جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انسولین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic and metabolic diseases. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to compare the effects of multiple daily insulin injections against permanent subcutaneous insulin injections on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels in type 2 diabetic patients.

Studies that compared the impacts of multiple daily insulin injections against permanent subcutaneous insulin injections on HbA1C levels and were published until the end of 2022 in international databases were searched and retrieved (nine randomized clinical trial studies). The Chi-squared test and I2 were used to determine the presence and size of heterogeneity.

The results of the analysis demonstrated that compared to the group of multiple daily insulin injections, HbA1C was significantly reduced in the group of permanent subcutaneous insulin injections, so that the standardized mean difference was equal to -0.26 (95% confidence interval: -0.46– -0.06 P=0.025). According to the results of Egger’s (P=0.333) and Begg’s (P=0.667) tests, publication bias was not observed in this study.

Based on the available evidence, permanent subcutaneous injection of insulin could be significantly successful in reducing and controlling the level of HbA1C because the patients in the permanent subcutaneous injection group had lower levels of HbA1C.

Type 2 diabetes, as the most common metabolic disease, is a chronic and progressive disorder that causes permanent complications and increases cardiovascular diseases, brain vessels, peripheral vessels, and mortality in affected people. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training and caffeine supplementation on glycemic indices in men with type 2 diabetes.

The current research was a semi-experimental study. As a pilot research, 50 people were selected trough an available and targeted manner, among men with type 2 diabetes (with a history of more than one year) referring to Salamat and Sheikh Al-Rais Specialist clinics, Tabriz, Iran In the period of 2020-2021. 32 people met the inclusion criteria and entered into the study. Participants in the study were simple randomly divided into four homogenous groups of 8 including; Placebo, caffeine, exercise and exercise + caffeine were divided. Drug interventions and intermittent exercises were performed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected during two stages (pre-test and post-test) to measure serum levels of glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR index. The data were analyzed using repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc and independent t tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the levels of the glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in the three intervention groups significantly decreased compared to those in the placebo group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the results of post hoc test showed that the combined group of interval training + caffeine, compared to the caffeine group, had double effects on the changes in studied indices (P=0.001).

A combination of interval training and caffeine supplementation may have been adopted as an effective method to improve and treat symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes.

Background and Objectives Obesity-induced metabolic disorders are related to the metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to assess the effect of high-intensity interval training on body mass index (BMI) and serum levels of leptin, asprosin, insulin, and fasting glucose in inactive obese women. Subjects and Methods In this quasi-experimental research, 24 sedentary obese women were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two groups of exercise and control(n=12 in each group). The intervention involved three sessions of high-intensity weekly interval training per week for 10 weeks. The control group did not receive any exercise intervention. Fasting blood samples were obtained 24 hours before the commencement of the intervention and 72 hours after the last training session. Statistical analysis involved paired sample t-tests and covariance analysis. Results Based on the results, after the intervention, there was a significant decrease in asprosin (η2=0.352; F=0.390; P=0.003), leptin (η2=0.478; F=19.229; P< 0.001) and insulin (η2=0.681; F=44.828; P<0.001) levels in the intervention group compared to the control group. Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in BMI and fasting blood glucose (P>0.05). Conclusion As evidenced by the results of this research, high-intensity interval training had positive effects on cytokines related to energy homeostasis and hyperinsulinemia in obese women without causing any weight change.

Asprosin and leptin are two adipokines related to appetite and metabolic disorders. The present study aimed to determine the effect of ten weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training on body mass index and serum levels of leptin, asprosin, insulin, and fasting blood sugar in sedentary obese women.

In the current semi-experimental research that was conducted on obese women in 2023 in Tehran, Iran, 24 sedentary obese women were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of 12, including training and control groups. In the training group, sports intervention was performed for ten weeks and three sessions per week, and during the research, the control group did not receive sports intervention. To evaluate the investigated variables on two occasions, 24 hours before the start of training interventions and 72 hours after the last training session, fasting blood was taken. For statistical analysis, dependent t-tests and covariance analysis were used. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 26 software and significance level (p<0.05).

