جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « teratogenicity » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Manage and deal with the pregnant patient undergoing anesthesia for surgical non-obstructed surgery, assess the effects of non-obstetric surgeries on both fetus and mother during pregnancy, and measures to prevent it.

A review search study was currently managed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Science gate, Elsevier, Scientific report, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All the reviews identified were restricted to human studies and available in English.

Elective surgery ideally should be avoided during pregnancy while emergency surgery should proceed with consideration for the anesthetic implications of the altered physiology of pregnancy. Caution must be taken during anesthetic application and Airway management.

Pre-oxygenation is essential and consider the rapid-sequence induction accompanied with cricoid pressure to lower the incidence of aspiration.  lower MAC values of the volatile anesthetic should be used and medications titrated to preferably produce beneficial effects only.

In this article, we present a review of ocular conditions related to alcohol consumption. A search of the literature published from 1952 to March 2020 was performed. The titles and abstracts were screened and the eligible studies were selected. PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge database, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. We categorized the relationship between alcohol intake and ocular conditions by the type of ocular exposure to alcohol. Accordingly, ocular findings following acute alcohol intoxication, optic neuropathy following methanol toxicity, congenital conditions related to maternal alcohol consumption, and ocular disease related to chronic alcoholism are discussed. The main feature of alcohol intoxication in the eye is abnormal eye movement. Acute optic neuropathy secondary to methyl alcohol consumption is a serious ocular disease with permanent vision loss or scotoma. Prenatal exposure to ethanol may end in fetal alcohol spectrum disease, where ocular findings are a constant component. The association between chronic alcohol consumption and increased risks of cataract, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, different types of optic neuropathy, impairment of visual quality, retinal vascular disease, and ocular surface disease has also been reported. Along with detrimental medical and social effects, the role of alcohol consumption in different ocular conditions should be considered, as alcohol-induced visual disturbances may contribute to the heavy burden of alcohol abuse on the healthcare system and overall quality of life.

Context: Gestational diabetes is defined as carbohydrate intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Diabetes during pregnancy increases the incidences of congenital anomalies, in a mother and her embryo. Oxidative stress has been implicated to be responsible in diabetic embryopathy.
In this study, we used nanoceria as an antioxidant for amelioration of diabetic embryopathy in diabetic mice.
The female mice were divided into 5 groups (6 mice per group). Diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg IP) that dissolved in citrate buffer (pH= 4.6). Blood glucose was checked in 0,5,10, 15 days of pregnancy. The diabetic state was confirmed when the blood glucose concentration exceeded 200 mg/dl. On the Day 16 of pregnancy, all animals were anesthetized with ether and embryos were excised, then oxidative stress, pathological parameters, number of implantations, miscarriage and live embryo was assayed.
Histological study showed that diabetes induced abortion; decrease in weight of mothers, embryo and the number of embryos. In diabetic mice, significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), ROS formation and protein carbonyl content were observed. Glutathione (GSH) concentration is found to be decreased in embryo tissue in diabetic mice. Nanoceria treatment significantly inhibited embryonic oxidative stress and also pathologic changes in diabetic mice.
Our research showed that diabetes act as a teratogen agent for fetal development and nanoceria abrogated diabetes induced embryopathy via its antioxidant effects. So, early detection of diabetes in pregnancy and antioxidant administration can attenuate these complications.

Title: Teratogenic Effects of Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab in Pregnant Rat Models
Aim: To investigate teratogenic effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in pregnant rat model
Twenty seven female Wistar rat were inseminated. Pregnant rats were divided into 6 groups (three groups as case and three as control groups). Each case and control groups divided according to the day of intravitreal injections (day 2, 10 and 18). Rats in the case groups received 4 µl intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and the control groups received same volume of distilled water.
The tail and umbilical cord length in case groups 1, 2 and 3 did not display any significant differences compared with their control groups. The fetal weight was significantly lower in the case groups 1 (p Intravitreal bevacizumab has developmental effect when administered in the early stages of pregnancy; but it is safe when administered in the last week of pregnancy in rats.

