war

War injuries vary in severity, ranging from minor injuries to severe damage to tissues and structures. This study investigates the etiology, intricacies, and interventions for war injuries in patients admitted to the trauma emergency department of Baqiyatallah Hospital.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients injured in the war and treated at Baqiyatallah Hospital between April 2016 and March 2019. The study encompassed patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and all injured patients, except those with insufficient medical records or those that were inaccessible due to death or other conditions. Collected data includes demographic characteristics, etiology, location of the injury, severity, surgeries performed, length of hospital stay, and any associated injuries or complications. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 26.0 software.

The study included patients with a mean age of 28.73 ± 9.10 years and a mean BMI of 24.56 ± 2.67. Cervical damage was the most prevalent spinal injury, occurring in 13 individuals (25%), whereas sacral damage was the least prevalent, affecting only two patients (3.8%). Gunshot wounds were the primary etiology of SCI in 44 cases (84.6%), and surgical complications were observed in 27 patients (51.9%). Most injuries (67.3%) were classified as open wounds, with GUSTILO 2 being the most common type (65.4%). The treatment options included no surgery in 15 patients (28.8%), anterior spinal fusion (ASF) in 6 patients (11.5%), posterior spinal fusion (PSF) in 16 patients (30.8%), and a combination of ASF and PSF in 4 patients (7.7%). Among the patients, the most prevalent form of spinal injury was a burst fracture, which was detected in 12 individuals (23.1%). A significant complication decrease was observed following the treatment (P<0.05).

Gunshot wounds to the cervical spine can result in burst fractures and neurosensory problems. PSF surgery is the most common treatment, which has demonstrated a substantial reduction in complications.

Predicting future changes in the age structure of the war survivors allows for the estimation of needs, prioritization, and planning for the provision of appropriate and dedicated services. This study aimed at prospectively examining the changes in the population structure over the past 30 years, focusing on the past, present, and future of this population.

This descriptive research was done on veterans and the families of martyrs (parents/spouses/children). Demographic information was extracted from the booklet “Statistical Selections of Veterans and Martyrs Affair Foundation (VMAF)” published in 2010 and 2020. The total population covered by the was 3,640,489 people, with the number of war survivors at the time of the study being 896,635. First, the population growth rate between 2010 and 2020 was calculated. This rate was then used as the basis for predicting the age structure of veterans over the next 10 and 20 years.

In the past ten years, the number of war survivors has decreased by 95,209 (9.6%), but the proportion of the population aged 60 and over has remained unchanged at 26%. Considering the growth rate, it is predicted that over the next 20 years, the population will continue to decline, decreasing by 34% from 896,635 to 587,485 by 2040. By 2030, approximately 68% will be over 60 years old, and by 2040, about 79% will be in this age group (a two-fold increase compared to 2020). Additionally, in 2040, there will be a three-fold increase in the number of  war survivors aged 70 and over compared to 2020 (n=363,479). The population of war survivors in 2020 increased very little compared to the previous ten years (2010), showing only a 1.4% increase. It is expected that in 2030 and 2040, the veteran population will decrease by 10.9% and 28.6%, respectively, from 526,442 to 377,237. It is anticipated that 93% (n=351,001) of veterans in 2040 will be over 60 years old, and 80.9% (n=305,137) will be over 70 years old.

The number of war survivors in the next 20 years will reach two-thirds of the current number, with the majority being over the age of 70. The percentage of elderly individuals among war survivors, especially veterans, is expected to be over six times greater than the elderly population in Iran.

This study aimed to look into the scientific literature's shifting position on the right to health and human rights-based approaches to health among Indonesian war veterans.

This systematic review examined the global literature on the right to health or human rights-based approaches to war veterans' health. PRISMA guidelines for Grant and Booth typology of reviews as systematic reviews. Indonesian veterans uphold several of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights principles in their constitution and even use them in medicine. Literature studies use qualitative methods and a constructivist theoretical approach to gather data from books, reports, news articles, and journal articles.