The average age and body mass index in the training group were 41.33±2.74 years and 32.46±2.53 kg/m2, and in the control group, was 41.0±3.19 years and 32.21±3.48 kg/m2, respectively. After the intervention period, a significant decrease in body mass index (0.951 kg/m2), asprosin (0.116 ng/ml), leptin (2.816 ng/ml), and insulin (14.34 units/l) was observed in the training group compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in FBS (p>0.05).

According to the results, moderate-intensity continuous training with asprosin and fasting leptin modulation has positive effects on the metabolic status of sedentary obese women.

Insomnia and sleep disorders are related to a decrease in physical and mental health and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on blood sugar, cortisol and insulin levels in athletes compared to non-athletes.

In this semi-experimental study, 14 healthy men participated in two groups of athletes (7 people) and non-athletes (7 people). One night of sleeplessness (8 hours) was applied to the subjects of both groups. According to the objectives of the research, blood samples were taken from all the subjects in two stages. The data were analyzed using the dependent t test for intra-group comparison and independent t test for inter-group comparison at a significance level of 5%. In conducting the research, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, the general guidelines for ethics in research with human subjects and the regulations governing it were observed and the code of ethics was issued by the ethics committee of Lorestan University.

Insomnia did not lead to a significant difference between the blood sugar and insulin levels of athletes and non-athletes when faced with a (p≤0.05). Also, insomnia did not cause a significant difference in the amount of cortisol between two groups of athletes and non-athletes (p≤0.05).

It seems that changes in blood sugar, cortisol and insulin are related to the duration of insomnia and are not affected in short-term and intermittent insomnia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs cognitive functions. Imipramine is an antidepressant drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the brain. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of imipramine on memory impairment, focusing on insulin signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity in rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ).

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control, STZ, STZ+imipramine, and imipramine. An animal model of AD was induced by intraventricular injection of STZ (3mg/kg; 3μl/ventricle). Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance tests were used to examine cognitive functions. 24 h after STZ injection, treatment with imipramine (20mg/kg) was done intraperitoneally for 14 days. The expression level of insulin and the factors involved in the insulin signaling pathway (IR, IRS2, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR) were investigated by Real-time PCR and the protein level of Reelin (a factor involved in synaptic plasticity) was evaluated by western blot technique. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that STZ caused memory disorders in rats and decreased the expression level of insulin and factors involved in the insulin signaling pathway, and also the protein level of Reelin. In contrast, imipramine reduced memory disorders and increased the expression of the mentioned factors in the hippocampus of animals treated with STZ.

Imipramine appears to reduce memory disorders in STZ-treated animals through its effects on the insulin signaling pathway and protein involved in synaptic plasticity.

The irisin and betatrophin hormones are involved in insulin resistance. Considering the muscle weakness of elderly diabetics, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 21 weeks of strength training on betatrophin and irisin serum levels in type 2 diabetic elderly men.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on type 2 diabetic men with an average age of 70.85±2.90 years. The strength training protocol was performed twice a week for 21 weeks. The exercises consisted of three stages: 1- muscle endurance, 2- muscle hypertrophy, and 3- maximum strength training. Fasting blood glucose levels and serum levels of insulin, betatrophin, and irisin were measured in two phases before and after the exercises.

The serum levels of insulin, irisin, and betatrophin in the diabetes control group were lower than in the healthy group (P<0.05) and 21 weeks of strength training increased the serum levels of insulin, irisin, and betatrophin, and decreased body weight and fasting blood glucose levels in elderly diabetic men compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Strength training improved metabolic disorders in diabetics and increased secretion of irisin and betatrophin following exercise which indicated that exercise may have a protective mechanism in diabetes.

Stationary movements by performing strength activities, through the development of skeletal muscles of diabetics, improve insulin sensitivity and harvest more glucose in the body. In addition, these exercises can be a protective mechanism to prevent or delay the complications of type 2 diabetes by increasing irisin and betatrophin levels.