Silymarin is a flavonolignan that has been the subject of research to evaluate the beneficial properties for decades. Silymarin has been known for its potent cytoprotective, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. The goal of the present study was to gain a deeper understanding of possible molecular mechanisms of apoptosis of the injuries induced by silymarin on BALB/c mice fetuses.
The present experimental study was carried out in virgin female BALB/c mice. The animals were divided randomly into 4 groups. Three test groups were injected intraperitoneally with silymarin at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day during gestational days 6-15. The control group received the solvent by the same route at equivalent volume. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8 in fetal heart, kidney, lungs and brain tissue.
The results of this study showed that silymarin administration during organogenesis at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg can significantly increase the protein levels of caspase-3 and 8 in heart, kidneys and brain tissues of mice fetuses compared with control group (p According to the results, programmed cell death, especially via the intrinsic pathway, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of silymarin-induced malformations in some tissue including heart, kidneys and brain. More studies are needed to determine other molecular mechanisms underlying silymarin- induced embryo toxicity.

Harpagophytum procumbens is a traditional herbal plant belonging to the Pedaliaceae family. This herb is used to treat a wide range of disorders including rheumatism, arthritis, inflammations, gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatic diseases, and anemia. Side effects of this medicinal plant are unknown during pregnancy period.
Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the teratogenic effects and congenital malformation resulting from using Harpagophytum procumbens ethanolic extract in pregnant Balb/C mice.
In this experimental study, female mice (N = 40) which had successful mating were kept in standard conditions. Then the ethanolic extract of the plant (200, 400, 600 mg/kg) was given to the treatment groups by gastric gavage route on 0 - 14th days of gestation. Female mice were euthanized on 18th gestation day and each fetus was removed and examined for external malformations. Histopathological studies were done for all fetuses and mice. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance for all groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 software.
Our results showed administration of Harpagophytum procumbens extract to pregnant mice in dose 600 mg/kg could induce necrosis in liver, kidney and lung of fetuses and pregnant mice but there were no significant structural malformations and abnormalities in body weight and crown-rump length of treated embryos in gross evaluation (P It seems that administration of Harpagophytum procumbens extract to pregnant mice may cause teratogenic effects and histopathological changes in fetal tissues. Therefore, the use of this herbal medicine should be restricted during pregnancy.

Silybum marianum has been used for centuries in herbal medicine for treatment of liver diseases. Currently, there is no data available on the possible effects of silymarin on fetal development. This study aimed to investigate the teratogenic effect of silymarin on BALB/c mice fetuses.
A total of 40 pregnant mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Three groups received silymarin at three different doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day during gestational days (GDs). The control group received normal saline and tween (solvent). Dams were sacrificed on GD 18 and all fetuses were examined for gross malformations, size and body weight. Malformed fetuses were double stained with alizarin red and alcian blue.
Silymarin administration at all doses resulted in reduction of the mean fetal body weights. The abnormalities included limb, vertebral column and craniofacial malformations. Craniofacial malformations were the most common abnormalities, but they were not observed in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of fetal resorption significantly increased (up to 15%) in all treatment groups.
Based on our results, silymarin, especially at high doses can lead to fetal resorption, intrauterine growth retardation and limb, vertebral column and craniofacial abnormalities. More precise studies should be conducted about the teratogenic effects of herbal medicine investigating the underlying mechanisms. Thus, caution should be taken when administering S. marianum to pregnant woman.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of a number of neoplastic diseases and as an immunosuppressant for the prevention of xenograft rejection. There are many reports that the teratogenic effects of cyclophosphamide can be prevented by application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. Also, there is some evidence that L-carnitine is antioxidant. Therefore, in this study, the prophylactic effect of L-carnitine on teratogenic effects of CP was evaluated. This study was performed on 31 pregnant rats divided into 5 groups. Control group received normal saline and test groups received L-carnitine (500 mg/kg), CP (15 mg/kg), CP (15 mg/kg) plus L-carnitine (250 mg/kg) and CP (15 mg/kg) plus L-carnitine (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 9th day of gestation. Fetuses were collected at 20th day of gestation and after determination of weight and length; they were stained by Alizarin red-Alcian blue method. Cleft palate, spina bifida, and exencephaly incidence were 55.55%, 33.34% and 27.77% in fetuses of mice that received only CP. Cleft palate, spina bifida, exencephaly incidence were 21.42%, 4.76% and 9.52% in the group which received CP plus L-carnitine (250 mg/kg), respectively. However, cleft palate, spina bifida, and exencephaly incidence were 8%, 0% and 8% range in the group received CP plus L-carnitine (500 mg/kg), respectively. In addition, skeletal anomalies incidence including limbs, vertebrae, and sternum defects were decreased by L-carnitine. The mean of weight and length of animal's fetuses received L-carnitine were significantly greater than those received only CP. In conclusion, L-carnitine significantly decreased teratogenicity induced by CP; but this subject needs more detailed evaluation.

