جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Nosocomial infections are a global problem that has become a challenge in hospitals around the world since the 80s. One of the main sources of hospital infections is personnel. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the frequency, colonization rate, antibiotic resistance, and molecular types of Staphylococcus aureus in the personnel of key hospital departments, including emergency, infectious, Coronary Care Unit, and Intensive Care Unit Departments.

Nasal swab samples were collected from the personnel of the Emergency, Infectious, Coronary Care Unit, and Intensive Care Units Departments in the fall of 2021 and subsequently cultured. Confirmation of S. aureus strains was performed by biochemical tests, disk diffusion method, and agar screen test. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction for the evaluation of resistance genes was performed. Determination of agr group, determination of SCCmec type, and checking the presence of pvl, tst, and etc genes were also performed.

In total, 75 out of 214 staff nasal swab samples contained S. aureus. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 65.3% confirmed by PCR test results. Based on the study of SCCmec types in MRSA strains, the most common type was SCCmecIII. Among the agr groups, type I was the most common, and in terms of the abundance of pvl, tsst, and etc genes, a relatively high prevalence was observed.

Due to the increased level of personal and environmental health in hospitals, s. aureus colonizing the noses of personnel are more pathogenic and resistant due to the natural selection of strains. Therefore, they can cause more severe diseases following transmission to the patients.

Postbiotics can be used as promising tools in ensuring food safety due to their safety, clinical and technological benefits. In the present study, chemical profiles, functional characteristics and antimicrobial activities of postbiotics from Lactobacillus casei against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated.

Profiles of the chemical compounds in postbiotics were assessed using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetry were used to assess total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the postbiotics. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using three methods of DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS free radical scavenging, and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching. Antimicrobial activity of the postbiotics was assessed by investigating the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration as well as measuring diameter of the inhibitory zones in the well diffusion method. The MTT test was carried out to assess safety profiles of the postbiotics.

Results of the chromatogram analysis verified presence of ten distinct biological compounds with antimicrobial effects. The postbiotic compounds included high concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid components. Based on the results from the microdilution method, concentrations of 40 and 60 μg/ml were reported as the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration, respectively. Moreover, the minimum and maximum zones of growth inhibition with diameters of 7 ± 23 mm and 29 ± 65 mm were linked to concentrations of 5 and 100 μg/ml, respectively. Based on the results of the safety assessment, postbiotics included no adverse effects on the growth and proliferation processes of the normal KDR cell line. Only for concentrations of 120 and 140 μg/ml within the 48-h period, significant decreases in cell viability were observed.

Postbiotics with safe characteristics and impressive biological activities, including antimicrobial activity, can be used for the development of functional foods.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that plays a role in hospital infections. Due to the ability of this bacteria to produce biofilm, its antibiotic resistance has increased. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), due to their small size, can penetrate bacterial cells and destroy the bacterial biofilm. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-biofilm effect of AgNPs and gentamicin on clinical Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected from health centers in Kerman, Iran, and identified by biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was evaluated against antibiotics, and then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolates was assessed by gentamicin and AgNPs. Bacterial isolates were exposed to 2 MIC, 1 MIC, ½ MIC, and ¼ MIC of gentamicin and AgNPs separately, and the results were compared.

The 100% resistance of isolates to oxacillin and penicillin antibiotics was observed, and the resistance percentages 63.33%, 6.66%, and 3.33% to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, respectively, were confirmed. The MIC of the isolates was from 64 μg/ml to 32 μg/ml against gentamicin, and it was from 10.62 ppm to 5.31 ppm against AgNPs. Comparing the anti-biofilm effect of AgNPs and gentamicin at 1 MIC, ½ MIC, and ¼ MIC, there was a significant difference at the 5% probability level, and the anti-biofilm effect of AgNPs was better than gentamicin.

According to the obtained results, it is suggested that AgNPs be used to control and destroy the biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus with further research.