Diabetes can adversely affect spermatogenesis. Garden cress plant, known as Lepidium sativum, contains antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare in vivo antidiabetic activities of hydroalcoholic garden cress seed extract and insulin on diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, diabetes was induced in the animals using streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg). Fifty rats were divided into five equal groups as follows: Groups 1, nondiabetic rats; group 2, diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin; Group 3, diabetic animals that received streptozotocin plus insulin; and groups 4 and 5 were diabetic rats that received 200 and 400 mg/kg garden cress seed extract respectively by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, the sperm parameters obtained from the tail of the left epididymis and biochemical parameters were analyzed and compared among the groups. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

The sperm parameters of the diabetic groups receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg of garden cress extract demonstrated a significant increase in all parameters compared to those of the diabetic control group. Administration of garden cress extract as a powerful antioxidant led to compensation for the streptozotocin toxicity and improved sperm quality.

Administration of the Lepidium sativum seed extract compensated for the Streptozotocin-induced harmful effects. Our findings suggested that use of the garden cress seed extract and insulin therapy may have a potential protective effect on diabetes mellitus.

 Insulin injection training will lead to improved glucose control and greater satisfaction with treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of insulin injection re-education on injection errors and blood glucose control in the patients with type 2 diabetes.

This semi-experimental study was performed on 108 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to Yazd Diabetes Center using simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed for the patients before and three months after the intervention. The educational content was sent to the participants in the form of a five-minute video and via mobile phone. Data were analyzed using Pair t-test in SPSS 16.

The mean age of the participants was 61.44 ±8.94 years. The appropriate injection before and after the intervention in terms of the frequency of reused needle (20.4% vs 39.7% , p=0.013), keep pressing (47.2% vs 70.5%, p=0.001), size of the injection area (52.8% vs 75.3%, p=0.001), injection rotation (28.7% vs 37.2%, p=0.02 ) and insulin injection time (65.7%% vs 75.6%, p=0.04), showed a significant increase.

Insulin injection re-education can lead to reducing patients' errors related to the injection. Therefore, teaching patients at regular intervals can improve their performance in the field of insulin injection and improve the quality of treatment.

Type 2 diabetic mellitus is a popular metabolic disorder affecting enormous population around the world. The present study aimed to find out the effectiveness of sodium butyrate (NaB) and treadmill exercise on body weight and glycemic parameters in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes.

Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of control, diabetes, diabetes+sodium butyrate, diabetes+exercise, and diabetes+sodium butyrate+exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced through 4 weeks of high-fat diet and then streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were treated with NaB (400 mg/kg daily) and treadmill exercise (5 days per week) for 6 weeks. Body weight and glycemic parameters such as fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance, insulin level, insulin resistance index, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated in them.

The results of this study showed that sodium butyrate combined with treadmill exercise causes a significant increase in body weight compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.05). Also, the blood glucose level significantly decreased in sodium butyrate (p < 0.05), exercise (p < 0.01) and sodium butyrate+exercise (p < 0.001) groups compared to the diabetes group. The level of blood sugar in the glucose tolerance test significantly decreased in sodium butyrate (p < 0.05), exercise (p < 0.01), and sodium butyrate+exercise (p < 0.001) groups compared to the diabetes group. In the sodium butyrate+exercise group, a significant increase in insulin (p < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) was observed. Also, although insulin resistance was reduced in the sodium butyrate+exercise group compared to the diabetes group, this reduction was not significant (p > 0.05).

Sodium butyrate combined with exercise can improve body weight and glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes patients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which is associated with progressive cognitive disorders and memory loss. Insulin has recently gained more attention for its anti-inflammatory, cognitive, and protective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of intranasal insulin administration on cognitive functions and mitochondrial biogenesis in rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ).

In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were used. Correspondingly, to induce an animal model of AD, STZ was injected bilaterally in the lateral ventricles (3 mg/rat; 3 μl/ventricle). Morris water maze was used to investigate cognitive disorders and confirm the induction of the AD animal model. Treatment was performed by intranasal insulin administration (2 IU/rat/day; 10 μl/nostril) after STZ injection for 14 consecutive days. Changes in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM) were measured by Real-time PCR technique in the hippocampus.

