was observed in wastewater treatment.

In this study, the amount of PM2.5 and PM10 peripheral particulate matter in Cement Company was lower than WHO and USEPA standard. According to the results it can be stated that the suspended particles Khash Cement Company environment for human respiration were within acceptable limits.

Air pollutants result in a number of health problems. These health setbacks may range from minor respiratory troubles to chronic effects on human health like asthmatic attacks. A product has been developed consisting of plant-based active nano extracts which is a simple, safe and effective solution to poor air quality by reducing pollutants and pathogens in the air. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of this product (in the form of the liquid solution - referred as ‘spray’) in improving the indoor air quality by reducing the PM, HCHO, and TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compound) and pathogens.
 

The study was conducted in three phases in indoor environments in India. Phase1 was conducted in a controlled environment in a laboratory to study the impact of spray on air pathogens. Phase2 was conducted indoors in multi-scenario simulations, and Phase3 was done in a school principal room with reception area.

The study conducted in three phases supports the effectiveness of the spray to reduce air pathogens and the air pollutants viz., PM2.5, PM10, HCHO, and TVOC in indoor air environments.

The spray will be an effective, safe, environment friendly and economical solution to reduce indoor air pollution to safe guard human health.