جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « theories » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The effectiveness of health education programs depends to a large extent on the correct use of existing theories and models. Extended Parallel Process Model is considered as one of the effective models in health education having influential structures in studies on health behaviours. Therefore, the present study set out to study the use of Extended Parallel Process Model in health related behaviours through a systematic approach.
Scoups, Springer, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Iranian databases including Iran Medes, SID, Magiran, etc were all considered in this study. Extended parallel process and Developed parallel process were used as two keywords in the searches. There were 25 papers in English and Persian, 22 of which were studied. Ethical issues were considered in all stages of the research, and there was no bias and confinement on the part of the researcher.
The findings of this study showed that through the use of all the structures of the parallel process model, especially the perceived self-efficacy construct, the effectiveness of training has been increased in conducted interventional studies. In cross-sectional studies, on the other hand, all structures, especially perceived self-efficacy and sensitivity of perception as well as perceived severity have been important predictors for intention and behaviour.
Our results revealed that Extended parallel process model can be used to prevent and control many risky behaviours before the subject exposed to risk factors.

How we treat animals is a subject of one branch of applied ethics called animal ethics. there are several approaches in animal ethics: analytic, continental, pragmatic and theological. On the other hand, ethicists have applied classic theories of ethics in this field and have taken up a position on animals. these theories are placed on two groups: (1) direct theories, (2) indirect theories. Kantianism and social contract are samples of indirect theories. Direct theories divided into two groups: theories believe in equality of animals and human beings, and theories believe in inequality. Researcher in ethics that aware of these approaches and theories applies them in particular subjects - like experiment on animals, using them in zoos and circuses, .... This essay intends to introduce these main frames in animal ethics, and suggests the best approach for society of Iran.

This article is about learning in the virtual space or electronic learning groups which work in the network. Learning in these groups and societies suggest forms of learning that are innately collaborative. In this type of learning, the participants share their understanding of the subject with each other and cooperate with each other and support and help each other in related and goal-oriented processes which motivate them. They challenge higher cognitive and emotional skills. This can occur online in a laboratory, in a play ground, or in a class. collaborative learning is done in various forms. One of these forms is computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). Many theories are influential in our understanding of CSCL. These theories are socio-cultural theories, constructivism theory, self regulated learning, situation based cognition, cognitive apprenticeship, problem based learning, and flexibility learning. collaborative tools consist of: Email, computer networks, white board, discussion boards, chat, audio conferences, video conferences, instant messages, etc. computer supported systems are mostly categorized according to time and place tables (simultaneous versus non-simultaneous, face to face versus long distance). Simultaneous tools support simultaneous interaction between group members. Non-simultaneous tools support individual work that help group processes. The ever increasing use of such devices confirm their role in formal, informal and nonformal education. The attractiveness of these tools has lead to the increase of their users and this provides a special opportunity for those in the field of education. This study aims to define collaborative learning and electronic learning societies, and introduce the theories supporting this type of learning and electronic learning tools and their roles in formal and informal education.

Several factors have incentive role for study of aging which includes increasing of the average and maximum of human life span, the increase in percentage of elderly in the societies and proportion of the national expenditure utilized by them. The Recent views of aging indicating that aging is extremely a complex multifactorial process despite of earlier views about definite cause aging like gene or decline of a key factor(1). This brief review tries to inspect aging at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels; and consider interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Evolutionary theories argue that aging results from a decline in the force of natural selection. On the other hand, molecular theories emphasis on the genetically regulation of aging and argue that aging results from changing in genes. There are cellular theories that telomere theory is most famous. Stress induced aging is in this group too. free radical theory is next known way for cellular damages. Finally, we see systemic theories that contain two main groups, neuroendocrine and immunologic theories.