The results of the study showed that STZ injection led to spatial memory disorder concomitant with a decrease in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus of rats. Whereas, intranasal insulin administration reduced cognitive disorders and increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus of animals treated with STZ.

Insulin can reduce STZ-induced cognitive disorders by affecting the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway, so it can be considered an important target for reducing cognitive deficits in AD patients.

It seems that physical activity is effective in improving the homeostasis of glucose and blood lipids by increasing the production of circulating levels of Irisin. this research aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of cinnamon and TRX exercises on the serum levels of Irisin and metabolic status of inactive obese women.

The current research was semi-experimental. 40 overweight female volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups of combined exercise (n=10), combined exercise-supplement (n=10), supplement (n=10) and control (n=10). Blood sampling was 24 hours before the start of training period and 48 hours after end of the last session. Then, by using the analysis of covariance (Ancova) test, between-group changes were used and paired correlation T-test was used for intra-group comparison. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of P<0.05.

The findings of this research showed that the combined exercise and cinnamon supplement decreased the serum concentration of insulin and HOME. Also, that increased the level of Irisin, and the values of serum glucose were not significant. but intragroup analysis showed that there was a difference between the averages in exercise group (P=0.048) and exercise-supplement group (P=0.021) in the post-test compared to the pre-test, a significant decrease can be seen.

In this study, Irisin had a negative correlation with fasting blood glucose, BMI, which probably increase can have beneficial effects on glucose regulation, insulin resistance and obesity caused by overweight in women.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common destructive brain disease which is associated with cognitive disorders. Considering the protective role of insulin in the functions of the nervous system, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of intranasal insulin administration on cognitive disorders and neurogenesis in rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ).

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 8: control, STZ, STZ + insulin and insulin. The model of Alzheimer's disease was induced by intraventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg; 3 μl in each ventricle). Two weeks after STZ injection, cognitive functions were evaluated using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Passive Avoidance (PA) tests. Insulin treatment (2 IU daily; 10 μl in each nasal passage) was performed after STZ injection for 14 consecutive days. The change in the expression of genes involved in neurogenesis (Nestin, DCX and Ki67) in the hippocampus area was investigated by Real-time PCR technique.

STZ caused longer animal stay in open arms in acquisition phase (64.5±5.24) and recall phase (60.25±5.55) compared to the control group (33±2.17 and 26.38±2.06) in the EPM test (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). In addition, it caused a decrease in learning recall 90 minutes (77.57±6.03) and 24 hours (90.25±7.25) after training, compared to the control group (254.38±3.19 and 238.13±3.46) in the PA test (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). Insulin treatment improved the above parameters in EPM test (41.88±4.14 and 31.5±4.16, respectively) and PA (278.88±2.32 and 218.5±2.12, respectively) compared to the STZ group. STZ also led to a decrease in Nestin gene expression (0.46±0.04), DCX (0.35±0.04) and Ki67 (0.41±0.05) compared to the control group (1.02±0.11, 1±0.04 and 1.01±0.08, respectively) (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), while insulin treatment could increase the expression of these genes (0.87±0.09, 0.78±0.02 and 0.69±0.08, respectively) (p<0.05).

The results showed that insulin improved cognitive functions and increased neurogenesis in rats treated with STZ. Therefore, insulin can be considered as an effective therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease.

Sports training and the use of herbal supplements, in addition to weight loss properties, can reduce diseases caused by this disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of concurrent training with rooibos supplement on atherogenic index and insulin resistance and some liver enzymes of overweight women.

24 overweight women with an age range of 23 to 64 years were randomly placed in 4 groups: control, supplement, exercise, supplement + exercise. Participants in the supplement group received 2 grams of rooibos tea daily for 8 weeks. Concurrent exercises were performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Indexes (insulin resistance, atherogenic index, ALT and AST) were evaluated before the start of training and after the last training session. The data were analyzed using spss software version 22 at the level of p<0.05.