The use of antibiotics is one of the most important ways to deal with bacterial infections. However, the improper of antibiotics and the emergence of drug resistance have compromised the effectiveness of antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of clinical diseases, and infections caused by this pathogen are increasing rapidly in the community and hospitals. Today, the treatment of this pathogen has become a challenging issue due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Since the antibiotic resistance of pathogens has become a global public health problem, the introduction of novel drug candidates against pathogens has become a necessity. Recently, there have been more reports on the use of OMVs as active antibacterial agents or carriers of antibiotics, which indicates the potential of OMVs in antibacterial therapy. The study aims to evaluate the effect of outer membrane vesicles of E. coli Nissle 1917 on the growth ability of Staphylococcus aureus strains.

The present study was conducted on 50 samples of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds, urine, and blood. In this study, to emphasize the beneficial effect of OMVs derived from the probiotics (EcN) as a postbiotic agent, the outer membrane vesicles were extracted using the ultracentrifugation method. After confirming the presence of protein content by the SDS-PAGE method, we confirmed the structure and maintained the integrity of the vesicles during the extraction process using a FE-SEM electron microscope. Finally, to evaluate the effect of these structures on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus, we used the MTT method.

In the analysis of the protein pattern by SDS-PAGE, protein bands in the range of 15 to 100 kDa were observed. Also, the structure and integrity of outer membrane vesicles in the range of 40 to 100 nm were confirmed by an electron microscope. Finally, we saw a significant decrease in growth inhibition of all Staphylococcus aureus strains in the presence of outer membrane vesicles caused by EcN.

Considering the non-proliferative nature of OMV structures and their effects similar to probiotics, as well as, results obtained due to the significant reduction of growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus strains in the presence of outer membrane vesicles caused by EcN, it seems that these compounds can be a powerful tool for developing therapeutic approaches for human health and a better lifestyle.

Increasing the storage time and food safety has always been one of the most important concerns of food industry studyers. The aim of the present study was to prepare a gelatin film containing Lactobacillus rhamnus and Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics and investigate its effects on Cyprinus carpio fillets by improving its physicochemical factors during storage at refrigerator temperature for nine days.

Treatments included control samples, film, film containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, film containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and film containing a combination of two probiotic bacteria. Then, samples were packed in sterile polyethylene bags under laboratory conditions and stored at refrigerator temperature for nine days and every three days were assessed. On the assessment days, viability of the probiotics, count of Staphylococcus aureus, pH, quantities of volatile nitrogen bases (TVB-N), peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) were assessed.

Results showed that the survival rates of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria in gelatin film treatment and gelatin film treatment containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus ramensus on the last day were 7.88 and 6.71 log cfu/g, respectively. Viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus decreased in the treatments by 7.03 and 6.01 log cfu/g, respectively. Films containing probiotics better controlled the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in carp fillets, compared to the control group and the film group without probiotics. Based on the results, chemical assays included increasing trends and their changes in carp fillets treated with films containing probiotics were significantly lower than those in the control group and the film group without probiotics (p < 0.05).

Results of this study showed that the gelatin film containing probiotics included good antimicrobial characteristics against Staphylococcus aureus and could be effective in controlling the growth of pathogens and maintaining the sensory characteristics of fish and food products.

The external fixators (pins) have many applications in orthopedic surgeries in the field of trauma. The success of clinical applications of external fixators has decreased due to their infection after orthopedic surgery. Meanwhile, the loosening of the pin embedded in the bone occurs due to the presence of bacteria and the formation of biofilm on the pin, and this infection will progress to the joint surface of the bone and the pin. Among the different techniques to improve the bone-pin interface in external fixation, coating the pins with antibacterial materials proved to be the most effective. Accordingly, the present study has focused on synthesis by sol gel method, structural, and antibacterial evaluations of Ag-FHA structure. The FESEM images and Mapping analysis confirmed the nano-scale size and homogeneous dispersion of particles in the Ag-FHA structure, respectively. In addition, the FTIR results indicated the hydroxyapatite formation in obtained structure. The XRD analysis has shown that the conversion of the amorphous phase to the crystalline phase occurred in all structures at a temperature of about 300 to 350 ° C , and the formation of the HA phase is increased and completed at 600 ° C. The antibacterial study was done by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination. The obtained results showed that the Ag 0.2-FHA could significantly inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, therefore, it is necessary to develop a suitable vaccine candidate to prevent infections caused by this bacterium. Autolysin protein as a virulence factor plays an important role in bacterial division. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist is currently used as an adjuvant. In this study, autolysin protein along with MPLA was investigated as a vaccine candidate.