There were notable variations in how human rights frameworks and procedures are implemented for war veterans in the medical field. There were compelling reasons to approach health from a human rights standpoint, but as examining various human rights guidelines demonstrated, doing so risks undermining the right to health. Undermining the right to health jeopardized the right to health and rights-based approaches to health because the right to health had significant and distinct characteristics that other rights did not.

To ensure the realization of the right to health, the state must be responsible and involve all relevant stakeholders, including the general public and non-governmental organizations.

Human beings are no strangers to war. War is a guest of Mankind. It comes and goes. What remains is destruction. Lives lost, dolls burnt, and dreams gone with the wind. The current state of medicine is undeniable evidence of human progress, and we cannot compare it to the advancements of past decades. Humanity has relentlessly worked towards developing techniques to cure, prevent, and control the epidemic of diseases, resulting in a healthier and safer life. Yet, men have not learned to have a dialogue-to express their wishes in the silence of guns and tanks. Although Humans have learned the language, they have forgotten how to dialogue. And in this chaotic world where the war keeps going on, where peace is joining the antiques in the museums, some groups feel the crisis of war better than others.A group that feels the pain of war more deeply and in their bones. A group wherever a bomb falls, it is as if it has landed on them.I am talking about the angels of mercy, the unknown doctors and nurses who, amid conflicts, dedicate themselves to healing the wounds of the victims. Doctors and nurses nowhere we find about, their names and actions.War is known by the names and actions of commanders, generals, presidents, and governments. However, doctors and nurses are the real generals of any war.Tireless generals.Generals with no ranking. It is time for Mankind to pause and reflect for a moment, take their hats off to all these peace-loving generals, and hold a moment of silence to honor the bravery of those who lost their lives. I am standing now with my hands on my chest as a sign of respect to honor the unknown soldiers and generals who have been fighting relentlessly since October 7th in Gaza, who are fighting without trenches in the departments and operating rooms.Long live the generals without medals. Long live

Fighting and forced displacement are related to disability, mortality, and mental health illnesses. The current war in the Gaze Strip has resulted in children and adolescents leaving their academies and forced displacements into bomb shelters, parking bunches, and refugee structures. The trauma fears that Gaze children are facing possibly put enormous pressure on their physical and mental health, which may be borne throughout their lives. The slaughter of thousands of children is a comprehensive inhumanity. The sense of humanity in a battleground is to help relieve sorrow in the Gaza Strip, save lives and health, and provide consideration for human beings. All human activists hope for emergency aid to healthcare systems in the Gaza Strip. We call upon the UNICEF, WHO, and International Committee of the Red Cross to strengthen its struggles to accomplish humanitarian hospital visits, deliver medical help, and ensure contact with healthcare workers. We hope the entire international medical community will stand with hospitals in the Gaza Strip and criticize this invasion. Gaze, currently sorrowed from fighting, needs agencies with specialists, budgets, and supplies to equip them with necessities, social support, and suitable screening. Also, developing rehabilitation schedules with admiringly educated specialists is necessary to supply the children with adequate coping strategies. Also, the media should recreate an intensive function in the battle period in generating schedules that support children adjusting to routine lives.

Iraq used chemical weapons in the war with Iran, in military and civilian areas. Due to the long-term effects of these weapons, Considering over 35 years after this eight-year war, the number of chemical warfare victims is increasing. This research aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims by province.
Instrument &

This descriptive-analytical research study was done using data obtained from the General Department of Statistics and Information Technology of the Martyr and Veteran Affairs Foundation. The data of chemical casualties includes the number; place of residence, gender, and type of injury in 2021 that were analyzed using SPSS 20 and ArcGIS software and Moran's test.

The total number of veterans in 2021 was 601330; 10.7% of them were chemical victims. Tehran (11%), Isfahan (9.67%), and Khorasan-Razavi (6.92%) provinces had the highest, and Hormozgan (0.39%), South-Khorasan (0.66%), and Sistan & Baluchistan (0.77% provinces) had the lowest. The spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims showed a cluster pattern.