The level of liver enzymes decreased significantly in the training and supplement groups (p<0.05), but no significant effect was observed in the other groups. No significant change was found in the levels of atherogenic index in any of the groups. HOMA-IR index decreased significantly in 2 groups of exercise+supplement and exercise (p=0.045 and P=0.017, respectively). The ratio of body mass index and weight had a significant decreasing trend in all groups except the control (p<0.05).

Concurrent training with and without rooibos supplement can reduce the risk factors caused by obesity and reduce insulin and enzyme resistance factors, and this method can be used to control weight.

 Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accounting that the risk of colorectal cancer is associated with blood sugar indices as well as the role of CEA in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer, this study was fulfilled to determine the relationship between serum level of CEA and HOMA2-IR in colorectal patients.

 In this case-control study, 40 colorectal cancer patients and 40 healthy subjects, as the control group, were included. Serum levels of CEA, insulin, and fasting blood sugar were measured in all participants. The HOMA2-IR index was calculated based on the standard formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software.

The mean of CEA was 7.08±1.9 in colorectal patients and 2.21±1.5 in control group, and difference between them was significant (p = 0.003). Totally, the mean insulin among patients with CEA below 3 and CEA equal or more than 3 was 11.06±6.9 and 14.34±8.28, respectively (p = 0.026). Also, mean FBS for two groups were 110.67±42.7 and 135.9±52.5 (p = 0.01) and mean of HOMA2-IR for two groups were 1.49±0.98 and 2.04±1.25, (P = 0.011), respectively. All these differences between two groups were significant.

 colorectal patients had higher levels of CEA than the control group. The mean values of all three indices of insulin, FBS و and HOMA2-IR among patients with colorectal cancer were higher in both groups of patients with CEA below 3 and patients with CEA equal or more than 3 than control group. There was strong positive correlations between CEA with insulin, FBS, and HOMA2-IR indices in colorectal patients compared to the control group.

Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used to treat a wide range of diseases. In recent decades, despite the progress of chemical pharmacy, the use of medicinal plants is still considered. Different parts of the plant contain many compounds with different properties, and some plants have antidiabetic properties (1). Although reasons such as cheapness, fewer complications, and easier access are considered for using herbal drugs (1), this class of drugs is not completely safe (2). Moshgak with the scientific name Ducrosia anethifolia has beneficial properties, including antioxidant properties (10) and the ability to reduce the activity of enzymes interfering in the metabolism of carbohydrates, such as alpha glycosidase ( 11). Moshgak is native to Iran and is widespread in the southern regions of the country, including Fars province (12). This plant is used raw and cooked in the diet, especially in the southern regions of the country. In addition, many useful properties have been reported for it, which can be pain-relieving, antimicrobial (13), and antifungal (14). The effect of the leaf extract of this plant on the nervous system and its anti-depressant (15) as well as the enhancement of spatial memory and learning level in mice (16) has also been reported. The presence of flavonoid compounds, monoterpenes, and coumarins such as pangolin, myrcene, and limonene in it have given antioxidant properties to this plant (11). The many benefits reported for this plant, which fortunately has widespread in Iran, become an incentive for further research about its effect on living beings. Maybe by confirming its positive effects as a complementary medicine, it will be suggested to the pharmaceutical industry. Regarding the use of herbal remedies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an aqueous-alcoholic extract of Ducrosia anethifolia on the brain protection of diabetic rat embryos.