Recombinant autolysin was expressed with IPTG and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. To increase the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates, Monophosphoryl lipid A (biologic and synthetic) was formulated in combination with Alum in four groups of Balb/c mice. Animals were injected subcutaneously three times at intervals of two weeks. Total IgG and IgG1, IgG2a isotype antibodies were measured in sera by indirect ELISA technique. Then, experimental mice were challenged with a sub-lethal dose of Staphylococcus Strain (5×108 CFU) and following that, the number of bacteria from internal organs was assessed. Also, the survival rate was monitored daily for 30 days.

Total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a isotype antibody levels were significantly improved in vaccinated groups in comparison to the control group. Bacterial burden in the internal organ (Liver, spleen, and kidney), and animal mortality of the vaccinated group especially r-Autolysin+Alum+MPLA Synthetic and r-Autolysin+Alum+MPLA biologic were decreased in comparison to the control group.

We concluded that synthetic MPLA is a reliable candidate for immune response improvement against Staphylococcal infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis. This study was done to determine the efficacy of fluoroquinolones on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from external ocular infections.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 187 pateiants (2 months to 61 years old) with symptoms of conjunctivitis and keratitis who were hospitalized or referred to the emergency department of hospitals in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, Iran during 2020-22. The samples were taken from the external infection of the patients’ eyes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified by standard phenotypic microbiological and molecular detection (PCR) methods. The broth microdilution method determined sensitivity to quinolones and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the 0.06-64 μg/ml range.

The frequency of ocular MRSA isolates (n=52) was significantly higher in spring, females and patients aged 1-30 years (P<0.05). Among the MRSA isolates causing conjunctivitis, the highest rates of resistance were observed against ciprofloxacin (n=18, 48.64%), enoxacin (n=17, 45.95 %), and ofloxacin (n=17, 45.95%). The MIC of gemifloxacin that inhibited the growth of 90% of MRSA isolates from conjunctivitis (MIC90=0.25 μg/ml) was 32-fold lower than that of ciprofloxacin.

Depending on the season and age, staphylococcus aureus may be the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis and keratitis. Considering the in vitro antibacterial potential of gemifloxacin, this antibiotic can be used to treat the bacterial external eye infections.

Bacteria create biofilms as a mechanism to increase survival. The use of antibiotics to fight against them causes antibiotic resistance. Therefore, there is a need to produce strong anti- biofilm substances to fight biofilms. This experimental study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan nanocomposites on the expression of pathogenic genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Experimental, malachite, malachite / zinc oxide and malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan nanocomposites were prepared. The amount of biofilm formation of bacteria was checked with the help of crystal violet dye and TTC. The Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration and the Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration were investigated to measure the anti- biofilm activity of nanocomposites. The extent of cell survival in the vicinity of nanocomposites was evaluated by calcein-AM staining. The expression of rhlI and lasI genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fnbA and fnbB genes in Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using Real- Time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test.

Based on the results of this study, the highest amount of anti- biofilm activity was observed in malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan, malachite / zinc oxide, and malachite nanocomposites, respectively. The results showed that the final malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan nanocomposite with a concentration of 7.81 μg/ml could inhibit the biofilm formation of two bacteria by about 50 ± 10% (MBIC50) and with a concentration of 15.62 μg/ml, the biofilm formed by both bacteria were remove about 50 ± 10% (MBEC50). Malachite / zinc oxide and malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan nanocomposites reduced the expression of rhlI and lasI genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fnbA and fnbB genes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (P < 0.001). The use of malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan final nanocomposite reduced rhlI gene expression by 166.66 times, lasI gene expression by 30.30 times, fnbA expression by 20.70 times, and fnbB expression by 100 times compared to the control group (P < 0.001).