The consequences of Iraq's use of chemical weapons can be seen in all of Iran’s provinces, and all provinces have chemical victims. Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, West-Azerbaijan, and Khuzestan have more chemical victims than other provinces.

Teamwork is an essential necessity for triage in war by healthcare science students and providers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects Online Micro Learning Interdisciplinary Education (OMIDE) about war victim triage on triage-related knowledge and practice of healthcare science students.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2021 with a single-group pretest-posttest design. Participants were eighty male medical, nursing, and medical emergency students. They were purposively selected from a medical sciences university in Tehran, Iran, and randomly allocated to ten interdisciplinary WhatsApp groups. The intervention of the study was online micro learning video-based education about war victim triage provided through the ten WhatsApp groups. Participants’ knowledge and practice respecting war victim triage were assessed before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention using a war victim triage knowledge questionnaire and six scenarios about war victim triage practice, respectively. The SPSS software (v. 22.0) was used to analyze the data through the repeated measures analysis of variance.

The mean of participants’ age was 23.07±1.51 years. The mean scores of knowledges and practice respecting war victim triage significantly improved across the three measurement time points (P < 0.001).

Web-based OMIDE is effective in significantly improving healthcare science students’ knowledge and practice respecting war victim triage.

Background  Conflict has devastating effects on health systems, especially on healthcare workers (HCWs) working in under-resourced and hostile environments. However, little evidence is available on how policy-makers, often together with development partners, can optimize the organization of the health workforce and support HCWs to deliver accessible and trustworthy health services in conflict-affected settings (CAS).Methods  A scoping review was conducted to review recent evidence (2016-2022) on human resources for health (HRH) in CAS, and critically discuss HRH challenges in these settings. Thirty-six studies were included in the review and results were presented using an adapted version of the health labour market (HLM) framework.Results  Evidence from CAS highlights that conflict causes specific constraints in both the education sector and in the HLM, and deepens any existing disconnect between those sectors. Parallel and inadequate education and performance management systems, attacks on health facilities, and increased workload and stress, amongst other factors, affect HCW motivation, performance, distribution, and attrition. Short-term, narrowly focused policy-making undermines the long-term sustainability and resilience of the health workforce in CAS, and also contributes to the limited and narrow available research base.Conclusion  While HRH and workforce issues in CAS include those found in many other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), an additional set of challenges for HCWs, governance dynamics and institutional constraints in CAS ‘multiply’ negative effects on the health workforce. HRH policies, programmes and interventions must be aligned with the political and broader societal context, including the stage, severity and other dynamics of conflict. During conflict, it is important to try to monitor in- and outflow of HCWs and provide HCWs the support they need at local level or through remote measures. The post-conflict situation may present opportunities for improvement in HRH, but a clear understanding of political economy dynamics is required to better act on any such a window of opportunity.

Families of war veterans continue to experience the consequences of war, including psychological and emotional impacts, years after the end of the conflict. This study aimed to explore the experiences of adult offsprings of war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Participants &

This research employed a qualitative research method using a content analysis approach. Nine adult offsprings of war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder were interviewed. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using a contractual approach based on the Graneheim & Lundman model. Lincoln and Guba's criteria confirmed the research's validity and reliability.

The initial coding and formation of meaningful units led to data classification into 13 subcategories based on commonalities. Ultimately, five main categories were identified; an unsafe childhood, witnessing endless suffering due to their father's condition, challenges in their mother's life, empathy with their father, and fears, anxieties, and mental struggles.

Adult offsprings of war veterans experience various challenging events that significantly impact their quality of life.

It would be inaccurate to state that Yemen’s difficulties began with the current civil war in September of 2014. While the war brought about its own list of insurmountable tribulations, it also exacerbated already present disasters. This article explores the many dynamics that have led to what has been referred to as the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. These include war, internal displacement, economic disaster, healthcare collapse, outbreaks in refugee camps, vaccination concerns, malnutrition, food insecurity, water sparsity, and infectious disease catastrophes. Along with accurate depictions of what is happening on the ground, this article suggests a few potential solutions worth investigating further, ranging from national and international efforts. With an ever-changing climate, this article serves to provide the most up to date impression of the current crisis and disasters.