In this study, 48 rats after fertilizing were made diabetic with a single dose of 80 mg streptozotocin. To prepare the aqueous-alcoholic extract of mashgak leaves, 40 g of dried powder of the moshgak’s leaf was poured into a flask, 400 ml of ethanol was added to it, and it was mixed with a shaker at 250 rpm for 48 hours. Then it was filtered and concentrated in a rotary (17). To determine the appropriate dose of treatment, the lethal dose was estimated. Then the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg/bw of mashgak extract was determined as the minimum and maximum dose, respectively. The rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose (80 mg) of streptozotocin in citrate buffer and pH = 4.5 kg/bw of rat on the first day of pregnancy. The rats with fasting glucose of more than 130 mg/dL were considered diabetic rats. Rats were divided randomly into 6 groups: control group (healthy rats without any treatment), Sham group1 (healthy rats which receiving meshgak extract), Sham group 2 (diabetic rats without treatment), Sham group 3 (diabetic receiving 5 mg/kg/bw of glibenclamide), treatment groups 1, 2 (diabetic rats receiving 1 ml meshgak extract at doses 500 and 1000 mg/kg/bw respectively). Treatment was done from the 6th to the 20th day of gestation, and blood sampling was done at the end of treatment. 2 cc of blood was taken from the heart of the rats, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The separated serum was analyzed to determine the level of glucose, insulin and malondialdehyde enzyme by enzymatic method and using specific kits in the lab. Then the embryos were dissected, and their brains were removed and fixed in formalin 4%. After tissue passage in the automatic Tissue Processor (model 2000 DS) according to the standard method, sections (5μm) were prepared and their slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. About 30 slides of 10 series of longitudinal, sagittal, and cross sections were examined by light microscope. The thickness of the brain layers was measured using the Image analysis software on the micrographs, and counting the cells in each layer using the disector technique and  Grids-stero lite software was determined (18). Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (15), and the groups were compared by Duncan test.

There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in maternal blood glucose, malondialdehyde, and reduction of insulin in sham 2 compared to the control group, while it was compensated significantly in the treatment groups. Although these groups had significant differences from the control group (Fig 1-3). The thickness of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and especially gray matter in the diabetic group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group and sham 1, and it was significantly compensated in the treated group with Glibenclamide (sham 3) and Moshgak extract (Fig 4, 5). The observed changes in the different layers of the gray matter also follow the trend of decreasing the number of cells in the control group 2 (diabetic) and a significant increase in the number of cells in the same layers in the rats which received Glibenclamide (sham 3), and Moshgak extract (Fig 6-8). The results indicate a greater effect of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Moshgak on the brain tissue compared to the antidiabetic drug Glibenclamide, although none of them were able to adjust the changes completely.

According to obtained results, the extract of Moshgak leaf can partially compensate for the adverse effects caused by diabetes on the brain tissue in the embryo. The decrease in blood glucose along with the increase in insulin as well as the decrease in malondialdehyde enzyme indicates the decrease in the complications of diabetes on the brain tissue of the fetus, which is obtained as a result of the consumption of Moshgak extract. The compensation of the tissue changes including the changes observed in the thickness of the cortical layers as well as the number of cells in each layer of the cortex also confirms the biochemical results. Therefore, it is possible to mention the Moshgak extract of marigold as a factor in improving the effects of maternal diabetes on the cortical tissue of the fetus. For a definitive statement regarding the anti-diabetic properties of this plant, it is suggested to conduct more studies on the effect of the compounds of this extract, especially on the beta cell line in the pancreas.

Autism is one of the neurological diseases that lead to changes in hormone levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to the effect of a swimming exercise course on glucose and insulin in mice with autism. Scientific research has shown that people with autism have behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. These patients are mostly isolated from social activities. The causes of this disease are not fully known, however, research by scientists in the last two decades has shown that accidents or the use of certain chemical drugs during fetal and early life can increase the risk of developing this disease in children. Clinical and animal evidence has shown the relationship between increased inflammation in the brain and autism. However, which brain area is involved in this disease is not completely clear. Although extensive research has been conducted on pharmacological and behavioral treatments, the response to these treatments has been largely unsuccessful. One method that has attracted researchers' attention in recent years is the use of sports protocols from adolescence to adulthood to reduce neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. In addition, exercise has been confirmed as a factor in lowering inflammatory levels in the body and brain. Also, recent studies have shown that sports activities can reduce behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression, and increase social behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effects of swimming in an animal model of autism on behavioral disorders, including anxiety, depression, and social behaviors, as well as the level of inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions, which are involved in these neurological disorders.