Malachite / zinc oxide and malachite / zinc oxide / chitosan nanocomposites probably have anti- biofilm activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Antibiotic resistance is known to be the main challenge against treatment of infectious diseases related to Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). Niosomal nanosystems are the new drug delivery systems which enhance antimicrobial potential activity of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a niosomal drug delivery system containing gentamicin against S.aureus.

In this laboratory study, different niosomes including Span 60, Tween 60, and cholesterol in combination with gentamicin with different molar ratio were synthesized using the thin film hydration method. Synthesized niosomal nanosystems were identified by light microscope and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) technique. Antibacterial activity of synthesized niosomes against S.aureus (PTCC: 1112) was evaluated by well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test.

Niosomal nanosystems were identified in spherical vesicles and in 3 formulations with average particle sizes of 9.09±0.76, 27.59±15.20 and 9.10±0.30 µm, respectively. The results revealed that the formulation with 60:40 molar ratio had higher gentamycin encapsulation efficiency (90.82%) and also, 60:40 niosomal formulation with half the concentration of commercially available gentamicin solution had the same inhibition of growth on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria )p=0.658 (.

Controlled and continuous release of gentamicin from the niosomal nanosystem, along with enhanced drug penetration could reduce the growth of S.aureus. Accordingly, niosomal nanosystem has a good potential to be an effective drug delivery system.

Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and the presence of antibacterial compounds in plants, in this study, the effect of hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Physalis alkekengi on some pathogenic bacteria was investigated.

In this experimental study, the dried fruits of the Physalis alkekengi were purchased from a medicinal plant shop and after extraction, the antibacterial effect of the aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of the plant against standard strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Antibacterial activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined using serial dilution and disk diffusion methods.

In the disk diffusion method, all concentrations of the methanolic extract of Physalis alkekengi had an inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. However, the inhibitory effect of the methanolic extract was considerably higher than the aqueous extract. The lowest inhibitory concentration of the methanolic extract was 12.5 mg/ml, and the minimum lethal concentration was 25 mg/ml. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant had the minimal effect on the standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus.

Aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts showed different levels of antibacterial properties in a concentration-dependent method. Therefore, the inhibitory effects against each bacterium can probably be attributed to the activity of the active ingredients of the plant, the extraction method, and the properties of the solvent used.

Aquatic animal products are considered very important food items in the food basket regarding their high calorie, protein, and omega-3 unsaturated fat. Many aquatic animals, including fish, may always be infected with pathogenic microorganisms at various stages, from hunting to purchasing. Eventually, these factors would cause severe poisoning in humans. The present study investigates the registration and identification of Staphylococcus aureus’s toxic genes isolated from tilapia using the Multiplex PCR technique.

The sample size included 42 subjects (21 fresh fish samples and 21 frozen fish samples). First, after preparing the samples, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and examined as surface culture in Baird-Parker medium. Next, a Coagulase test was performed, and the enterotoxin gene was identified by DNA extraction. Finally, gene sequencing was carried out automatically and systematically.

The results suggested that 92.9% of the total samples (21 fresh tilapia and 18 frozen fish) had no Staphylococcus aureus, and 7.1% of the samples were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. The coagulase test results also suggested that all three frozen fish samples were coagulase positive. Examining enterotoxin-producing genes (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, and SEG) among three frozen samples infected with Staphylococcus bacteria revealed SEA enterotoxin gene only in one frozen sample.

The results showed that due to the low cost and much shorter time required to identify toxic Staphylococcus aureus genes using Multiplex PCR, this method is highly effective in studying the genotypes of Staphylococcus isolates. Therefore, by using this method, one can improve the food health level in the society.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world. The most important issue in cancer treatment is the destruction of cancer cells in the presence of normal cells. For this reason, it is necessary to use natural resources such as plants to treat cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the ethanolic extract of Alhagi maurorum on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cytotoxicity on HeLa cervical cancer cell line.

In this experimental study, first the ethanolic extract of Alhagi maurorum was prepared, and then the two standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC: 27853) were lyophilized by culturing in nutrient medium. In order to confirm the standard strains, biochemical tests were performed. Microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and after obtaining the minimum inhibitory concentration, the minimum bactericidal concentration was evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of the cytotoxicity of the extract at concentrations of 0.1, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/ml was evaluated on the HeLa cell line in a period of 48 hours using the MTT method and comparing its toxicity with the cisplatin group (positive control group).