Surgeons played a vital role in the Iraq-Iran War by healing injured soldiers and reducing the rate of death. The purpose of this study was to describe their lived experiences and social impact during the war. This qualitative study was conducted from May 2018-June 2019 and surgeons who participated in the Iraq-Iran War were invited. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data from 28 participants. Four main themes emerged from the data: 1-Military role was important in providing essential facilities and safe zones for personnel and soldiers at the warfront. 2- It was critical to reinforce the infrastructure for immediate medical assistance. 3- Disaster training for medical personnel was vital for triage, treatment, education and research planning. 4- Spiritual and religious beliefs. Disaster planning and training for physicians by drills is essential to meet the challenges of unexpected events and operative readiness requires drill training on a quarterly or semi-annual basis.

War threatens the Middle East region's access to essential and highly needed resources. However, some countries are more vulnerable than others to food shortages and unrest. The present study investigates the impact of the Ukraine war and the bread crisis in the Middle East.

Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google scholar were applied with keywords such as Ukraine, war, bread, crisis, Russia, and the Middle East to find related articles published up to 2022.

The war in Ukraine was a full-scale crisis since the two countries involved in the war supplied 30% of the world's grain production. About 75% of the world's sunflower oil is also produced in Russia and Ukraine, which has caused the risk of a food crisis in the world and can increase the level of hunger and malnutrition in the Middle East, Central Asia, and its surroundings.

According to the mentioned cases, it can be said that there is not a very clear future for the Middle East countries in terms of food supply, which have been severely affected by the war in Ukraine in the current situation.

Post-traumatic epilepsy is one of the most common and disabling sequels of traumatic brain injury and is defined as repeated unprovoked seizures seven days after traumatic brain injury. The present study aimed to determine the late consequences of epilepsy in veterans with traumatic brain injury during the imposed Iran-Iraq war.
Instruments &

This study was observational cohort research in 2022. The sample of the study included all living veterans with a history of Post-traumatic epilepsy who were covered by the services of the "Veterans Affairs Foundation" of Isfahan, Iran. 218 veterans with epilepsy, who were available, were identified, 100 of them had a traumatic brain injury, and 118 did not have any traumatic brain injury. Data were collected using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (IADL-PSMS).

There was a significant difference between veterans with and without traumatic brain injuries in the age at post-traumatic epilepsy debut (p<0.05). Epilepsy characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05). The mean score of MMSE in veterans with and without traumatic brain injuries was significantly different (p<0.05). The Recall and Registration subscales were significantly different in veterans with/without traumatic brain injuries (p<0.05).

The ability to perform daily activities and cognitive function are lower in veterans with epilepsy with traumatic brain injuries compared to veterans with epilepsy without traumatic brain injuries.

War is one of the most disastrous events for a nation and one of the most complex social phenomena affecting the involved people, families, and society in different aspects during the war and for many years after that. This study aimed to examine the formation of the post‐memory of the Iran‐Iraq war on the people of Ahwaz and Mashhad, Iran.

The present study is quantitative research conducted using a researcher‐built questionnaire. The sample included 384 people in 1986 to 1996 birth cohorts in Iran at Mashhad and Ahwaz cities. The tool validity was confirmed using content validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test its reliability. Then, using SPSS 22 statistical software.

The mean of cultural memory and family memory, as two dimensions of the formation of post‐memory, is Significantly more in Ahwaz than in Mashhad city. The post‐memory dimensions had no significant relationship with age, employment, gender, income, and education between respondents in the two cities. There was a significant relationship between cultural memory and media as the formation aspects of family involvement in the Iran‐Iraq war. In Mashhad city, school lessons were significant in forming post‐memory regarding visiting the war areas. In the Ahwaz city, marital status had significant differences regarding family memory in post‐memory formation, where differences were more among married than unmarried people.

Although many years have passed since the war, its cultural and family effects on the citizens, especially the citizens of Ahwaz, who experienced the war up close, still remain.