The present study was approved by the code of ethics IR.PNU.REC.1400.269 in the Code of Ethics Commission of Payam Noor University. C57BL6 female and male mice with an approximate age of 80-90 days and a weight of 20-22 grams were maintained under light conditions of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and a temperature of 23 ± 1 degrees Celsius, with sufficient water and food at their disposal. was placed After two weeks of adaptation to the environment, each male and female animal was placed in a cage for mating, then the next morning the vaginal plaque was checked as an indicator of pregnancy. In order to cause autism disease in mice, the animals were divided into control and autism groups on the 12th day of pregnancy (each group of pregnant mice included 10 heads). In the autism group, pregnant rats received a dose of 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally with sodium valproate. After that, children were allowed to be born. At the age of 21 days, the children were separated from the mother by gender and kept in groups of 5 in each separate cage. On the 28th day after birth (one week after separation from the mother), the juvenile animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 as follows: the control group that does not exercise, the control group that exercises, the autism group that They don't exercise, the autism group who exercise. The animals were subjected to swimming exercise for 8 weeks (56 days) from the age of 28 days to the age of 56 days. The training was done 5 days a week, and in this protocol, the animals rested 2 days a week. The results were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using SPSS-26 software, and the significance level was considered less than 0.05.

The results of the one-way analysis of variance test showed that there is no significant difference in the weight of mice of different research groups. Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of glucose in the mice of the research groups. The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the glucose level in the autism group with exercise has a significant decrease compared to the control group without exercise and also compared to the autism group without exercise (P value is equal to P ≥ 0.000 and P ≥ 0.016 respectively), also the glucose level in the autism group without exercise was significantly lower than in the control group without exercise (P ≥ 0.001). Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in insulin levels in the mice of the research groups (P<0.001). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the insulin level in the autism group with exercise has a significant increase compared to the control group without exercise and also compared to the autism group without exercise (P value is equal to P ≥ 0.001 and P ≥ 0.000 respectively).

Exercise decreased glucose and insulin in autistic mice, so it is suggested to use the swimming training protocol to improve the physical and hormonal condition of autistic patients. Scientific research has shown that people with autism have behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. These patients are mostly isolated from social activities. The causes of this disease are not fully known, however, research by scientists in the last two decades has shown that accidents or the use of certain chemical drugs during fetal and early life can increase the risk of developing this disease in children Clinical and animal evidence has shown the relationship between increased inflammation in the brain and autism. However, which brain area is involved in this disease is not completely clear. Although extensive research has been conducted on pharmacological and behavioral treatments, the response to these treatments has been largely unsuccessful. One method that has attracted researchers' attention in recent years is the use of sports protocols from adolescence to adulthood to reduce neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. In addition, exercise has been confirmed as a factor in lowering inflammatory levels in the body and brain. Also, recent studies have shown that sports activities can reduce behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression, and increase social behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effects of swimming in an animal model of autism on behavioral disorders, including anxiety, depression, and social behaviors, as well as the level of inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions, which are involved in these neurological disorders.

Adiponectin and leptin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. In this study, ratio of leptin to adiponectin, along with the insulin resistance index, is a good indicator for the diagnostic purposes of obesity and diabetes.

Sixty obese women aged 35-45 years (BMI ≥30) were divided into four groups: control, exercise, massage, and exercise+massage. Aerobic exercise included aerobic training, 8weeks, 3days/week, that bigan with 25 minutes and 55% of HRmax, and in the last week reached 40 minutes and 85% of HRmax. Massage was performed by LPG device for 30 minutes, 3days/week and 8 weeks. The combined group performed an exercise program after 30 minutes of massage. Blood samples were taken from the vein of the left hand, bifor and 48h after the exercise and massage intervention, and after 12h of fasting. were measured the Leptin, adiponectin,insulin and glucose levels . In order to analized the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was used at a significance level of p≥0.05.

The levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fat percentage, BMI, leptin, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin in the post-test of exercise+massage group were significantly changed compared with post-test of three groups, (p=0.001).

Performing aerobic exercise with massage on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin levels seems to be more effective than exercise and massage alone.