Ethanol extract of Alhagi maurorum at a concentration of 50 μg/ml reduced the growth of cancer cells, and in the statistical comparison, 50, 500 and 1000 μg concentrations revealed significant differences (p<0.05). According to minimum inhibitory concentration results, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration of the extract on the standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported to be 4000 and 16000 μg/ml, respectively, and according to minimum bactericidal concentration results, the minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract was found 4 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (16000 μg/ml) in Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 25923), but it was not lethal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC: 27853).

The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of Alhagi maurorum affected HeLa cells through antioxidant activity and inhibited their growth, and according to minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration results, it was also shown that the most inhibitory effect was on the standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus while it showed no effects on the strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

As an important factor in pathogenicity, the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to produce biofilm increases its stability in the environment and living host. Biofilms formed by S.aureus, especially those related to the implant of medical devices, can act as a physical barrier against antibiotics and the host's immune system, leading to chronic or persistent infections. Hence, implementation of efficient diagnostic tests for the detection of biofilm formation can help reduce the disease burden. The purpose of this study was to assess different methods for the detection of biofilm formation in 40 S.aureus isolates.

A total of 40 non-duplicate S. aureus clinical isolates were identified. Biofilm formation was detected by Tissue Culture Plate (TCP), tube method (TM) and Congo red agar (CRA) methods and PCR assay was used to detect icaA and icaD genes. 

Among all S. aureus isolates, 21(52.5%) contained both icaA and icaD genes and icaD gene was present in all biofilm positive isolates. Tissue culture plate, Congo red agar, and tube method detected 30%, 42.5%, and 67.5% biofilm formation isolates, respectively.

According to the results, tissue culture plate with supplemented glucose showed the best correlation with the results of molecular assay and can be used as a reliable method to detect biofilm formation in clinical isolates of S. aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common foodborne pathogens, which is far more isolated from hospital foods and plays a key role in food poisoning. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated from the foods of patients’ gavage samples and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns in a military hospital in Tehran.

Totally, 122 samples of gavage used in this study were formulated and collected in the special room under the supervision of nutrition and diet experts every three hours. To determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, the gavage samples were evaluated in the pathobiology laboratory of the hospital using microbial culture and biochemical tests. Then, the method of disk placement in Müller-Hinton agar medium was used to evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolated microorganisms.

Among the 122 samples, 20 (16.39%.) were infected by Staphylococcus aureus. The isolated microorganisms were resistant to bacitracin (100%), coamoxiclav (60%), cefoxitin (45%), ampicillin (35%), erythromycin (20%), amikacin (20%), and tetracycline (15%), respectively.

The results of this study represent the contamination of the gavage samples in this medical center with Staphylococcus aureus strains as well as the presence of antibiotic resistance in the isolated microorganisms, which can be considered as a threat to the health of patients admitted to the special care department.

Trametes versicolor is important for its medicinal rather than nutritional value. Given the various pharmacological activities of this plant, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the aqueous extract of T. versicolor.

In this descriptive-analytical study, an aqueous extract of T. versicolor was prepared. Antioxidant activity, flavonoid content and total phenol were measured by diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power (RP) methods, aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the aqueous extract of T. versicolor on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Fusarium thapsinum was determined by the disk diffusion method. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ciprofloxacin and amphotericin-B were used as positive controls for antioxidant activity and bacterial and fungal strains, respectively.

Total phenolic content was 27.6±0.38 (mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid content was 4.2±0.04 (mg QE/g). Based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, the extract of T. versicolor showed strong scavenging activity (93.8±1.2 %) with IC50 of 103.9±0.8 μg/mL when compared with the standard BHT (IC50 of 30.0±0.6 μg/mL). In addition, it was observed that increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of turkey tail increased the reducing power of iron. The zone of inhibition around the extract ranged from 13.0±0.65 mm (in F. thapsinum at 75 mg/ml) to 21±0.73 mm (in S. aureus at 300 mg/ml) (P<0.05).

The aqueous extract of  T. versicolor contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds and also has strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.