Prenatal rat embryo exposure to retinoid induces some malformations in various organs, the most active and teratogenic metablolite is all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA). The teratogenic effects of some drugs can be prevented by the application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. Also, quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid has excellent antioxidant properties. Therefore, in this study, the prophylactic effect of quercetin on teratogenic effects of atRA was evaluated. In this experimental study, 40 pregnant rats were divided into 7 groups. Control group received normal saline and test groups received dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), quercetin (75 mg/kg), quercetin (200 mg/kg), atRA (25 mg/kg), atRA (25 mg/kg) plus quercetin (75 mg/kg) and atRA (25 mg/kg) plus quercetin (200 mg/kg), intraperitoneally at 8-10th days of gestation. Fetuses were collected at 20th day of gestation and after determination of weight and length; they were stained by Alizarin red-Alcian blue method. Cleft palate, exencephaly and spina bifida incidence were 30.76, 61.53 and 30.76% range in group which received only atRA. Cleft palate, exencephaly and spina bifida incidence were 11.11, 16.66 and 5.55% in group which received atRA plus quercetin (75 mg/kg). However, cleft palate, exencephaly and spina bifida incidence were 10.52, 10.52 and 0% in group which received atRA plus quercetin (200 mg/kg). The means of weight and length of fetuses from rat that received atRA plus quercetin (75 mg/kg) were significantly greater than those received only atRA. It is concluded that quercetin decreased teratogenicity induced by atRA, but this subject needs more detailed evaluation.

Toxic and direct teratogenic potential of two dominant Iranian cultivars of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), floret extracts, IL 111 and LRV 51 51, were investigated. The extracts are commonly used in foods and medicinal products. Neither death nor alteration of stereotype activities was observed with IL 111 and LRV 51 51 extracts up to 17 g/kg in 48 h in mice and rats. Haemoglobin was decreased, prothrombin time was prolonged, serum TG, LDH, CPK and cholesterol was increased in rats which received IL 111 (1 g/kg) for 9 weeks (p50: 78 and 106 µg/ml, respectively). The total number of differentiated (stained) limb bud foci was also decreased when cells were exposed to either of C. tinctorius extracts (p<0.01). When the cytotoxicity was taken into account, the ratio of Alcian stained differentiated cells to the cytotoxicity was not significantly altered with any of the extracts, suggesting no remarkable level of teratogenicity.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was widely used in the past, as the morning after contraception, but its application became extremely limited due to several complications including delayed clear cell adenocarcinoma in female infants. However, the use of DES increased during the past decade for hormone replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate possible teratogenicity of this synthetic oestrogen. The experiment was conducted on N-MRI mice. Va r i o u s concentrations of DES were administered i.p. to pregnant animals throughout the period of organogenesis (days 9 and 10 of pregnancy). The control group received ethanol as vehicle. Pregnancy was terminated on the 18th day by cervical dislocation. The embryos were then removed and fixed in Bouin’s solution, and parameters currently used in teratogenic studies were assessed. Severe embryo toxicity score was observed following the application of DES at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (71.4% and 83.6%, respectively). The weight and the average size of some of the examined parameters were markedly decreased by embryological observation. Furthermore, the size of derm and mosaic cells of urinary bladder, shortening in the length of femur, and abnormal disposition of calcium compound in embryos were markedly different in the treated mice.